前景可观的senolytics延缓衰老的研究进展

细胞衰老呈现不可逆的永久性细胞周期停滞的状态,它可以促进组织在发育过程中和损伤后的重塑,但也会导致老年生物体组织再生潜力和功能的下降,以及炎症和肿瘤的发生。研究发现,清除衰老细胞可以延缓衰老相关疾病的发生。因此,探究衰老细胞的分子特征与探索清除衰老细胞的新药成为衰老研究领域的热点。近年来,人们发现一类称为senolytics的小分子化合物能特异性靶向衰老细胞并帮助清除衰老细胞,从而延长哺乳动物的寿命及健康寿命。该文对衰老细胞的分子特征、作为衰老相关疾病的治疗靶点及具有senolytics活性的化合物作用机制和潜在应用进行了综述。     

细胞衰老与衰老细胞

细胞衰老(cellular senescence)是一个应激导致细胞生长停滞的生理过程．一部分发生衰老的细胞会被机体自身清除,但另一些衰老的细胞会随着时间的推移在体内积累增多,并分泌一些免疫刺激因子,导致低水平炎症发生,引起周围组织衰老或癌变,这类具有特殊生物学特征和功能的细胞就是衰老细胞(senescent cell)．实验揭示,衰老细胞不仅是衰老过程的产物,也可能是组织器官进一步衰退的重要原因．近日,Baker等的一项研究成果(Nature,2011,479(7372)：232-236)表明,清除衰老细胞可延缓小鼠的衰老进程,该成果有望开辟出一条对抗衰老的新途径．     

靶向脑衰老胶质细胞的运动防治PD研究进展

细胞衰老是一个体内平衡的生物过程,在推动机体衰老过程中起着关键作用。衰老细胞在神经系统中随着衰老和神经退行性疾病而积累,并且可能使人易患神经退行性疾病或加重其病程。帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)是一种与年龄相关的神经退行性疾病。运动可通过提高衰老过程中脑细胞自噬水平,增强神经免疫信号分子以及脑内脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)的表达有效预防或延缓脑细胞衰老甚至清除脑衰老细胞,维持脑健康。大量流行病学调查结果以及临床和基础研究证实,不同形式的运动锻炼/身体活动均可改善PD患者或者PD模型动物的症状或改善症状的发展。本文以脑衰老胶质细胞为切入点,充分阐明脑衰老胶质细胞在PD中的作用以及运动干预对PD脑衰老胶质细胞的影响,以便有效和安全地利用脑衰老胶质细胞作为潜在的治疗靶点,以期为运动干预减缓(和)或改善PD运动功能障碍的神经生物学机制研究提供新的思路,为探寻PD的非药物防治或辅助疗法提供理论基础。     

衰老及相关疾病细胞分子机制研究进展

人类及其他生物随时间推移逐渐发生细胞功能丧失,即细胞衰老.这个过程如突显在某个组织器官,则可引起这个组织和器官的衰老性疾病.然而,最近的研究表明,哺乳动物在出生之前胚胎发育的生理条件下,即已经出现细胞和组织的复制性衰老现象.机制研究显示多种分子从细胞(核)内外引起生理性和应激性细胞复制性衰老.而自然界中某些生物随时间推移生命力增强、并不发生衰老.这些现象的分子机制,还有如发生在脑及代谢性疾病中的非复制性细胞衰老等,都还是个谜.本文就近期衰老的机制、细胞衰老的类型以及某些衰老相关疾病的分子基础的最新研究进展做一个扼要综述.论文包含以下几个部分:a.细胞衰老的定义、分类和机制;b.生理性衰老:发育中程序化衰老;c.内环境稳态与组织器官衰老;d.一型细胞复制性衰老及相关疾病:端粒长度与预测衰老及肿瘤预后、特发性肺纤维化、高血压;e.二型非复制性细胞衰老及相关疾病:帕金森病、糖尿病;f.衰老与长寿的物种多样性.     

miRNAs与衰老相关信号通路的研究进展

miRNAs是一类负调控基因表达的内源性非编码小分子RNA,在细胞衰老过程中发挥重要作用. 细胞衰老是指可增殖细胞在各种应激下出现细胞周期阻滞,并且丧失增殖能力,进入一种不可逆的、相对稳定的状态. p53、p21、p16、SIRT1、胰岛素/IGF-1及mTOR等蛋白是衰老相关信号通路中的重要分子,参与细胞衰老过程. 研究表明,miRNAs可以通过调控这些衰老相关蛋白所在的信号通路,促进或延缓细胞衰老. 本文综述细胞衰老相关的miRNAs,以及它们对衰老相关信号通路的影响,为深化认识衰老和衰老相关疾病的分子机制奠定基础.     

