真桑钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨不同螨态的选择性

真桑钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨不同螨态的选择性蒲天胜,曾涛,韦德卫（广西农科院植物保护研究所,南宁５３０００７）ＳｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅＰｒｅｄａｃｉｔｙｏｆＡｍｂｌｙｓｅｉｕｓｍａｋｕｗａｔｏＶａｒｉｏｕｓＭｉｔｅＦｏｒｍｓｏｆＰａｎａｎｙｃｈｕｓｃｉｔｒｉ￥ＰｕＴｉａｎｓｈｅｎｇ;ＺｅｎｇＴａｏ;ＷｅｉＤｅｗｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ,ＧｕａｎｇｘｉＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒ－ｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：３３－３４。ＴｈｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｐｒｅｄａｃｉｔｙｏｆｆｅｍａｌｅａｄｕｌｔｏｆＡ．ｍａｋｕｗａｔｏｃｉｔｒｕｓｍｉｔｅｓｉｓｓｉｍｕｌａｔｅｄｉｎｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｗｉｔｈｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆＡｎｉｃｈｏｌｓｉ．Ａ．ｍａｋｕｗａｓｈｏｗｓａｎｅｇａｔｉｖｅｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｔｏｔｈｅａｄｕｌｔｏｆＰ．ｃｉｔｒｉ,ｂｕｔＡ．ｎｉｃｈｏｌｓｉｓｈｏｗｓｎｏｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｓｗｉｔｃｈｉｎｇ．Ｉｎｍｕｌｔｉ－ｆｏｒｍｃｏｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆｍｉｔｅｓ,ｔｈｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｒｅｓ     

德氏钝绥螨对桔全爪螨的捕食作用

<正> 德氏钝绥螨Amblyseius deleoni Muma et Denmark是桔全爪螨Panonyckus citri(McGregor)的重要天敌。关于德氏钝绥螨的生物学和生态学已有一些报道,但对于种群生态学中,反映捕食者对猎物的捕食作用、它对害虫的控制以及天敌利用等方面,研究甚少。作者就德氏钝绥螨对桔全爪螨的捕食作用作了初步研究,其结果如下。 一、材料与方法 1.功能反应 在直径7.5厘米,高4.0厘米的塑料盒内测定德氏钝绥螨雌成螨对桔全爪螨     

不同猎物及密度对巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨同类相残和集团内捕食作用的影响

明确不同猎物及密度下巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri与拉戈钝绥螨Amblyseius largoensis(Muma)的同类相残和集团内捕食作用,为其协同应用控制橡胶树害螨提供依据.在室温27±1℃、湿度75％±5％、光周期12 L∶12D 条件下,以六点始叶螨 Eotetranvchus sexmac...     

释放巴氏钝绥螨对沙田柚上橘全爪螨的防治效果

2007～2008年开展释放巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri(Hughes)防治沙田柚上橘全爪螨Panonychus citri McGregor试验示范。结果表明:巴氏钝绥螨能在江西省吉安市沙田柚果园大量繁殖,每株成年沙田柚树上释放3～4盒巴氏钝绥螨,每盒含巴氏钝绥螨600头以上,可有效控制橘全爪螨的危害,减少施药次数和农药用量,节约防治成本,改善橘园生态环境和果品品质。     

胡瓜钝绥螨对苹果全爪螨的生物防治效果

以生命表参数及天敌在室内和田间的应用效果来评价胡瓜钝绥螨对苹果全爪螨的控制效果.结果表明:胡瓜钝绥螨取食苹果全爪螨,能够完成发育历期并产卵,在(25±1)℃条件下一个世代仅需9.54d;其雌螨产卵期(24.85d)和寿命(38.52d)都比猎物的产卵期(15.93d)和寿命(34.79d)长,雌螨的平均产卵量仅为苹果全爪螨的56.1%;苹果全爪螨净增殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)分别比胡瓜钝绥螨高103.9%和13.2%.室内释放情况下,无论益害比是1:30还是1:150,释放20d后防治效果均可达95%以上;在苹果示范园释放胡瓜钝绥螨,60d后防治效果达91.73%,比化防园高23.77%.表明胡瓜钝绥螨具有优良天敌的重要特征,在每叶苹果全爪螨低于2头时,果园释放胡瓜钝绥螨能有效控制苹果全爪螨的种群增长.     

