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不同给药方式下环丙沙星在模拟水生态系统中的归趋 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用不同的给药方式对环丙沙星(CPFX)在模拟水生态系统中的归趋进行研究,包括环丙沙星在水体、沉积物、生物体(皇冠草、河蚬、异育银鲫)等不同分配相及生物体不同组织、器官中的含量、分布以及迁移、富集等动态变化过程。结果表明:CPFX进入模拟水生态系统后,水体中药物浓度下降迅速,3种给药方式下,最高浓度不超过15.30μg.L-1。底泥表现出明显的吸附积累,而且长时间地保持高浓度残留;在饲料给药方式下,底泥药物浓度最高可达2379.67μg.L-1。水生生物对CPFX有不同程度的富集和残留,水草对CPFX的吸收较多,尤其是叶片部分,药物浓度最高可达899.83μg.L-1;河蚬、鱼体对CPFX有一定的吸收积累,停药15d后,河蚬、鱼体内仍有明显的残留,不同组织对CPFX的吸收积累存在显著差别,在内脏中的积累量比肌肉组织高。3种给药方式导致的鱼体内药物残留量大小依次是:饲料给药>混合给药>水体给药。 相似文献
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水生态系统中宇宙指人工构建的河流、湖泊、湿地、海洋等水生态系统近自然模拟装置,可以控制一定的物理、化学要素和生境条件,开展生物群落响应研究。中宇宙实验可以弥补传统实验室小型装置模拟要素过于简单,而野外现实系统复杂不可控制和难以开展对比实验的局限。本文列举了当前国际上多个科研机构长期运行的水生态系统中宇宙,将其归纳为流水型中宇宙、围隔装置、陆基模拟池、移动式水槽4类,各类中宇宙一般包括物理-生物模拟系统、自动调控系统、监测分析系统、中央控制系统。近年来,我国水生态系统的研究逐渐从单一环境要素向生态系统整体转变,对中宇宙模拟实验的需求愈加迫切。建议我国水生态系统中宇宙建设应提高结构复杂性,并与野外现场监测相结合,共同支撑更大尺度系统的整体模拟。 相似文献
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模拟水生态系统及其在环境研究中的应用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
随着70年代污染生态毒理学的发展,微宇宙作为评价化学品的环境影响的有力工具日益受到重视。由于从点源和非点源释放的化学物质可经直接或间接途径进入水生态系统,水生微宇宙在环境研究中的应用发展很快。早期的研究工作侧重于化学污染物在水环境的归宿。自70年代末以来,研究注意力逐渐集中于有毒物质在水生态系统内不同生物学组织水平上的生态学效应。本文分下列4个方面进行述评:(1)关于模拟生态系统的若干基本概念;(2)应用于环境研究的不同类型水生微宇宙;(3)尚有争议的若干问题;(4)水生微宇宙技术应用的新动向和展望。 相似文献
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本研究选择当年草鱼为试验对象,放入水族箱内,分为试验组和对照组。每组两个平行样,灭幼脲Ⅲ号(CCU)和除虫脲(DFB)的暴露浓度分别都为5和50μg/L。未放鱼的水族箱作为对照。实验开始后,分别在0,6,24,48,72和120h后取样分析两种母体化合物浓度。CCU和DFB在水中的溶解度,用标准柱提取法测定为0.21mg/L和0.23mg/L(温度19℃±1℃),试验鱼体內类脂含量用1987年OECD法测定为1%(湿重计),水样与鱼样中的DFB与CCU,分别在样品纯化步骤后用高效液相色谱法进行测定。本实验结果表明:无论对照箱还是养鱼箱中,同DFB相比,水中CCU都消失得更快,同时它在鱼体内的积累值较低(BCF<100),说明CCU比DFB具有更强的生物可降解性。两种化学品在鱼体内的积累过程与水中暴露浓度有关。 相似文献
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提出了反映水生态系统空间分布规律和特征差异的水生态分区方案,并与国家现有的水资源分区、生态功能区划、水功能区划等相关区划成果相互衔接,为水资源综合利用、流域生态保护和经济社会发展规划提供实用的自然基础。以我国自然地理特征的空间变异与地域关联为依据,以流域为基本单元,进行水生态区划的初步研究,提出了分区的指标体系、步骤和区划方法,形成了两级的全国水生态分区体系。首先,划分为东部区、中部区、西北区和西南区4个水生态一级区;进行水生态二级区划时选取水资源量、降雨量、人口密度、NDVI作为分区的评价因子,根据洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数对分区合理性进行了检验。验证结果表明,各个水生态二级区的水资源量与降雨量、人口密度和NDVI值之间的基尼系数均不超过0.4,分区方案比较合理,从而形成34个水生态二级区,分布在东部13个,中部10个,西北6个,西南5个。 相似文献
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生态化学计量学主要是研究碳、氮、磷等元素在各种生态过程中平衡的一门科学,其核心问题是揭示生物体元素组成的差异对生态功能的影响。由于生态化学计量学研究可以把生态实体的各个层次在元素水平上统一起来,因此生态化学计量学已成为许多生态系统的新兴研究工具。目前,生态化学计量学的研究与应用已深入到生态学的各个层次(分子、细胞、个体、种群、群落、生态系统及区域等不同尺度)。该文围绕生态化学计量学的两个重要组成理论,并结合笔者近年来的研究,归纳总结了生态化学计量学在水生态系统中的研究与应用及未来研究重点,希望有助于推动我国生态化学计量学在水生态系统中的应用研究。 相似文献
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三峡水库蓄水前后水生态系统动态的初步研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
本专辑登录的论文系中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向性项目“三峡水库库区蓄水前后水生态系统变化的研究”的部分研究结果,内容包括1)蓄水前后水体理化参数变化;2)蓄水前后水生生物群落变化;3)三峡水库的富营养化问题;4)春季水华暴发过程的连续监测与动力学;5)对三峡水库生态学研究的几点思考和建议。
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地下水生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
地下水生态系统是重要的生态系统类型,由于地下水资源不合理的开发利用和污染物排放强度的增大、并长期积累,已导致许多地方产生生态环境劣变,甚至酿成难以弥补的严重后果,地下水生态系统健康问题已经成为许多国家和地区重点关注的环境问题之一.在科学把握地下水生态系统健康的概念和内涵的基础上,从系统结构特征、生态功能、资源功能、系统保护以及社会环境等5个方面选取了29个典型指标构建了地下水生态系统健康指标体系,对关键评价指标的意义进行了具体分析.出于服务于地下水生态系统健康评价的目的,对重要指标的评价标准进行了划分,并探讨了地下水生态系统健康评价的主要方法及发展方向,研究成果在一定程度上可以丰富生态系统健康评价研究理论与方法体系. 相似文献
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抗生素在环境中的转归及其生态毒性 总被引:66,自引:2,他引:66
抗生索被长期大量地用于人和动物的疾病治疗,并以亚治疗剂量添加于动物饲料长期用于动物疾病的预防和促进生长,大部分抗生紊不能完全被机体吸收,而有高达85%以上抗生素以原形或代谢物形式经由病人和畜禽粪尿排人环境,经不同途径对土壤和水体造成污染。最近研究显示在城市废水和表面水中检测到了抗生索的存在。但关于抗生素在环境中的分布、迁移和稳定性等的研究资料很少。环境中的抗生素会对环境生态系统包括细菌、水生生物、土壤生物和植物等产生危害,并产生大量耐药菌,对人类健康构成威胁。为评估抗生素在环境中潜在的危害,就抗生素在环境中的分布、转归及对环境和人的危害等方面进行综述,并对今后的研究方向作了探索。 相似文献
