调控性细胞死亡在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展

肾脏上皮细胞死亡是肾脏缺血再灌注损伤引起的一种明显的病理现象,而最新研究发现调控性细胞死亡在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中发挥着重要作用。本文就程序性坏死、铁死亡和细胞焦亡等调控性细胞死亡的相关通路、调节剂和相互作用以及在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用进行综述,以期对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的预防和治疗提供理论基础。     

p38MAPK与心肌缺血再灌注损伤

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)是广泛表达的丝氨酸/酪氨酸激酶,在哺乳动物细胞多种信号转导通路中起重要作用,MAPKs有3个主要家族:ERKs,JNKs和p38MAPKs.p38信号通路是MAPK通路的一重要分支,在心肌缺血再灌注的损伤中起很重要的作用,p38MAPK信号通路与心肌缺血再灌注机制都有或多或少的联系,本文就以p38MAPK在这一病理过程的研究进展做一综述.     

NLRP3炎性体与中性粒细胞在心肌缺血/再灌注损伤中的交流

炎性体是识别危险模式或病原模式的信号平台,炎性体主要分为2大类:点头样受体(NLR)家族和PYHIN家族。炎性体与多种疾病有关,包括各种感染性疾病、炎症性疾病以及缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia reperfusion injury,IRI)等。炎性体与心肌缺血再灌注损伤是目前的研究热点之一。中性粒细胞作为数量最多的骨髓源性细胞,在无菌性炎症及固有免疫传导通路中发挥着重要作用。在缺血再灌注损伤过程中,死亡的心肌细胞释放大量促炎介质,导致炎性体的活化以及中性粒细胞的聚集。我们综述了NLRP3炎症小体在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用,以及在此病理生理过程中NLRP3与中性粒细胞间的信息交流。     

L-精氨酸对兔心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

心肌缺血后的早期再灌注是防止心肌损害的有效手段.但是,心肌缺血-再灌注并不都是有益的.缺血-再灌注可导致一氧化氮(NO)分泌减少,损伤内皮细胞功能.最近研究发现,作为NO生成前体的L-精氨酸,在保持和重建血管内皮功能等方面有重要作用.但是,也有与此相悖的研究报道.为此,我们以新西兰兔为实验性心肌梗塞模型,探讨缺血-再灌注期补充L-精氨酸对心肌结构和功能的影响.     

DLX6-AS1通过竞争性结合miR-15上调Caspase-1诱导巨噬细胞焦亡

为探讨长链非编码RNA (long noncoding RNA, lncRNA) DLX6-AS1在巨噬细胞焦亡中的作用及相关机制,采用生物信息学分析、实时荧光定量PCR和双荧光素酶报告基因实验等,在THP-1巨噬细胞中分析并验证lncRNA DLX6-AS1下游微RNA (microRNA, mi RNA)及mi RNA的下游靶基因;通过免疫荧光染色等实验检测DLX6-AS1/miR-15/caspase-1轴对巨噬细胞焦亡的影响。结果显示, DLX6-AS1在焦亡巨噬细胞中表达上调,敲降DLX6-AS1可抑制巨噬细胞焦亡,但这种抑制作用被mi R-15抑制剂逆转; mi R-15通过调控其靶基因caspase-1表达,抑制巨噬细胞焦亡。本研究表明, DLX6-AS1通过竞争性结合mi R-15,解除mi R-15对其靶基因caspase-1的抑制作用,从而诱导巨噬细胞焦亡,这将丰富lncRNA调控巨噬细胞焦亡的理论基础。     

藏药莪达夏醇提物对大鼠心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

本实验探讨藏药莪达夏对大鼠急性心肌缺血再灌注损伤的抗氧化保护作用。采用结扎大鼠冠脉左前降支方法造成心肌缺血再灌注模型,测定再灌注40 min后血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷肤甘肤过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性以及MDA含量。实验结果显示莪达夏可以显著降低心肌缺血再灌注后血清CK、LDH和MDA含量,升高血清SOD和GSH-Px活力(P0.01,P0.05)。表明藏药莪达夏对缺血-再灌注心肌损伤有抗氧化保护作用。     