综述: 衰老及相关疾病细胞分子机制研究进展

人类及其他生物随时间推移逐渐发生细胞功能丧失,即细胞衰老.这个过程如突显在某个组织器官,则可引起这个组织和器官的衰老性疾病.然而,最近的研究表明,哺乳动物在出生之前胚胎发育的生理条件下,即已经出现细胞和组织的复制性衰老现象.机制研究显示多种分子从细胞(核)内外引起生理性和应激性细胞复制性衰老.而自然界中某些生物随时间推移生命力增强、并不发生衰老.这些现象的分子机制,还有如发生在脑及代谢性疾病中的非复制性细胞衰老等,都还是个谜.本文就近期衰老的机制、细胞衰老的类型以及某些衰老相关疾病的分子基础的最新研究进展做一个扼要综述.论文包含以下几个部分:a.细胞衰老的定义、分类和机制;b.生理性衰老:发育中程序化衰老;c.内环境稳态与组织器官衰老;d.一型细胞复制性衰老及相关疾病:端粒长度与预测衰老及肿瘤预后、特发性肺纤维化、高血压;e.二型非复制性细胞衰老及相关疾病:帕金森病、糖尿病;f.衰老与长寿的物种多样性.     

细胞衰老与老龄化疾病

随着人口老龄化加剧,细胞衰老的生物学基础及其相关分子机制的研究已成为一个重要的研究方向。细胞衰老是多种因素引起的细胞周期永久性阻滞,与老化疾病如糖尿病、骨质疏松、动脉粥样硬化、神经退行性疾病等有关。现介绍细胞衰老及细胞衰老与年龄相关疾病的分子生物学机制,重点介绍衰老领域的最新研究进展:清除衰老细胞能改善或延缓老龄化疾病,延长机体寿命。     

肺衰老在慢性呼吸系统疾病中的研究进展

细胞衰老是一个极其复杂的过程,其特征表现为线粒体结构功能障碍、端粒缩短、炎症微环境、蛋白稳态失衡、表观遗传改变、DNA损伤修复异常等,进而导致组织和器官的结构、功能损伤并诱发衰老相关疾病的发生和发展。衰老既包括增龄引起的生理性衰老,还包括多种因素所诱发的病理性衰老。值得注意的是,肺作为与外界空气直接接触的靶器官更易于遭受多种刺激而出现病理性早衰,即肺衰老。研究发现在大多数慢性呼吸系统疾病的肺内都存在一定比例的衰老细胞,但是这些衰老细胞诱导肺衰老及其在慢性呼吸系统疾病中作用的内在机制仍很不清楚。本文重点描述了肺衰老的诱因和分类、肺衰老参与慢性呼吸系统疾病的内在机制及抗衰老治疗在慢性呼吸系统疾病中的应用,有望为临床上慢性呼吸系统疾病的防治提供新的研究思路和理论依据。     

mTOR信号通路与衰老及衰老相关重大疾病

衰老引起多器官功能衰减,导致各种衰老相关代谢、心血管重大疾病发生和发展.哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白/雷帕霉素机能靶蛋白(mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路作为生长、发育、代谢、免疫、癌症等生理活动的主要调控者,通过影响细胞自噬、内质网应激、线粒体等形成复杂调控网络,在衰老与长寿中发挥关键作用.mTOR信号通路与许多衰老相关重大疾病(如代谢综合征、心血管疾病、神经退行性病变、肿瘤等)的发生发展密切相关,故以mTOR为靶点的药物开发与应用是未来延缓衰老及治疗衰老相关疾病的热点之一.     

干细胞衰老的表观遗传调控

干细胞衰老理论认为,组织器官特异的成体干细胞随着衰老出现功能性衰退,从而导致组织器官生理功能的衰退甚至衰老相关疾病的发生.表观遗传机制通过精密调控基因表达,在成体干细胞的衰老过程中发挥着重要作用.近年来,机体衰老过程中成体干细胞的表观遗传调控已经成为衰老研究的热点.本综述主要总结了衰老过程中成体干细胞命运的表观遗传调控,并详细介绍了DNA甲基化与组蛋白共价修饰在成体干细胞衰老中的作用,以期为深入认识衰老本质、实现健康长寿提供启示.     

Senescent cells at the crossroads of aging,disease, and tissue homeostasis

Originally identified as an outcome of continuous culture of primary cells, cellular senescence has moved beyond the culture dish and is now a bona fide driver of aging and disease in animal models, and growing links to human disease. This cellular stress response consists of a stable proliferative arrest coupled to multiple phenotypic changes. Perhaps the most important of these is the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, or senescence-associated secretory phenotype —a complex and variable collection of secreted molecules release by senescent cells with a number of potent biological activities. Senescent cells appear in multiple age-associated conditions in humans and mice, and interventions that eliminate these cells can prevent or even reverse multiple diseases in mouse models. Here, we review salient aspects of senescent cells in the context of human disease and homeostasis. Senescent cells increase in abundance during several diseases that associated with premature aging. Conversely, senescent cells have a key role in beneficial processes such as development and wound healing, and thus can help maintain tissue homeostasis. Finally, we speculate on mechanisms by which deleterious aspects of senescent cells might be targeted while retaining homeostatic aspects in order to improve age-related outcomes.     

