中国栅蛛属2新种记述(蜘蛛目:栅蛛科)

本文记了分别采自云南高黎贡山的栅蛛科栅蛛属Hahnia 2新种:垭口栅蛛,新种S.yakouensis sp.nov.和肾形栅蛛,新种S.reniformis sp.nov..垭口栅蛛后眼列前曲,交媾腔大,扁圆形,交媾孔1个,位于交媾腔下缘,交媾管粗,呈"人"字形下行分成2支再向两侧扭曲.纳精囊有一肓管斜向上伸出,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia mridulae Tikader,1970不同.肾形栅蛛交媾孔2个,位于生殖厣腹面中央,纳精囊1对,大,肾形,插入器始于生殖球左下方,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia xinjiangensis Wang et Liang,1989不同. Abstract： The present paper deals with two new species of the genus Hahnia collected from the Gaoligong Mountains Region of Yunnan Province, China: Hahnia yakouensis sp. nov., Hahnia reniformis sp. nov..     

注重发挥博士后科研生力军作用

中国医科大学博士后科研流动站始建1995年。目前学校设有基础医学、临床医学和生物学3个博士后科研流动站。但由于每年国家财力有限,资助名额很少,在有限条件下建立、健全博士后制度,加强对博士后人员的培养,调动博士后人员的积极性是一项重要的研究课题。     

遗传物质的发现者之一——麦卡锡

1944年,3位科学家艾弗里、麦卡锡和麦克劳德在DNA遗传本质方面的发现是20世纪最重要的发现之一,这个发现打开了生物学革命的大门,从而改变了人类对自然界的看法,这项研究还为1953年沃森和克里克DNA双螺旋结构的发现奠定了坚实的基础,但不幸的是3位科学家都未曾荣获诺贝尔奖.通过介绍麦克林·麦卡锡的科学研究,从而对这项发现的基本状况有一个基本的了解.     

生命之树与进化模式:导言

One and half centuries ago, Charles Darwin (1859) presented overwhelming evidence and argued that all life on the earth shared common descent, and "from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved". Ernst Haeckel (1886) and several of his contemporaries attempted to trace the pattern of descent among all extant and extinct forms in what Darwin referred to as "the great Tree of Life". Ever since then, systematists and evolutionary biologists have been exploring morphological, cytogenetic, chemical, developmental and molecular characters, and actively developing theories and methods to infer phylogenetic relationships among organisms from these characters. This endeavor has been especially stimulated by the rise of molecular biology and the emergence of computer science over the past 50 years. At the beginning of the 21st century, we are presented with an unprecedented opportunity to reconstruct the entire Tree of Life, and further, to study evolutionary processes and mechanisms in the context of a robust phylogenetic framework.     

我国微生态学的奠基人——魏曦

魏曦,字东升,1903年12月25日出生于湖南岳阳一个小职员家庭,父亲任职于邮政局.1914～1921年他在家乡湖滨中学读书,毕业后考入长沙湘雅医学院,学习两年后曾参加北伐军,任第四集团军警卫团三等军医.后退出军队,在长沙广雅中学任教.1928年入设立在上海的中央大学医学院(1932年独立为上海医学院)学习,1933年毕业,获博士学位.     

高黎贡山北段东西坡种子植物区系的比较研究

高黎贡山北段的东西坡由于在降雨量和热量分配等方面存在着显著的差异,致使东西坡在植物的种类、组成及区系特征等方面表现出明显的差异.东坡记载野生种子植物152科,580属,1475种及192变种(亚种),西坡记载野生种子植物162科,659属,1804种及186变种(亚种).东西坡种子植物科、属、种的对比分析表明:1)东西坡现代种子植物区系具有相同的历史渊源,但其区系联系减弱了,东西坡区系相似性程度,依科、属、种的顺序依次递减;2)西坡现代种子植物区系比东坡具有更为深刻的热带起源烙印.就科、属、种三个水平来说,东坡的热带成分低于西坡,温带成分高于西坡.许多典型的泛热带大科在西坡比东坡有着更为丰富的种类,其中有些泛热带科分子在东坡缺乏分布,而在西坡找到了合适的驻留之地;3)西坡现代种子植物区系与东喜马拉雅植物区系的联系比东坡紧密,而东坡与高黎贡山以东的区系联系比西坡密切,由于高黎贡山山脉的阻隔,近代植物物种的东西坡交流发生了障碍;4)西坡生态地理环境比东坡更有利于物种的生存、繁衍和分化,它既是古老成分的避难所,又是孕育新生成分的摇篮.     