一氧化氮在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的调节作用 及相关治疗药物研究进展

一氧化氮 ( NO ) 是体内调节心血管系统功能的重要信号分子,在血管收舒、血小板活性调节、细胞增殖凋亡、氧化应激及炎症反 应等过程中发挥了不可或缺的作用。在心肌缺血再灌注过程中,随着一氧化氮合成酶表达和 NO 底物水平的动态变化,NO 生成的时间和 产量均会发生变化,导致其作用具有两面性。综述 NO 的产生与作用、在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的作用和影响因素以及相关治疗药物及作 用机制的研究进展,为心肌缺血再灌注损伤的有效治疗和进一步研究提供参考     

MicroRNA-214 在心肌缺血/再灌注的研究进展

MicroRNA是一种内源性的小核苷酸片段,已检测出700余种。大约30%的人类基因受miRNAs调节。其中miRNA-214在不同细胞有多种生物学作用,通过调控多种靶基因在诸多疾病中都发挥着重要作用。microRNA-214在心肌损伤及免疫方面也发挥积极的作用,通过抑制心肌缺血/再灌注的细胞凋亡、HIF1AN等机制参与心肌缺血/再灌注,其有可能成为预防和治疗治疗心肌缺血/再灌注损伤性疾病的新型靶向分子,为临床预防和治疗心肌缺血/再灌注损伤性疾病提供思路和方法。     

病原菌作用于细胞焦亡的策略:盾-矛之争

焦亡是一种细胞程序性死亡的形式,其特征表现为细胞的裂解并伴随细胞因子、损伤和病原体相关的分子模式的释放.细胞焦亡能够促进炎症免疫反应发生,消除细胞内的病原菌,在细胞抵御病原菌感染过程中发挥重要作用.但是,在长期的军备竞赛中,病原体已进化出抑制宿主细胞焦亡的机制,以增强它们生存和致病的能力.本文从细胞焦亡的分子机制及其在宿主防御中的作用,以及病原菌抵御宿主细胞焦亡的策略等方面进行了综述,将有助于人们进一步了解和探索细菌病原体和细胞焦亡相互作用的机制,并为将来开发基于细胞焦亡抵抗病原体感染的新药提供思路.     

白鲜皮水提物对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究白鲜皮水提物对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组,模型组,阳性药组(地奥心血康)及白鲜皮低、中、高剂量组(白鲜皮水提物0.128、0.64、1.28 g/kg),每组6只。结扎冠状动脉左前降支制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型,观察给药后大鼠心电图ST段的改变,测量心肌梗死面积,观察大鼠心肌组织病理形态,检测大鼠血清CK,SOD活性、MDA含量。结果白鲜皮中、高剂量组给药后能明显减少心肌梗死面积,明显降低缺血30 min和再灌注120 min时ST段的抬高,并能降低大鼠血清中MDA含量,升高SOD活性,减少因缺血导致的心肌组织病理损害。结论白鲜皮水提物对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与保护心肌细胞功能、提高心肌抗氧化能力、清除氧自由基有关。     

Piperine protects against pyroptosis in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the miR-383/RP105/AKT signalling pathway

miRNA-mediated pyroptosis play crucial effects in the development of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (MIRI). Piperine (PIP) possesses multiple pharmacological effects especially in I/R condition. This study focuses on whether PIP protects MIRI from pyroptosis via miR-383-dependent pathway. Rat MIRI model was established by 30 minutes of LAD ligation and 4 hours of reperfusion. Myocardial enzymes, histomorphology, structure and function were detected to evaluate MIRI. Recombinant adenoviral vectors for miR-383 overexpression or miR-383 silencing or RP105 knockdown were constructed, respectively. Luciferase reporter analysis was used to confirm RP105 as a target of miR-383. Pyroptosis-related markers were measured by Western blotting assay. The results showed that I/R provoked myocardial injury, as shown by the increases of LDH/CK releases, infarcted areas and apoptosis as well as worsened function and structure. Pyroptosis-related mediators including NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, cleaved IL-1β and IL-18 were also reinforced after MIRI. However, PIP treatment greatly ameliorated MIRI in parallel with pyroptotic repression. In mechanistic studies, MIRI-caused elevation of miR-383 and decrease of RP105/PI3K/AKT pathway were reverted by PIP treatment. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed RP105 as a miR-383 target. miR-383 knockdown ameliorated but miR-383 overexpression facilitated pyroptosis and MIRI. Moreover, the anti-pyroptotic effect from miR-383 silencing was verified to be relied on the RP105/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Additionally, our present study further indicated the miR-383/RP105/AKT-dependent approach resulting from PIP administration against pyroptosis in MIRI. Therefore, PIP treatment attenuates MIRI and pyroptosis by regulating miR-383/RP105/AKT pathway, and it may provide a therapeutic manner for the treatment of MIRI.     