The bystander effect contributes to the accumulation of senescent cells in vivo

Senescent cells accumulate with age in multiple tissues and may cause age‐associated disease and functional decline. In vitro, senescent cells induce senescence in bystander cells. To see how important this bystander effect may be for accumulation of senescent cells in vivo, we xenotransplanted senescent cells into skeletal muscle and skin of immunocompromised NSG mice. 3 weeks after the last transplantation, mouse dermal fibroblasts and myofibres displayed multiple senescence markers in the vicinity of transplanted senescent cells, but not where non‐senescent or no cells were injected. Adjacent to injected senescent cells, the magnitude of the bystander effect was similar to the increase in senescence markers in myofibres between 8 and 32 months of age. The age‐associated increase of senescence markers in muscle correlated with fibre thinning, a widely used marker of muscle aging and sarcopenia. Senescent cell transplantation resulted in borderline induction of centrally nucleated fibres and no significant thinning, suggesting that myofibre aging might be a delayed consequence of senescence‐like signalling. To assess the relative importance of the bystander effect versus cell‐autonomous senescence, we compared senescent hepatocyte frequencies in livers of wild‐type and NSG mice under ad libitum and dietary restricted feeding. This enabled us to approximate cell‐autonomous and bystander‐driven senescent cell accumulation as well as the impact of immunosurveillance separately. The results suggest a significant impact of the bystander effect for accumulation of senescent hepatocytes in liver and indicate that senostatic interventions like dietary restriction may act as senolytics in immunocompetent animals.     

Apoptosis is involved in the senescence of endothelial cells induced by angiotensin II

Vascular endothelial cells have a finite cell lifespan and eventually enter an irreversible growth arrest, cellular senescence. The functional changes associated with cellular senescence are thought to contribute to human aging and age-related cardiovascular disorders, e.g. atherosclerosis. In this study, induction of Angiotensin II (Ang II) promoted a growth arrest with phenotypic characteristics of cell senescence, such as enlarged cell shapes, increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) positive staining cell, and depressed cell proliferation. Apoptotic changes were increased in senescent cells, with a small subset of the senescent cells showing aberrant morphology such as pronounced nuclear fragmentation or multiple micronuclei. The results suggest cell apoptosis is possibly an important factor in the process of pathologic and physiologic senescence of endothelial cells as well as vascular aging.     

The microbiota and aging microenvironment in pancreatic cancer: Cell origin and fate

Cellular senescence is a state of growth arrest where nonproliferative cells accumulate over time in the aging microenvironment under multiple external factors. Senescent cells exert a double-edged sword effect in an autocrine or paracrine manner: physiologically, they contribute to tissue development, prevent the multiplication of damaged cells and contribute to tissue repair and tumor suppression while favoring the onset of age-related diseases, including tumors. The microbiota in human tissues is intricately linked to cellular senescence and is reportedly present in the tissues of various tumors (including pancreatic tumors), closely associated with tumorigenesis and progression. The microbiota can induce cells to undergo senescence, and their long-term effects can assist senescent cells in transforming and successfully escaping senescence, contributing to tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we focus on the correlation between the microbiota, cellular senescence, and pancreatic cancer to provide novel ideas for the study and therapy of pancreatic cancer.     

干细胞衰老与衰老微环境调控的研究进展

干细胞衰老会损害机体组织的稳态,衰老的干细胞丧失修复能力从而引发衰老相关疾病。衰老微环境是促进机体衰老的重要因素之一。衰老相关分泌表型(SASP)是构成衰老微环境的主要成分,影响干细胞的组织修复能力,进而推动机体衰老进程。细胞外囊泡(EVs)被认为在衰老微环境中发挥重要作用,衰老细胞分泌的EVs通过运载mi RNAs等非编码RNA及SASP在内的多种活性分子参与调控衰老微环境,本文就干细胞衰老的诱发因素以及衰老微环境的研究进展进行综述,以期为干细胞的临床应用提供实验基础和理论基础。     

Loss of Pla2r1 decreases cellular senescence and age-related alterations caused by aging and Western diets

Cellular senescence is induced by many stresses including telomere shortening, DNA damage, oxidative, or metabolic stresses. Senescent cells are stably cell cycle arrested and they secrete many factors including cytokines and chemokines. Accumulation of senescent cells promotes many age-related alterations and diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of the pro-senescent phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R1) in regulating some age-related alterations in old mice and in mice subjected to a Western diet, whereas aged wild-type mice displayed a decreased ability to regulate their glycemia during glucose and insulin tolerance tests, aged Pla2r1 knockout (KO) mice efficiently regulated their glycemia and displayed fewer signs of aging. Loss of Pla2r1 was also found protective against the deleterious effects of a Western diet. Moreover, these Pla2r1 KO mice were partially protected from diet-induced senescent cell accumulation, steatosis, and fibrosis. Together these results support that Pla2r1 drives several age-related alterations, especially in the liver, arising during aging or through a Western diet.     

Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence and aging

Cellular senescence is a cellular program that prevents the proliferation of cells at risk of neoplastic transformation. On the other hand, age‐related accumulation of senescent cells promotes aging at least partially due to the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype, whereby cells secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. Emerging evidence, however, indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of the effects of senescent cells on their microenvironment. Senescent cells secrete more EphA2 and DNA via EVs, which can promote cancer cell proliferation and inflammation, respectively. Extracellular vesicles secreted from DNA‐damaged cells can also affect telomere regulation. Furthermore, it has now become clear that EVs actually play important roles in many aspects of aging. This review is intended to summarize these recent progresses, with emphasis on relationships between cellular senescence and EVs.     

Quantitative identification of senescent cells in aging and disease

Senescent cells are present in premalignant lesions and sites of tissue damage and accumulate in tissues with age. In vivo identification, quantification and characterization of senescent cells are challenging tasks that limit our understanding of the role of senescent cells in diseases and aging. Here, we present a new way to precisely quantify and identify senescent cells in tissues on a single‐cell basis. The method combines a senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase assay with staining of molecular markers for cellular senescence and of cellular identity. By utilizing technology that combines flow cytometry with high‐content image analysis, we were able to quantify senescent cells in tumors, fibrotic tissues, and tissues of aged mice. Our approach also yielded the finding that senescent cells in tissues of aged mice are larger than nonsenescent cells. Thus, this method provides a basis for quantitative assessment of senescent cells and it offers proof of principle for combination of different markers of senescence. It paves the way for screening of senescent cells for identification of new senescence biomarkers, genes that bypass senescence or senolytic compounds that eliminate senescent cells, thus enabling a deeper understanding of the senescent state in vivo.     

Vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and age-related diseases: State of the art

Aging is a worldwide challenge, and it is accompanied by the accumulation of senescent cells. Cellular senescence is traditionally defined as permanent cell growth arrest and currently includes the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). There are two main types of cellular senescence, including telomere-dependent replicative senescence and stress-induced premature senescence. The process of cellular senescence is mainly controlled by two effector pathways, namely, the p53-p21 and p16-retinoblastoma protein (pRB) pathways. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are integral parts of arteries and play an important role in vascular structure and function. VSMC senescence may be triggered by many factors, such as angiotensin II, oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and small molecule compounds. These inducers are able to genetically and epigenetically regulate VSMC senescence. The senescence of VSMCs together with the SASP contributes to chronic vascular inflammation, the loss of arterial function, and the development of age-related diseases. Current evidence suggests that the senescence of VSMCs might be harmful to individual health, whereas its influence on the lifespan is not clear. The purpose of this paper was to review the current knowledge regarding VSMC senescence and its relevance to hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, as well as the potential mechanisms responsible for VSMC senescence in these age-related diseases.     

Cancer and aging: a model for the cancer promoting effects of the aging stroma

The incidence of cancer rises exponentially with age in humans and many other mammalian species. Malignant tumors are caused by an accumulation of oncogenic mutations. In addition, malignant tumorigenesis requires a permissive tissue environment in which mutant cells can survive, proliferate, and express their neoplastic phenotype. We propose that the age-related increase in cancer results from a synergy between the accumulation of mutations and age-related, pro-oncogenic changes in the tissue milieu. Most age-related cancers derive from the epithelial cells of renewable tissues. An important element of epithelial tissues is the stroma, the sub-epithelial layer composed of extracellular matrix and several cell types. The stroma is maintained, remodeled and repaired by resident fibroblasts, supports and instructs the epithelium, and is essential for epithelial function. One change that occurs in tissues during aging is the accumulation of epithelial cells and fibroblasts that have undergone cellular senescence. Cellular senescence irreversibly arrests proliferation in response to damage or stimuli that put cells at risk for neoplastic transformation. Senescent cells secrete factors that can disrupt tissue architecture and/or stimulate nearby cells to proliferate. We therefore speculate that their presence may create a pro-oncogenic tissue environment that synergizes with oncogenic mutations to drive the rise in cancer incidence with age. Recent evidence lends support to this idea, and suggests that senescent stromal fibroblasts may be particularly adept at creating a tissue environment that can promote the development of age-related epithelial cancers.