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KV Thomas 《Biofouling》2013,29(1):73-86
Antifouling paint booster biocides are a group of organic compounds added to antifouling paints to improve their efficacy. They have become prevalent since the requirement for alternative antifouling paints formulations for small boats (< 25 m). This need followed a ban on the use of triorganotin biocides in antifouling paints for small boats, in the late 1980's. Worldwide, around eighteen compounds are currently used as antifouling biocides, viz. benzmethylamide, chlorothalonil, copper pyrithione, dichlofluanid, diuron, fluorofolpet, Irgarol 1051, Sea‐Nine 211, Mancozeb, Polyphase, pyridine‐triphenyl‐borane, TCMS (2,3,5,6‐tetrachloro‐4‐methylsulfonyl) pyridine, TCMTB [2‐(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothia‐zole], Thiram, tolyfluanid, zinc pyrithione (ZPT), ziram and Zineb. Any booster biocide released into the environment is subjected to a complex set of processes. These processes include transport mechanisms, transformation, degradation, cross media partitioning, and bioaccumulation. This paper reviews the fate and behaviour data currently available in the public domain concerning antifouling paint booster biocides. 相似文献
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The environmental fate and the loss of toxicity of two important antifouling actives, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) and copper pyrithione (CuPT), were investigated using a bioassay study and an outdoor microcosm study. The bioassay used inhibition of the growth of a marine diatom (Amphora coffeaeformis) to measure the toxicity of ZnPT and CuPT over time in sterile, natural, and sediment-supplemented seawater. In natural seawater and sediment-supplemented seawater in the dark and in sterile seawater exposed to light, growth inhibition was reduced at rates corresponding to the rapid degradation rates for ZnPT and CuPT measured in previous aquatic metabolism, die-away, and photolysis studies. Similarly, the bioassay results from sterile seawater in the dark were consistent with the slower degradation rates measured in abiotic hydrolysis studies. In addition to corroborating the rapid degradation of pyrithione upon exposure to light or sediment, the loss of toxicity indicated that the degradation products were not toxic at the concentrations produced from the dose, which was much higher than predicted environmental concentrations. To supplement environmental fate studies designed to elucidate single-pathway transformations, a microcosm study was conducted to integrate all of the degradation pathways. The study used two sediment and water systems, one of which was dosed during the day and the other at night. The pyrithione degraded rapidly in the water phase, with very little accumulation in the sediment. 2-Pyridine sulfonic acid (PSA) and carbon dioxide were the only detectable degradation products 30 d after dosing. Aquatic toxicity studies with PSA showed no observable effect at concentrations at least three orders of magnitude higher than those for either ZnPT or CuPT. As a result, the worst-case environmental concentration of PSA is expected to be far below the no observable effect concentration. 相似文献
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C.M.O. Longa F. Savazzini S. Tosi Y. Elad I. Pertot 《Journal of applied microbiology》2009,106(5):1549-1557
Aims: To study the survival in the soil and the dispersion in the environment of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 after soil applications in a vineyard.