用叶绿体ndhF和核核糖体ITS序列推断李属(蔷薇科)的系统发育

Sequences of the chloroplast ndhF gene and the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions are employed to reconstruct the phylogeny of Prunus (Rosaceae), and evaluate the classification schemes of this genus. The two data sets are congruent in that the genera Prunus s.l. and Maddenia form a monophyletic group, with Maddenia nested within Prunus. However, the ndhF data set is incongruent with the ITS data supporting two major groups within Prunus one consisting of subgenera Laurocerasus (including Pygeum) and Padus as well as the genus Maddenia and another of subgenera Amygdalus, Cerasus, and Prunus. The ITS data, on the other hand, support a clade composed of subgenera Amygdalus and Prunus and Prunus sect. Microcerasus in addition to a paraphyletic grade of subgenera Laurocerasus and Padus (and the genus Maddenia) taxa. In general, the subgeneric classifications of Prunus s.l. are not supported. The ITS and ndhF phylogenies differ mainly in interspecific relationships and the relative position of the Padus/Laurocerasus group. Both ITS and ndhF data sets suggest that the formerly recognized genus Pygeum is polyphyletic and that the distinction of the subgenera Padus and Laurocerasus is not supported. The biogeographic interactions of the temperate and tropical members in the Padus/Laurocera- sus/Maddenia alliance including Pygeum are shown to be highly dynamic and complex.     

鸡的瞬膜

瞬膜(nictitating membrane),又称第三眼睑,是一种保护眼球、防止灰尘的结构.鸟类的瞬膜位于眼眶的前眼角,为半透明的膜,其内缘具有一种羽毛上皮,借以刷洗角膜上的灰尘.在飞行时能遮覆眼球,以避免干燥气流和灰尘对眼球的伤害.由于瞬膜在鸟类睁眼的一瞬间迅速缩回前眼角,很难拍摄到.最近费了好大的周折,终于拍到了理想的鸡瞬膜照片,现予以发表供生物学界的同行共享(友情提示:如引用请注明原作者).     

途经甘肃的3种水鸟新纪录

2007年10月13日至11月5日进行敦煌市湿地鸟类调查时,分别在南湖湿地与候鸟自然保护区及党河水库使用Leica apo77高倍望远镜观察到3种水鸟,在以往的文献资料中未见其分布于甘肃的报道,应为甘肃鸟类新纪录。笔者用500mm镜头分别拍下3种水鸟的照片。1.赤颈(Podiceps grisegena)2007年10月13日13:30时,在南湖湿地与候鸟自然保护区的阳关水库(渥洼池)记录到2只赤颈。当时水面上同时有凤头(P.cristatus)、黑颈(P.nigricollis)以及大量鸭类、潜鸭类游禽活动,赤颈体形较凤头小,而又明显比黑颈大。其中一只赤颈的…     

中国大陆海域沿岸搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类调查

从2009 年1 月至2010 年2 月,我们对中国大陆海域沿岸搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类头骨标本进行了测量和鉴
定。目前中国大陆海域搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类有5 种,分别为柯氏喙鲸、贝氏喙鲸、朗氏喙鲸、柏氏中喙鲸和小
中喙鲸,其中小中喙鲸为中国海域(包括台湾)的首次报道,也是在西北太平洋区的首次记录。小中喙鲸的主
要形态鉴别特征为有1 对纺锤形牙齿着生在下颌骨联合后面。经对已报道过的大陆海域搁浅和误捕的3 个雌性
银杏齿中喙鲸头骨标本和台湾省搁浅银杏齿中喙鲸的颅骨、鼻骨、下颌骨以及牙齿特征对比重新鉴定,订正大
陆的3 个样本为雌性柏氏中喙鲸。本文报道了大陆沿岸海域搁浅和误捕的喙鲸类最新调查研究结果。     

New insights into whale shark <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhincodon typus</Emphasis> diet in Brazil: an observation of ram filter-feeding on crab larvae and analysis of stomach contents from the first stranding in Bahia state

