梅花鹿肝内门静脉系统的初步观察

以铸型技术观察了梅花鹿（Ｃｅｒｖｕｓ　ｎｉｐｐｏｎ）肝的门静脉系统。发现门静脉左支发出左外侧叶背侧静脉、左外侧叶腹侧静脉、左内侧叶外侧静脉、左内侧叶内侧静脉,尾状叶支和方叶支;右支缺如;右内侧叶静脉、右外侧叶背侧静脉、右外侧叶腹侧静脉直接由门静脉分出,尾状突静脉由右外侧叶腹侧静脉分出。梅花鹿肝如人、兔、猪、山羊、猕猴一样可分为二叶、四段,即左、右叶和左外侧叶（段）、左内侧叶（段）,右内侧叶（段）、右外侧叶（段）,尾状叶的左、右部可分别隶属于左、右叶。     

川金丝猴肠,肝,胰的观察

对川金丝猴（Rhinioithecusrozxellane的肠、肝、胰作了观察。小肠全长284．0-296．0cm,其中十二指肠9．0－12．0cm,呈V形,余为空回肠。大肠长约120．0－130．0cm;无阑尾;升结肠短,仅7．0－8．0cm,横结肠19．0－20．0cm,降结肠及乙状结肠达80．0－90．0cm。肝分背、腹侧二部,腹侧部又分作上、下二部。胆总管开日于十二指肠上部。胰呈T形,胰头为十二指肠降、升部围绕,胰管由胰头发出,开口于十二指肠升部。对个体间的差别、盲结肠发达程度的相关因素、肝叶愈合与进化的关系作了讨论。     

利用微卫星和线粒体标记分析北京鸭的起源与驯化

北京鸭是我国最著名的家鸭品种. 为分析北京鸭的起源与驯化, 本实验采集了包括北京鸭在内的6个中国地方鸭种共190只个体, 及来自辽宁省的14只野生绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)血样. 利用15个微卫星标记对这6个家鸭品种的186只个体进行遗传关系分析. 并对其中88只家鸭个体及14只野鸭个体线粒体的DNA控制区(mtDNA D-loop)的部分序列进行了扩增和测序. 利用微卫星标记计算出的遗传距离(D_S)及FST分析结果表明, 北京鸭与其他中国地方鸭种的遗传分化程度较高. 聚类结果显示巢湖鸭、高邮鸭、绍兴鸭和金定鸭聚为一类, 建昌鸭、北京鸭聚为另一类. 线粒体DNA D-loop区序列分析结果表明, 虽然北京鸭群体含有所有鸭种所共有的单倍型H01, 但北京鸭的单倍型与其他家鸭仍有较大差异, 北京鸭群体具有12个独特的家鸭单倍型, 其中H02, H04, H08及H22等4个单倍型比较相近并形成单倍群A, 且H02和H22单倍型与中国绿头野鸭共有, 说明北京鸭起源于绿头鸭, 其驯化过程也基本独立于其他家鸭品种.     

参考文献的写法

参考文献须引用近期主要文献,研究论文限10篇,技术方法和研究简报限5篇。正文引用处右上角,用方括号按文中出现的次序以阿拉伯数字标明序号,不得引用内部资料或未公开发表的论著。在国内中文期刊发表的论著,不得用英文表示。作者在3名以内全部列出;4名以上只列前3名,后加“等”或“et al”。作者姓名间加“,”一律不加“和”、“and”等连词。不论中国人或外国人,一律姓在名前,名在后。期刊的格式为:[序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,出版年,卷(期号):起迄页码(其后加实点)。专著的格式为:[序号]作者·书名[M]·卷(册)次(第1版可省略)·出版地:出版…     

家兔三叉神经终止核对颏舌肌肌电活动的调制作用

本工作在35只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉、自主呼吸的家兔上观察了刺激三叉神经终止核(NTV)对颏舌肌肌电活动的影响。结果发现,电刺激NTV和NTV内微量注射谷氨酸钠都能使颏舌肌出现明显的易化效应。电刺激NTV背侧与腹侧时,颏舌肌肌电反应的潜伏期分别为5.9±0.7ms和3.0±0.4ms,电刺激舌下神经核时颏舌肌反应的潜伏期为2.2±0.2ms。结果提示三叉神经终止核的兴奋可加强颏舌肌的活动从而减小上呼吸道阻力。     

