丛枝菌根真菌摩西管柄囊霉侵染增强番茄对机械损伤的响应

植食性昆虫取食会给植物造成机械损伤并激活植物的防御反应,而与有益微生物共生是否可以增强植物对机械损伤的响应对植物抗虫有重要意义.本研究在番茄根系被丛枝菌根真菌摩西管柄囊霉侵染后,研究机械损伤对番茄防御反应的影响.结果表明: 预先接种菌根真菌的番茄叶片受到机械损伤处理(FD)后,叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,以及叶片和根系苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(PAL)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因(PR2)的转录水平均显著高于只进行机械损伤的处理(D)、只接种摩西管柄囊霉的处理(F),以及既未接种菌根菌也未进行机械损伤的健康番茄植株(CK).虽然D和 F处理也可诱导部分酶活性及基因转录水平升高,但FD处理诱导的防御反应更迅速和强烈.表明丛枝菌根真菌侵染可以警备(prime)番茄对机械损伤做出更快速和强烈的响应.     

蓟马取食、机械损伤以及外源水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸对菜豆叶片防御酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨菜豆对昆虫取食防御反应的生化机制。【方法】研究了西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis取食、机械损伤以及外源水杨酸甲酯（MeSA）和茉莉酸（JA）处理后菜豆叶片防御酶活性的变化。【结果】西花蓟马取食、机械损伤及MeSA和JA处理均能明显提高过氧化物酶（POD）的活性,前2种处理POD活性在72 h上升到最高峰,而后2种处理则在48 h达到最高峰。蛋白酶抑制剂（PI）活性在西花蓟马取食后升高最明显。JA途径关键酶脂氧合酶（LOX）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性在西花蓟马取食、机械损伤和JA诱导处理均升高,但外源MeSA诱导处理则不能诱导它们的活性(P>0.05)。SA途径的关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）在西花蓟马取食和机械损伤后均有一个先升高后下降的过程,外源MeSA诱导只在24 h引起PAL活性升高,其余时间下和对照没有明显的区别,外源JA诱导未能引起PAL活性的显著变化(P>0.05)。西花蓟马取食、JA和MeSA诱导以及机械损伤均能诱导β-1,3 葡聚糖酶（PR-2）活性上升(P<0.05)。【结论】结果说明,不同处理可诱导菜豆植株产生明显的防御反应,但酶活性的变化与处理方式和处理时间有关。     

Redox regulation of wound healing? NF-κB activation in cultured human keratinocytes upon wounding and the effect of low energy HeNe irradiation

The complex process of wound healing as well as the signaling systems orchestrating this intricate process remain incompletely defined. Using human keratinocytes in primary culture, we sought to characterize their NF-κB responses to wounding alone or in combination with other treatments. We initially characterized these cultured human keratinocytes responses to known NF-κB activators (PMA, TNF- and IL-1) using two different assays, immunohistochemistry and electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA). After eliciting the expected NF-κB responses, we applied these same assays to assess responses to either wounding or HeNe irradiation alone. The results obtained indicated that only a modest/sporadic activation of NF-κB was elicited by these which was only detectable using immunohistochemistry. When the combination of wounding and HeNe irradiation on NF-κB status was assessed, a marked, localized activation of NF-κB in keratinocytes along the wound edge was found. Treatment induced NF-κB activation (e.g., wounding, HeNe irradiation and combined wounding and HeNe irradiation) was abrogated by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) which inhibits NF-κB activation through an as yet incompletely understood (antioxidant?) mechanism. These data therefore suggest that NF-κB and oxidation mediated changes in its activation state likely play important roles in normal cutaneous wound healing.     

A Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene family from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.): cloning,functional expression,and induction by wounding and herbivory

Three Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes were isolated from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) by PCR and cDNA screening. Based on sequence similarity, they were grouped into two classes. Southern blots showed complex banding patterns and a high level of restriction fragment polymorphism between different aspen genotypes, suggesting that these trypsin inhibitors are members of a large, rapidly evolving gene family. One of the trypsin inhibitor genes, PtTI2. was over-expressed in Escherichia coli and its product shown to inhibit bovine trypsin in vitro. Both classes of PtTI genes are induced by wounding and herbivory, permitting rapid adaptive responses to herbivore pressure. The response appears to be mediated by an octadecanoid-based signaling pathway, as methyl jasmonate treatments induced the trypsin inhibitors. Wound-induced accumulation of trypsin inhibitor protein was also observed by western blot analysis. The pattern of expression, the apparent rapid evolution of TI genes, and the in vitro trypsin inhibitory activity are consistent with a role in herbivore defense. This work establishes the presence of a functional protein-based inducible defense system in trembling aspen.     

机械损伤对Bt玉米化学防御的系统诱导效应

植物在生长过程中形成了抵御机械损伤等外界胁迫的直接和间接防御体系, 并具有明显的系统性特征。Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)玉米(Zea mays)是全球商品化最快的抗虫转基因作物之一。机械损伤等外界胁迫对Bt玉米和常规玉米化学防御的系统诱导效应是否存在差异是值得探讨的问题。该文以两个不同转化事件的Bt玉米‘5422Bt1’(Bt11)和‘5422CBCL’(Mon810)以及它们共同的同源常规玉米‘5422’幼苗为材料, 对玉米第一叶进行机械损伤处理6 h后, 检测非损伤部位(第二叶和根系)中Bt蛋白含量、直接防御物质丁布(DIMBDA)含量及其调控基因(Bx1、Bx6和Bx9)表达、直接防御物质总酚含量及其调控基因(PAL)表达、直接防御蛋白调控基因(MPI和PR-2a)表达以及间接防御物质挥发物调控基因(FPS和TPS)表达的变化。结果表明, 与健康植株相比, 机械损伤对两个Bt玉米第二叶和根系的Bt蛋白含量均没有显著影响; 机械损伤第一叶只能系统诱导常规玉米‘5422’第二叶中PAL、TPS和根系中PAL、FPS基因的表达, 使得第二叶丁布含量显著增加, 但根中丁布含量及其调控基因Bx6和Bx9基因的表达量明显下降; 而机械损伤能系统诱导Bt玉米‘5422Bt1’第二叶中Bx6、PAL、PR-2a、TPS和根系中Bx6、Bx9、PAL、MPI、PR-2a、TPS基因的表达, 使得第二叶丁布含量明显增加; 对于另一Bt玉米‘5422CBCL’而言, 机械损伤能系统诱导第二叶中Bx9、PAL、PR-2a、TPS和根系中Bx6、PAL、MPI、TPS基因的表达, 使得根系的总酚含量显著增加。由此可见, 机械损伤对两个Bt玉米化学防御反应的系统诱导作用均强于常规玉米‘5422’, 说明在机械损伤的系统诱导防御过程中, 人工导入抗性(Bt基因)与自身化学防御过程之间的互作关系是协同的。     

防卫基因PAL,LOX和PBZ1在水稻白叶枯病成株抗性中的作用(英文)

为了探讨水稻白叶枯病成株抗性是否与防卫基因相关 ,通过RT PCR研究了几种防卫基因PAL、LOX、PBZ1、Cht 1和PR1a的表达 ,同时也分析了PAL和LOX的酶活性变化 .结果表明 ,苗期PAL受病原菌诱导上调表达 ,而成株期病原菌和伤害均可诱导PAL上调表达 ,且成株期诱导表达强于苗期 .LOX在苗期和成株期都可受病原菌诱导表达 ,但成株期表达强于苗期且更持久 .PBZ1在苗期和成株期均受病原菌和伤害诱导表达 ,但成株期表达较苗期早且更强 .PR1a和Cht1没检测到期望的扩增片段 .PAL和LOX的酶活性分析结果与基因表达分析结果一致 .因此 ,PAL、LOX和PBZ1在苗期和成株期的表达差异可能与水稻白叶枯病成株抗性相关 .