We describe the first record of a whale shark, Rhincodon typus, feeding in Brazilian coastal waters, and the first stranding record in the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil. In April 2008, an individual of R. typus was observed surface feeding on Dromiidae crab larvae in the continental shelf off the coast of Bahia, near a gas platform. Other fishes were observed foraging in association with the whale shark. We also document the first stranding of R. typus on the coast of Bahia in October 2013. Biometric data confirmed that the stranded whale shark was a juvenile. Stomach content analysis revealed the ingestion of Geryonidae crab larvae. Plastic debris were also found in the gastric lumen of the stranded juvenile whale shark, and we speculate that it could have been a contributing factor to the stranding, and subsequent death of the whale shark. Crab larvae were observed in both of our records and likely to consist as relevant prey items for R. typus in Brazilian continental shelf. Our study provided a contribution on the diet and feeding behaviour of whale sharks in tropical oligotrophic waters and highlights the risks of marine pollution for the species conservation.     

Modeling the relationship of Antarctic minke whales to major ocean boundaries

The population size of Antarctic minke whales Balaenoptera bonaerensis has been changing simultaneously with profound changes in the physics, i.e., mesopredator habitat features, of the Southern Ocean. Although the two trends may not be related, distinguishing among the factors responsible requires a better understanding of minke whale habitat preferences. For the first time at a large geographic scale, i.e., between 140° E and 35° W, we use data not constrained by vessels needing to avoid sea ice to model the habitat affinities of this pagophilic mesopredator. Using Maxent, we modeled minke whale proximity to the Antarctic Shelf Break Front (ASBF) and the southern boundary of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (sbACC), as well as association with sea ice, given that global climate change is altering the positions or intensity of these features. We also included water depth and chlorophyll (proxy for productivity) as variables. Minke whale presence data were gathered using strip and line census on 55 cruises on board icebreakers during late spring and summer, 1976–2005. The most important variable was distance to ASBF, followed by water depth and sea-ice concentration. That is, found principally in waters south of the sbACC during summer, minke whales were most abundant near the outer edge of the continental shelf (shallow depth), including areas heavily covered by sea ice. We propose that as the sbACC moves south and sea ice disappears, as projected by global climate models, minke whale habitat will shrink, and likely intra- and inter-specific competition will increase.     

Seasonal acoustic occurrence,diel-vocalizing patterns and bioduck call-type composition of Antarctic minke whales off the west coast of South Africa and the Maud Rise,Antarctica

Seasonal occurrence, diel-vocalizing patterns, and call-types of Antarctic minke whales are described using bio-acoustic recordings from the west coast of South Africa and the Maud Rise, Antarctica. In Antarctica, minke whale bioduck calls were detected in seven of nine months of hydrophone deployment (peaking in May and September) while downsweeps were only detected in June. Bioduck calls were sporadically detected in South African waters with peak calling in September/October, and no bioducks were detected from March through August. Bioduck call occurrence was high during daytime in Antarctica but there was no diel-vocalizing pattern in South African waters. We split bioduck B call-type into two subtypes: B1 with 13 ± 1 pulses (Dominello & Širović, 2016) and B2 with 9 ± 1 pulses (this study). Bioduck B2 was detected both in Antarctic and South African waters, with harmonics up to 2 kHz. Similar bioduck call-types were detected in Antarctic and South African waters, with bioduck A2 being the most common. Month of the year was the most important predictor of bioduck occurrence both in Antarctic and South African waters. This is the first study to describe the seasonal occurrence, diel-vocalizing behavior and call-types of Antarctic minke whales off the South African west coast and eastern Weddell Sea.     

Interspecific relationships in density among the whale community in the Antarctic

Interspecific relationships in density among a whale community in Antarctic feeding grounds were examined using the sightings data derived from the systematic surveys conducted between 1978/1979 and 1987/1988. A clear difference in densities against the physiographic variables (the sea floor-slope type) was identified between baleen whales and toothed whales. Densities of sperm whales and ziphiids were low in the waters over the continental shelf where minke whales' densities were highest. This led to an apparent negative correlation in the density between minke and sperm whales, and minke whale and ziphiids. A significant positive correlation in density between minke and blue whales was identified. No association in density between minke and humpback whales was observed. Distribution of killer whales shows strong positive correlation with that of minke whales. The positive correlation existed between minke and blue whales, and minke and killer whales even when the effect of environmental variables was excluded. Analysis also revealed that the environmental variables, including physiographic variables, are major factors affecting the distributions and density of whales, especially between baleen whales and toothed whales. Accepted: 8 December 1999     