DTX3L induced NLRP3 ubiquitination inhibit R28 cell pyroptosis in OGD/R injury

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the most common etiologies in many diseases. Retinal I/R leads to cytokine storm, resulting in tissue damage and cell death. Pyroptosis, a novel type of regulated cell death, occurs after cellular I/R injury. In this study, we established an oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD/R) cellular model (R28) to simulate retinal I/R injury. We conducted an LDH assay, and EthD-III and PI staining procedures to confirm pyroptosis. Mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis were used to identify the possible proteins interacting with NLRP3. Co-IP and various molecular biology techniques were used to investigate the possible modes regulating NLRP3 by DTX3L. EthD-III, PI staining and LDH assays demonstrated pyroptosis induced by OGD/R injury, mediated via NLRP3 pathway. Mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis screened out three candidate proteins interacting with NLRP3, and further Co-IP experiment indicated that DTX-3L may interact with NLRP3 to regulate its protein levels after injury. Co-IP experiments and various molecular biology methods demonstrated that DTX3L ubiquitinates NLRP3 resulting in pyroptosis after R28 OGD/R injury. Further, NLRP3 LRR and DTX3L RING domains interact with each other. Our study demonstrated that DTX3L may ubiquitinate NLRP3 to regulate OGD/R-induced pyroptosis globally in R28 cells.     

七氟烷对糖尿病心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

糖尿病是一种常见病、多发病,严重威胁着人类的健康。现已明确,糖尿病是冠心病发病的一个重要因素。心肌缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)损伤是临床常见的病理过程,同时是冠心病发病及心肌血运重建治疗过程中的核心环节,如何减轻I/R损伤一直是国际研究热点之一。糖尿病与I/R损伤对心肌都有损害作用,相关研究证明糖尿病能够进一步恶化I/R损伤对心肌的损伤作用。研究表明,缺血预处理(ischemia preconditioning,IPC)可以延缓或减轻心肌I/R损伤,同时,麻醉药预处理(anesthetic induced preconditioning,APC)也具有IPC样的心肌保护作用。其中,七氟烷作为现阶段临床较常用的吸入麻醉药,同样对心肌I/R损伤具有保护作用。本文就七氟烷对糖尿病心肌I/R损伤的影响及其机制做一综述。     

The protective role of curcumin in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a well-known pathological condition that is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The main pathological manifestation of CAD is myocardial injury due to ischemia–reperfusion (I–R). Currently, no efficacious treatment of protecting the heart against myocardial I–R exists. Hence, it is necessary to discover or develop novel strategies to prevent myocardial-reperfusion injury to improve clinical outcomes in patients with CAD. A large body of experimental evidence supports cardioprotective properties of curcumin and the ability of this phytochemical to modify some cardiovascular risk factors. However, the detailed effects of curcumin in myocardial I–R injury are still unclear and there is a lack of evidence concerning which curcumin regimen may be ideal for myocardial I–R injury. This paper presents a brief review of the pathophysiology of myocardial I–R injury and the mechanisms of action of curcumin in reducing myocardial I–R injury.     

microRNA-193b protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse by targeting mastermind-like 1

The current study aimed to explore the functions and roles of microRNA-193b (miR-193b) in the myocardium with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and a potential therapeutic method for myocardial I/R injury. The mice were subjected to myocardial I/R with or without miR-193b pretreatment. The infarct size and myocardial enzymes were detected. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay was conducted to investigate the effect of miR-193b on cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The expression levels of miR-193b and mastermind-like 1 (MAML1) were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The results suggested that the miR-193b expression level was significantly downregulated in the myocardium with I/R injury compared with control group. miR-193b overexpression is able to reduce infarct size and myocardial enzymes after myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-193b could alleviate the apoptosis level after myocardial I/R injury. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that upregulated miRNA-193b alleviated myocardial I/R injury via targeting MAML1.     