中国植种蝇属（双翅目：花蝇科）四新种和二新记录

采用甘肃和陕西省的花蝇科植种蝇属四新种和二新记录,分别为瘦林植种蝇Botanophila angustisilva sp.nov.,分布于陕西省周至厚畛子,甘肃省县邱家坝,该种近似林植种蝇Botanophila silva(Suwa 1974),但新种雄前中鬓1－2对,背侧片无小毛;前缘刺缺如：股节和胫节黄色;第五腹板侧叶基半部具4－5根栉状粗鬓,其端半部具两根长鬓,肛尾叶和侧尾叶均细长,肛尾叶正中突较长等不同,龟叶植种蝇Botanophila chelonocerca sp.nov.,分布于甘肃省舟曲沙滩林场,康县清河,宕昌黄家路林场,该种近似于棘腹种植蝇Botanophila spinisternata (suwa,1974),但新种雄性触角芒为羽状,侧彦为触角宽的2倍,足全黑,后胫前背鬓2,肛尾叶的正 较长,末端呈菱形,侧尾叶较宽,端部圆,且向前方弯曲等不同,妙钳植种蝇Botanophila sanctiforceps sp.nov.,分布于甘肃省县邱家坝石崖子梁,该种近似于苦荬植种蝇Botanophila sonchi (hardy,1872),但新种雄颊高为眼高的1／7,前中鬓呈体毛状;前缘基鳞黑色;肛尾叶的正中突分叉等不同,拟暗植种蝇Botanophila subobscura sp.nov.,分布于甘肃省县邱家坝石崖子梁,该种近似于暗植种蝇Botanophila obscura (Zetterstedt 1845),但新种雄下眶鬓6－7对;背侧片具毛;第五腹板侧叶基部外侧具许多长鬃毛,肛尾叶正中突较长,同其下方的正中突略等长,肛尾叶后面的小叶和基缘均呈角形,侧尾叶后面观较宽,侧观观其端半部较长,后阳基侧突无毛等不同,中国新记录种为端栉植种蝇Botanophila guinlani(Ackland 1967),分布于云南省泸水片马;圆门植种蝇Botanophila rotundivalva(Ringdahl 1937),分布于陕西省留坝大洪渠,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

版纳小型猪近交系臂丛神经的解剖学观察

版纳小型猪近交系目前已进入 1 8世代[1] ,近交系数达 97 8% ,是目前最理想的人类异种器官移植供体之一[2 ] ,也是最理想的实验用小型猪之一[3 ,4 ] 。本文旨在提供其臂丛神经的解剖学资料。选取中国版纳小型猪近交系 4头 ,育龄 1 2个月 ,体重 4 5ｋｇ左右。经颈总动脉放血后灌注 1 0 %福尔马林固定 1个月 ,然后对其臂丛神经行解剖观察 (插图见封 4 )。1　臂丛神经的组成　第 5颈神经腹侧支的一部分和第 6颈神经腹侧支共同形成臂丛的前干 ,第 7颈神经腹侧支形成臂丛的中干 ,第 8颈神经腹侧支和第 1胸神经的大部分形成臂丛的后干。在斜角肌深…     

鸭前胰岛素原基因多态性及其与屠体性状的关联分析

以384只北京鸭 (Z2系、Z4系、Z2×Z4杂交系)和樱桃谷鸭为材料, 利用PCR-SSCP结合测序技术, 对前胰岛素原基因外显子2与部分内含子的多态性进行了研究, 并分析对屠体性状的遗传效应。结果发现存在2个单核苷酸突变位点, 即在第179位和第195位分别发生了T→C和C→T的突变。适合性χ2检验结果表明, 北京鸭各品系和樱桃谷鸭均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P>0.05)。最小二乘分析SNPs与屠体性状的关系表明, 在北京鸭3个品系中, 基因型 BB 在胴体重、全净膛重和胸肌重上极显著(P<0.01)高于基因型AA和AB, 在腿肌重和皮脂重上极显著(P<0.01)高于基因型AB; 基因型AA在皮脂率和全净膛重上极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)高于基因型AB。而对于樱桃谷鸭, 只有AB型在皮脂重和腹脂重上显著(P<0.05)高于基因型AA。研究结果表明, 鸭前胰岛素原基因多态性与鸭的部分屠体性状存在显著相关性, 且B等位基因有利于增加鸭的胴体重和胸肌重。     