Methods and Results: Trichoderma atroviride SC1 was introduced into soil in two consecutive years. The levels of T. atroviride populations at different spatial and temporal points following inoculation were assessed by counting the colony-forming units and by a specific quantitative real-time PCR. A high concentration of T. atroviride SC1 was still observed at the 18th week after inoculation. The vertical migration of the fungus to a soil depth of 0·4 m was already noticeable during the first week after inoculation. The fungus spread up to 4 m (horizontally) from the point of inoculation and its concentration decreased with the increasing distance (horizontal and vertical). It was able to colonize the rhizosphere and was also found on grapevine leaves. One year after soil inoculation, T. atroviride SC1 could still be recovered in the treated areas.
Conclusions: Trichoderma atroviride SC1 survived and dispersed becoming an integrant part of the local microbial community under the tested conditions.
Significance and Impact of the Study: The persistence and rapid spread of T. atroviride SC1 represent good qualities for its future use as biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens. 相似文献
Methods and Results: Trichoderma atroviride SC1 was introduced into soil in two consecutive years. The levels of T. atroviride populations at different spatial and temporal points following inoculation were assessed by counting the colony-forming units and by a specific quantitative real-time PCR. A high concentration of T. atroviride SC1 was still observed at the 18th week after inoculation. The vertical migration of the fungus to a soil depth of 0·4 m was already noticeable during the first week after inoculation. The fungus spread up to 4 m (horizontally) from the point of inoculation and its concentration decreased with the increasing distance (horizontal and vertical). It was able to colonize the rhizosphere and was also found on grapevine leaves. One year after soil inoculation, T. atroviride SC1 could still be recovered in the treated areas.
Conclusions: Trichoderma atroviride SC1 survived and dispersed becoming an integrant part of the local microbial community under the tested conditions.
Significance and Impact of the Study: The persistence and rapid spread of T. atroviride SC1 represent good qualities for its future use as biocontrol agent against soilborne pathogens. 相似文献
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转Bt基因作物Bt毒素在土壤中的环境去向及其生态效应 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:13
综述了转Bt基因作物的Bt毒素在土壤中的环境去向及其生态效应的研究进展。重点阐述了:①Bt毒素与土壤表面活性颗粒结合及其与土壤理化性质的关系;②Bt毒素微生物利用与降解;③Bt毒素的杀虫活性;④后茬作物和土壤动物对Bt毒素的吸收与利用;⑤Bt毒素的垂直运移;⑥Bt毒素对土壤生物和生态过程的影响。转Bt基因作物的Bt毒素对土壤生态系统的影响急需在生态系统水平进行深入细致的长期定位研究。 相似文献
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放射性锆在模拟海水、底质及海洋生物系统中的动态 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
研究了放射性锆(^95Zr)在模拟海水、底质及海洋生物间的迁移、消长的动态.结果表明,海水中^95Zr的比活度在最初4h内下降了90%以上,此后呈缓慢递减趋势;底质中^95Zr的比活度至48h达到最大值,随后逐渐降低;半褶织纹螺螺壳和螺肉的放射性百分比分别为68.7%和31.30%;大弹涂鱼的鳃、鳍、内脏、头骨、皮、脊柱和肌肉等组织的放射性百分比分别为22.80%、12、64%、34.82%、10.31%、4.48%、11.55%和3.71%.半褶织纹螺对^95Zr的积累比大弹涂鱼更强、^95Zr在海水、底质、半褶织纹螺和大弹涂鱼中浓度的大小顺序是:底质>半褶织纹螺>海水>大弹涂鱼、各分室中^95Zr浓度(即比活度)随时间变化的动态可用指数函数表达. 相似文献