mTOR and Beclin1: Two key autophagy-related molecules and their roles in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Autophagy is the general term of lysosomal degradation of substances in cells, which is considered the key to maintaining the normal structure and function of the heart. It also has a correlation with several heart diseases, in particular, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. At the stage of myocardial ischemia, autophagy degrades nonfunctional cytoplasmic proteins providing the critical nutrients for the critical life activities, thereby suppressing cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, autophagy is likely to affect the heart negatively in the reperfusion stage. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Beclin1 are two vital autophagy-related molecules in myocardial I/R injury playing significant roles in different stages. In the ischemia stage, mTOR plays its roles through AMPK/mTOR and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway, whereas Beclin1 plays its roles through its upregulation in the reperfusion stage. A possible interaction between mTOR and Beclin1 has been reported recently, and further studies need to be done to find the underlying interaction between the two molecules in myocardial I/R injury     

Dexmedetomidine alleviates hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion injury via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-NLRP3 pathway

Hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury constitutes a tough difficulty in liver surgery. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) plays a protective role in I/R injury. This study investigated protective mechanism of Dex in hepatic I/R injury. The human hepatocyte line L02 received hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment to stimulate cell model of hepatic I/R. The levels of pyroptosis proteins and inflammatory factors were detected. Functional rescue experiments were performed to confirm the effects of miR-494 and JUND on hepatic I/R injury. The levels of JUND, PI3K/p-PI3K, AKT/p-AKT, Nrf2, and NLRP3 activation were detected. The rat model of hepatic I/R injury was established to confirm the effect of Dex in vivo. Dex reduced pyroptosis and inflammation in H/R cells. Dex increased miR-494 expression, and miR-494 targeted JUND. miR-494 inhibition or JUND upregulation reversed the protective effect of Dex. Dex repressed NLRP3 inflammasome by activating the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 pathway. In vivo experiments confirmed the protective effect of Dex on hepatic I/R injury. Overall, Dex repressed NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviated hepatic I/R injury via the miR-494/JUND/PI3K/AKT/Nrf2 axis.     

MicroRNA-2861 and microRNA-5115 regulates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury through the GPR30/mTOR signaling pathway by binding to GPR30

Myocardial ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, a major contributor to morbidity and mortality, represents a combination of intrinsic cellular response to ischemia and the extrinsic acute inflammatory response. In the present study, microarray analysis of GSE67308 and GSE50885 identified differentially expressed GPR30 and upstream regulatory miR-2861 and miR-5115 in myocardial I/R. Furthermore, GPR30 was confirmed as a common target gene of miR-2861 and miR-5115, and miR-2861 and miR-5115 inhibited GPR30 expression. Poor expression of GPR30 was identified in the myocardial I/R injury mouse model. Overexpressed GPR30 led to alleviated the pathological conditions, diminished myocardial infarct size and apoptosis of myocardial tissue in mice. Moreover, miR-2861 and miR-5115 were found to be highly expressed in the myocardial I/R injury mouse model and to subsequently accelerate the disease progression. Notably, PR30 curtailed the development of myocardial I/R injury through activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. The key findings suggested that miR-2861 and miR-5115 blocked the activation of the GPR30/mTOR signaling pathway by targeting GPR30, thereby accelerating myocardial I/R injury in mice.     

Mitochondrial ion channels as targets for cardioprotection

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the heart failure (HF) that often result remain the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. As such, new therapeutic targets need to be discovered to protect the myocardium against acute ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in order to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size, preserve left ventricular function and prevent the onset of HF. Mitochondrial dysfunction during acute I/R injury is a critical determinant of cell death following AMI, and therefore, ion channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which are known to influence cell death and survival, provide potential therapeutic targets for cardioprotection. In this article, we review the role of mitochondrial ion channels, which are known to modulate susceptibility to acute myocardial I/R injury, and we explore their potential roles as therapeutic targets for reducing MI size and preventing HF following AMI.