胡瓜钝绥螨对太平洋细须螨的捕食效能初步研究

胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans能捕食为害蝴蝶兰的害螨---太平洋细须螨Tenuipalpus pacificus Baker的卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨。室内研究了胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨卵、幼螨、若螨的捕食功能反应。结果表明,随着太平洋细须螨密度的增加,胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨的捕食数量也随之上升,捕食功能反应曲线符合Holling II型方程。胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨卵的控制能力显著强于对幼螨和若螨的控制能力,a/Th值分别为165.8、79.2和63.8。在猎物密度一定时,由于胡瓜钝绥螨个体间存在相互竞争和相互干扰作用,随着捕食螨密度的提高,捕食螨平均捕食量逐渐减少。     

芬兰真绥螨对苹果全爪螨的捕食作用研究

在实验条件下,系统研究了芬兰真绥螨Euseius finlandicus Oudemans对苹果全爪螨Panony-chus ulmi Koch的控制能力。研究结果表明:(1)在15～32℃的温度条件下,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量随着温度的上升呈线型正相关。在15～25℃的温度内芬兰真绥螨的产卵量随温度升高而增加,在15℃下平均单雌产卵0.42粒,25℃时平均单雌产卵2.56粒;当温度升到32℃时单雌产卵下降为1.62粒,雌成螨的产卵量与温度的关系呈抛物线型。(2)在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,雌成螨的捕食量随着猎物的密度增加呈线型正相关,而当猎物密度达到30头/叶时,芬兰真绥螨雌成螨的捕食量处于平稳状态。在5～15头/叶的猎物密度下,芬兰真绥螨的产卵量和产卵量均与猎物的密度呈线型正相关;当每头雌成螨捕食量为1.8～3.5头时,产卵量为1.0～1.5粒。(3)不同温度下,芬兰真绥螨对猎物的不同密度和虫态的功能反应可用圆盘方程II型进行拟合;在25℃条件下捕食效率最高且喜好捕食的虫态是卵和幼螨。     

巴氏新小绥螨对柑桔全爪螨处理的枳橙叶片挥发物的行为反应

【目的】研究巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对柑桔全爪螨Panonychus citri及刺吸式昆虫为害柑桔叶片释放的挥发物的行为反应,揭示巴氏新小绥螨的嗅觉反应特点。【方法】采用GC-MS顶空进样法对枳橙叶片常见挥发性化合物、针刺枳橙叶片及其柑桔全爪螨雌成螨取食枳橙叶片挥发物进行定性分析,确定每类化合物的相对保留指数,构建枳橙叶片常见及受害挥发性化合物特征谱库。利用嗅觉测定技术分析巴氏新小绥螨对枳橙叶片挥发物的行为反应。【结果】针刺处理和柑桔全爪螨取食影响枳橙叶片挥发物的组成和含量。两种方法处理时枳橙叶片释放的主要物质为α-蒎烯、水芹烯、4-异丙基甲苯。随着处理加重,增量释放的物质为:cis-π-罗勒烯、月桂烯、柠檬烯、异松油烯,减量表达的物质为2-乙基-1-乙醇和十一烷。在10~(-2)、10~(-4)、10~(-6)和10~(-8)g/m L浓度下,正己醛、正壬醛、乙酸辛酯和正庚醛对巴氏新小绥螨有强烈的引诱作用(P>0.05);月桂烯在10~(-2)、10~(-4)和10~(-6)g/m L浓度下对巴氏新小绥螨有强烈的引诱作用(P>0.05);正壬醇和正辛醇随着浓度增加,对巴氏新小绥螨的引诱作用降低;苯甲醛对巴氏新小绥螨的引诱作用较弱。【结论】巴氏新小绥螨对柑桔全爪螨及刺吸式口器昆虫为害柑桔叶片释放出的挥发物各组分具有不同的行为反应,柑桔及其刺吸式害虫生境中的嗅觉线索在巴氏新小绥螨的寄主定位和生境选择中起着重要作用。     

猎物对两种钝绥螨发育和繁殖的影响

在温度为25℃,相对湿度(RH)85％条件下,分别以椭圆食粉螨Aleuroglyphus ovatus、八节黄蓟马Thrips flavidulus和柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri饲喂捕食螨,研究了猎物对捕食螨生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明：以椭圆食粉螨、八节黄蓟马和柑橘全爪螨为食物时,胡瓜钝绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris完成整个世代需要的时间分别为7.1 d、7.7 d和7.4 d,产卵历期分别为22.7 d、23.2 d和25.1 d,平均每雌总产卵量分别为33.1粒、34.1粒和37.5粒,表明以八节黄蓟马为食时,胡瓜钝绥螨完成整个世代所需的时间最长,以柑橘全爪螨饲喂时胡瓜钝绥螨的产卵历期最长,产卵量最多;而巴氏钝绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri完成整个世代需要的时间分别为7.5 d、6.4 d和7.1 d,产卵历期分别为22.2 d、22.5 d和23.4 d,平均每雌总产卵量分别为30.1粒、30.7粒和31.5粒,表明以椭圆食粉螨为食时巴氏钝绥螨完成整个世代所需时间最长,以柑橘全爪螨为食时,巴氏钝绥螨的产卵历期明显延长,总产卵量显著增多。     