福建平潭一头误捕灰鲸的部分形态学记录

2011 年11 月5 日,福建省平潭县白青乡青峰村渔民出海作业时发现一头误撞定置刺网死亡的灰鲸,为福建省的首次灰鲸误捕案例,也是本世纪以来我国海域的首次灰鲸误捕记录。本文描述了该灰鲸的外形特征和骨骼系统,并报道外形和骨骼的测量数据。该灰鲸系雌性,体长1 309 cm,体重约21 t,为目前本种在我国海域搁浅/ 误捕记录中的最大个体。头骨长281 cm,宽128 cm,重250 kg;脊椎式为C7 + T13 + L13 +Ca23 = 56;指式为Ⅰ1,Ⅱ3,Ⅲ7,Ⅳ5,Ⅴ3;肋骨14 对,V 形骨10 枚。脊椎式、指式、肋骨和V 形骨较之以前的报道存在差异,说明灰鲸的脊椎式、指式、肋骨和V 形骨可能存在个体差异。此外,本文还综述了西北太平洋灰鲸目前所面临的主要致危因素。     

The Seasonal Aggregation of Whale Sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia: Currents, Migrations and the El Niño/ Southern Oscillation

Whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, seasonally aggregate in coastal waters off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. We review the oceanographic setting of the region and present evidence that such aggregations form as a result of migratory behavior associated with climatic and oceanographic processes. We utilise records of whale shark abundance collected at Ningaloo Reef from dedicated searches by boat and aircraft and from log sheets recorded by the tourism industry. Measures of whale shark abundance derived from log sheet data sets were moderately correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index and weakly correlated with coastal sea level, an index of the strength of the Leeuwin Current, and sea surface temperature over the period 1993 to 1998. Abundances of whale sharks derived from boat searches from 1983 to 1992 were also correlated with fluctuations in the Southern Oscillation Index, except during a three year period from 1988 to 1990. We conclude that, at least in some years, there appears to be a link between the abundance of aggregating whale sharks and the physical and biological oceanography of the region, with greater whale shark numbers in La Niña years. The lack of correlation in other years may be due to a combination of uneven quality of data and/or aggregations occurring in response to a complex interaction between the physical and biological oceanography of the region.     

KILLER WHALE ATTACKS ON MINKE WHALES: PREY CAPTURE AND ANTIPREDATOR TACTICS

We describe nine incidents of predation or attempted predation of minke whales ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) by mammal-hunting "transient" killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) in coastal waters of British Columbia, Washington, and southeastern Alaska. Pursuits of minke whales were characterized by prolonged chases on a straight heading at velocities of 15–30 km/h. In four of the nine cases the adultsized minke whale gradually outdistanced the killer whales, which abandoned the high-speed pursuit after 0.5–1 h. In one case the minke beached itself and died. Four attacks were successful. In one instance a subadult minke was killed in open water following a chase. In two cases the fleeing minke entered a confined bay and was killed by the killer whales. One adult minke was taken after apparently attempting to seek cover beside a large sailboat. Minke whales made no attempt to physically defend themselves and were killed by repeated ramming or by asphyxiation. Although killer whales are capable of sprinting speeds greater than those of minke whales, it appears that adult minkes can maintain higher sustained speeds and evade capture if sufficient space for an extended escape trajectory is available. Successful predation of minke whales in coastal waters is rare compared to pinnipeds and small cetaceans, the main prey of transient killer whales.     

一头妊娠小须鲸的物种鉴定及外部形态测量

A dead whale was found by local fishermen on the coast of Zhangzi Island, Changhai County, Dalian, Liaoning on April 16, 2019. According to the following information (1) discovery location, (2) prominent ridges on head, 256 pairs of white baleen in the mouth and the white transverse band on the fin limb, (3) characteristics of Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene sequence, the whale was identified as the North Pacific minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata acutorostrata). It was found that the whale was in pregnancy. The results showed that the body length of minke whale was 640.0 cm and the body weight was 3350.0 kg. The fetus was a 7-8 months old male, with its body length 123.0 cm and body weight 26.3 kg. The body length of dead minke whale was less than the minimum value of the previous recorded pregnant minke whale. Our study is to record the morphological characteristics of the dead minke whale samples and enrich the basic biological data of large cetaceans in China.