基于ISSR的豚草和三裂叶豚草遗传多样性研究

[目的]研究不同地理种群的豚草和三裂叶豚草的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构。[方法]应用筛选的13条ISSR引物对8个豚草居群和7个三裂叶豚草居群共240个样品进行分子标记。[结果]8个豚草居群128个样品,共扩增出304条带,多态性位点比率为98.68%;Shannon''s信息指数为0.6716,Nei''s基因多样性指数为0.4788。7个三裂叶豚草居群112个样品,共扩增出266条带,多态性位点比率为95.86%;Shannon''s信息指数为0.6593,Nei''s基因多样性指数为0.4670。豚草和三裂叶豚草各居群遗传距离较近。[结论]豚草和三裂叶豚草在居群间具有一定的遗传稳定性;居群内具有丰富的遗传多样性。豚草和三裂叶豚草遗传变异主要来源于居群内部。豚草各居群遗传距离和地理距离有显著相关性,三裂叶豚草各居群遗传距离和地理距离无显著相关性。     

北草蜥中脑视叶组织学结构观察

用光学显微镜对北草蜥(Takydromus septentrionalis)中脑视叶组织学结构进行了观察。视叶分为背侧的顶盖和腹侧的被盖,两者无明显界限。顶盖处灰质和白质交替排列。由表及里,可分为分子层、外灰质层、浅白质层、中灰质层、中白质层、深灰质层、深白质层和室管膜层。被盖处细胞层次不明显。在视叶的前部有横行的纤维将左右视叶联系起来。左右视叶室与中脑水管以及两视叶间的纵沟在视叶的中、后部相通。同时将北草蜥的中脑与其它低等脊椎动物进行了比较,推测北草蜥在进化上处于较低等地位。     

家鸭粪便正常菌群的研究

本文应用常规好氧培养法和厌氧培养法,分析了不同日龄、性别及饲养条件下金定鸭粪便正常菌群的组成与变化情况,并同成年骡鸭、正番鸭、北京鸭和康贝尔鸭的粪便菌群做了比较。     

Gross anatomy of the liver, biliary tree, and pancreas in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)

The gross anatomy of the liver, extrapetatic biliary tree, sphincter of Oddi, and pancreas in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), a widely used animal model for investigations into biliary physiology, pathophysiology, and pathology, was studied in 10 animals. The liver consists of 4 lobes, the left lateral, median, right lateral, and caudate. The gallbladder lies on the ventral surface of the right lobule of the median lobe. The cystic and hepatic ducts unite to form the common bile duct which enters the duodenum approximately 5 mm distal to the pylorus. The lower end of the common duct dilates forming an ampulla which is surrounded proximally by a band of circular muscle fibres which constitute the choledochal sphincter. The pancreatic duct opens separately into the duodenum approximately 80 mm from the pylorus. Earlier physiologic studies have demonstrated that the choledochal sphincter has intrinsic motility distinct from the duodenum.     

The major intrinsic pancreatic ducts of the rhinoceros

A first-time account is given of the parenchymal subdivisions and related duct system of the pancreas in Didermocerus, Diceros and Ceratotherium. In each of these rhinoceros forms a small, superficial portion only of the caput pancreatis is drained by a Santorini duct opening directly into the duodenum. The remainder of the pancreatic parenchyma is drained principally by a transverse and an ascending duct, from whose union arises a short Wirsung duct which enters the duodenum through an intermediary Vaterian ampulla situated within a prominent papilla duodeni.     

Effects of force-feeding on immunology,digestive function and oxidative stress in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa of Pekin ducks

Force-feeding was considered as a traditional high-efficiency approach to improve growth performance and accelerate fat deposition of Pekin ducks. However, force-feeding is a serious violation of international advocacy on animal welfare, because it can induce serious injuries to animals, such as damages to the digestive tract, effects on immunity and even severe oxidative stress. Therefore, it is urgent to stop force-feeding. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of force feeding on immune function, digestive function and oxidative stress in the mucosa of duodenum and jejunum of Pekin ducks. A total of 500 ducks were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was allowed to feed freely on a basal diet. The experimental group was force-fed by inserting a plastic feeding tube 8 to 10 inches long down the esophagus for 6 days. Compared with the control group, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in serum diamine oxidase, d-lactic acid, endotoxin and corticosterone levels in the force-feeding group. The crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the two groups and the intestinal villus epithelium cell was severely damaged in force-feeding group. Similarly, the activities of digestive enzymes as well as the levels of immune function in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa in the force-feeding group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). However, there was a significant decrease in the superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase levels with a marked increase in malondialdehyde level in duodenal and jejunal mucosa (P<0.05). In summary, at the end of the fattening period with force-feeding for 6 days, Pekin ducks experienced an adverse effect on the integrity of their duodenal and jejunal mucosa epithelium cell as well as their immune function and antioxidant capacity of Pekin ducks but also had improvement in digestive enzyme activities.     