矿物油乳剂与巴氏新小绥螨对柑橘全爪螨的协同控制研究

利用捕食螨防治柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri已有大面积应用,但捕食螨田间防治效果常受到果园使用化学农药的影响,相应配套技术是捕食螨应用的瓶颈问题。2010年6～10月,在广东省四会市罗源镇柑橘园,分别采用五种处理方式(常规化学农药;化学农药加巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri;单独使用矿物油乳剂;单独使用巴氏新小绥螨;矿物油乳剂加巴氏新小绥螨)防治柑橘全爪螨,设不采取任何防治措施的样地为对照。试验结果显示,各处理的种群干扰控制指数分别是3.7195、1.4942、0.2439、0.2053、0.0488,校正虫口减退率分别是-271.95%、-49.42%、75.61%、79.47%、95.12%。化学农药防治对柑橘全爪螨的控制作用不理想,影响了巴氏新小绥螨的持续控制作用;巴氏新小绥螨能较好地发挥对柑橘全爪螨的控制作用,矿物油乳剂表现出较好的长期控制效果,矿物油乳剂配合巴氏新小绥螨对柑橘全爪螨有较好的协同控制作用。     

土耳其斯坦叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引反应

土耳其斯坦叶螨（Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov ＆ Nikolski）对胡瓜钝绥螨（Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans）的吸引测试表明,胡瓜钝绥螨对不同螨态的土耳其斯坦叶螨的刺激均能产生显著的吸引反应。胡瓜钝绥螨能捕食土耳其斯坦叶螨的卵,但对土耳其斯坦叶螨的“卵＋丝网＋粪便＋取食斑”没有明显的反应,土耳其斯坦叶螨的若螨I和幼螨是胡瓜钝绥螨最喜欢的猎物。土耳其斯坦叶螨主要通过活动螨对胡瓜钝绥螨产生吸引反应,这种吸引反应能明显提高胡瓜钝绥螨在田间搜索土耳其斯坦叶螨的能力。     

Functional response of Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes on two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Generalist predatory mites are the common phytoseiid fauna in many agroecosystems, but little attention has been paid to their potential as biological control agents. In this study, we determined the functional responses of adult females of the generalist predator Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes on eggs, larvae, and adults of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in the laboratory. Predation experiments were conducted on pepper leaf discs over a 24 h period at 25±1°C, 70–80% RH and 16L:8D photoperiod. Prey densities ranged 5 to 80 eggs, or 5 to 40 larvae, or 1 to 8 female adults of T. urticae per disc. The predation rate of N. barkeri adult females on T. urticae eggs was the same as on its larvae, but the predation rate on adult females was much lower. The role of generalist predatory mites in integrated and biological control of greenhouse pests was discussed.     

不同柑桔品种上桔全爪螨的生长和种群动态差异

通过田间调查、室内盆栽苗接螨、离体叶片饲养等方法,考察了14个柑桔品种上桔全爪螨种群动态,组建了其实验种群生命表,结果表明：该螨在各柑桔品种上的种群密度有明显差异,平均密度以北碚447、台湾晚白柚和垫江白柚上较高,柑新生系最低。雌成螨寿命在台湾晚白柚上最长,垫江白柚次之,柑新生系最短;产卵量以取食台湾晚白柚时最多,垫江白柚、五步红心柚次之,以柑新生系最少;在垫江白柚上的内禀增长率（r_m）最大,沙田柚、台湾晚白柚次之,金弹最小。根据桔全爪螨实验种群的参数判断,金弹和柑新生系属抗螨品种,台湾晚白柚、垫江白柚和北碚447是感螨品种。从品种归类上来看,柚类品种和甜橙中的北碚447感螨程度较高,金柑属的金弹和宽皮柑桔类的柑新生系感螨程度较低。甜橙类与宽皮柑桔类比较,前者感螨程度较高,后者相对较低,但宽皮柑桔类的早津感螨程度相对较高。     

Automatic mass-rearing of Amblyseius womersleyi (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Using incorporated devices, Tetranychus urticae spider mites were rinsed from hydroponically-grown lima bean plants, collected, separated and blow-dried. This yielded a reliable and large volume of eggs and larvae, which were fed to Amblyseius womersleyi rearings on 15×5cm² polyethylene arenas. Of several feeding regimes tested, daily feeding of 10mg T. urticae eggs and larvae resulted in the highest predator population levels. The best harvest period was between 15 and 27 days, when predator density exceeded 600 mites per arena. A preliminary automatic mass-rearing device was tested for A. womersleyi. This incorporated both rearing and harvesting procedures. A micro-feeder was developed to supply the required volume of spider mites and maize pollen (1:1 mixture) to the predators. A Bakelite rearing arena reduced the space requirements of a polyethylene arena, was more durable and an essential component in the automatic mass-rearing and harvesting. Mite harvesting is carried out through the use of a vacuum-head harvester. Supplements of (sterilized) spider mites, pollen, vermiculite and wheat bran are automatically added to the predators. The devices for harvesting, filling and packing are incorporated and synchronized and the entire system is controlled by a single slide-switch. The design and system can be expanded without changing the basic processes and program, for example to adopt it for other species of predaceous mites.     