Effects of heat stress on antioxidant defense system,inflammatory injury,and heat shock proteins of Muscovy and Pekin ducks: evidence for differential thermal sensitivities

Rising temperatures are severely affecting the mortality, laying performance, and meat quality of duck. Our aim was to investigate the effect of acute heat stress on the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs: HSP90, 70, 60, 40, and 10) and inflammatory factors (nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)) and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehybe (MDA), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)) in livers of ducks and to compare the thermal tolerance of Pekin and Muscovy ducks exposed to acute heat stress. Ducks were exposed to heat at 39 ± 0.5 °C for 1 h and then returned to 20 °C for 1 h followed by a 3-h recovery period. The liver and other tissues were collected from each individual for analysis. The mRNA levels of HSPs (70, 60, and 40) increased in both species, except for HSP10, which was upregulated in Muscovy ducks and had no difference in Pekin ducks after heat stress. Simultaneously, the mRNA level of HSP90 decreased in the stress group in both species. Morphological analysis indicated that heat stress induced tissue injury in both species, and the liver of Pekin ducks was severely damaged. The activities of several antioxidant enzymes increased in Muscovy duck liver, but decreased in Pekin duck. The mRNA levels of inflammatory factors were increased after heat stress in both duck species. These results suggested that heat stress could influence HSPs, inflammatory factors expression, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the differential response to heat stress indicated that the Muscovy duck has a better thermal tolerance than does the Pekin duck.     

Complete genome sequence analysis of duck circovirus strains from Cherry Valley duck

To investigate molecular epidemiology of DuCV in Cherry Valley ducks in China,the complete genomes of six DuCV strains,which were detected from Cherry Valley ducks in China between 2007 and 2008,were s...     

Is the hepatic metabolism of glucose and linoleic acid influenced by species in overfed ducks?

There are genetic differences in the hepatic glucose and linoleic acid metabolisms between Muscovy and Pekin ducks ad libitum-fed. To understand the effect of overfeeding on the hepatic metabolisms in these two species of ducks, we compared the different pathways of glucose and linoleic acid reaching the liver of Muscovy (Cairina moschata) (n = 6) and Pekin (Anas platyrhynchos) (n = 6) ducks overfed for 1 week and sacrificed 2–4 h after their last meal by using the ex vivo method of liver slices incubated for 16 h with [U-¹⁴C]-glucose, [1-¹⁴C]-linoleic acid and [³⁵S]-methionine added to the survival medium. The glucose was the main precursor of triacylglycerol synthesis in the liver of these two species and its hepatic metabolism was similar between species. The hepatic uptake of linoleic acid was 1.7-fold higher (P = 0.020) in the Muscovy duck than in the Pekin duck leading to a 1.9-fold higher (P = 0.017) esterification of this fatty acid in the liver of the Muscovy duck than in that of the Pekin duck. Finally, both species after 1 week of overfeeding exhibited the same capacity to secrete VLDL remaining insufficient to avoid hepatic steatosis.     

Is ability to hepatic steatosis influenced by age at the beginning of the overfeeding period in Muscovy and Pekin ducks?

The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of species (Muscovy and Pekin ducks) and age at the beginning of the overfeeding period on fatty liver production, carcass composition and lipid and moisture content of the liver and breast muscle. We reared four groups of 40 ducks per species for the study, starting at 2-week intervals in order to have four different ages together at the beginning of the overfeeding period (10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks). At the end of the overfeeding period, all ducks were slaughtered. Our results confirmed the high levels of difference in carcass composition and lipid content in the plasma, liver and breast muscle between Muscovy and Pekin ducks at all ages. Pekin ducks were not able to develop a high degree of hepatic steatosis, but had increased lipid storage in peripheral adipose and muscle tissues than Muscovy ducks. However, the fatty liver weight of Pekin ducks increased with age, with lipid deposition in the liver and peripheral tissues. The ability of Muscovy ducks to produce fatty livers remained unchanged with age in line, with lipid deposition in the liver and peripheral tissues. The sites of lipid deposition thus depend on species and not on the physiological maturity of ducks.