Reproductive compatibility between populations of the citrus red mite,Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Reproductive compatibility was studied among populations of different types of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor ), i.e., the diapausing type from pear (DP), the non-diapausing type from citrus (C) and that from pear (NP). Copulation was also observed between mates of different types (DP and C). Only in crosses between C ♀ and DP ♂, was copulation occasionally broken off prematurely; duration of copulation varied considerably between pairs and the average duration was much shorter than that between DP ♀ and C ♂ and than that in crosses between mates of the same types. No F₁ adult females were produced at all from crosses between DP and C, showing that there was a complete reproductive isolation between the two types. There was a significant reciprocal difference in the egg hatchability and survival rate of immatures in the F₁ progeny; mortality in the eggs and that in the immature stage were significantly higher in crosses between DP ♀ and C ♂, as compared to those in the reciprocal cross. This suggested that fertilization may have occurred in the former cross, whereas it seemed that eggs were not fertilized in crosses between the C ♀ and DP ♂. The NP was compatible with the C, whereas it was completely incompatible with the DP. Thus, there was a complete reproductive incompatibility between the diapausing and non-diapausing type of P. citri.     

柑橘全爪螨两个田间种群抗性监测及羧酸酯酶生化特性研究

采用叶碟浸渍法测定了重庆北碚和万州地区柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)田间种群对阿维菌素、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的抗性水平。结果表明,同室内敏感品系相比,北碚种群对毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的相对抗性水平分别达到3倍、3倍和22倍;万州种群对阿维菌素、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯和哒螨灵的相对抗性水平分别达到2倍、35倍、10倍和2倍。柑橘全爪螨2个地理种群的羧酸酯酶CarE的生化特性研究发现,CarE酶活的增高和毒死蜱的抗性存在一定的相关性。毒死蜱对不同地理种群柑橘全爪螨CarE的抑制效果不同,对抗性倍数较高的万州种群抑制效果最差。     

Functional Response of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Untreated and Beauveria bassiana - Treated Adults of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The functional response of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias- Henriot was examined on either non-inoculated or inoculated adults of the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch by Beauveria bassiana DEBI008 with four time intervals; 0, 24, 48 and 72-h treatments, at 25?±?1?°C, 60–70?% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8?h (L: D). Results indicated that functional responses of P. persimilis on both untreated and B. bassiana treated adults of T. urticae are type II. Data analysis showed that handling time of predator was increased on treated T. urticae with the increase of the time after spray in comparison with that of untreated adults of T. urticae (3.5143, 3.8152, 4.0735, 7.6829 and 11.7789?h.), respectively. Differences among treatments for handling time were significant. Attack rates were close to each others and there was no significant difference in attack rates of different time interval treatments. With the increase of the time after spray adults of the spider mite, T. urticae by B. bassiana caused intensive increasing in handling time of P. persimilis and accordingly it caused intensive decreasing in feeding rate of predator.     

Temperature‐dependent development of Neoseiulus barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) at seven constant temperatures

Abstract The effect of seven constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 35 and 37°C on developmental time of Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes were determined in laboratory conditions under 65%± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 12 : 12 (L : D) h on nymphal stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch. Total developmental time of females (from egg to adult emergence) at the above‐mentioned temperatures was 26.59, 14.43, 6.32, 5.64, 4.59, 3.98 and 4.67 days, respectively. Developmental rate of the N. barkeri increased as temperature increased from 15 to 35°C, but declined at 37°C. A linear and two nonlinear models were fitted to developmental rate of immature stages of N. barkeri to predict the developmental rate as a function of temperature, as well as to estimate the thermal constant (K) and critical temperatures (i.e., T_min, T_opt and T_max). The estimated values of the T_min and K for total developmental time using the linear model were 12.07°C and 86.20 degree‐days (DD), respectively. The T_min and T_max estimated by the Sharpe‐Schoolfield‐Ikemoto (SSI) model were 11.90°C and 37.41°C, respectively. The estimated T_opt for overall immature stage development of N. barkeri by the Lactin and SSI models were 33.89°C and 24.51°C, respectively. Based on the biological criteria of model evaluation, the linear and SSI models were found to be the best models for describing the developmental rate of overall immature stages of N. barkeri and estimating the temperature thresholds.