海藻酸裂解酶酶学与基因工程研究进展及应用

海藻中富含海藻酸盐,海藻酸裂解酶降解后产生的寡糖物质具有很强的生物活性及益生作用,酶法降解海藻酸盐的生物降解取代传统的化学降解已日益受到人们的关注,就海藻酸盐降解酶的来源、作用机制、应用效果和影响因素进行了全面综述,阐明了海藻酸盐降解酶的研究具有显著的理论意义和应用价值。     

海藻酸分解菌研究进展

海藻酸分解菌是一类能够自身合成海藻酸裂解酶,能够降解并同化海藻酸的微生物。海藻酸分解菌是海藻酸裂解酶的重要来源,其产生的海藻酸裂解酶具有种类多、反应条件温和、酶活高和易于大规模生产等优点,并且在生物、医疗、化工等领域有重要的应用价值。在过去的几十年里,海藻酸分解菌一直作为海藻酸裂解酶生产者的角色被研究和应用。但随着近年来能源危机的加剧,以海藻酸等海藻生物质为原料转化生物能源成为解决能源危机的潜在途径,因此,海藻酸分解菌又有了崭新的研究领域,即海藻酸分解菌利用海藻酸发酵生产生物能源。本文从海藻酸分解菌及其海藻酸裂解酶的种类和特性、海藻酸分解菌的代谢以及海藻酸分解菌基因工程等方面,介绍海藻酸分解菌的研究现状,并展望未来的发展趋势。     

海藻提取功能配料在现代食品工业中的应用前景展望

海藻除了作为海洋蔬菜直接食用外,其另一主要用途就是用于提取多种功能性成分。目前,全球使用最广泛的海藻提取功能食品配料就是从海带、巨藻等褐藻中提取的海藻酸盐等天然海藻多糖产品。海藻酸盐是1881年由英国人E.C.C.Stanford首次从褐藻类植物中提取发现的,之后经历了近50年的时间,由美国的Kelco公司于1929年,开始将海藻酸盐作为商品大量生产,成为人类成熟应用的唯一产业化的天然阴离子盐类多糖物质。随后以海藻酸盐为主导的海     

脉络丛细胞微囊脑内移植前后的物理及生化性能研究

通过测定脉络丛细胞海藻酸盐微囊在大鼠脑内移植前及移植后的物理及生化性能变化,以探讨其应用于移植治疗神经系统疾病的可行性.用海藻酸盐多聚鸟氨酸微囊包裹猪脉络膜细胞,移植至大鼠黑质-纹状体通道,移植前、移植后4个月及6个月分别测定微囊的大小、形态及细胞的活力、分泌蛋白质及神经营养因子的能力、蛋白质组学的变化.脉络膜细胞微囊在移植前、后大小、细胞活力、蛋白质组学分析、分泌蛋白质及神经营养因子的能力无显著变化.海藻酸盐-多聚鸟氨酸CP微囊能有效地防止脉络膜细胞被受体免疫系统所攻击,使得它们能在大鼠的大脑存活6个月以上并不引起不良作用.     

克雷伯氏杆菌的固定化及其在微胶囊中生长状况的研究

采用注滴法制备载克雷伯氏杆菌的海藻酸盐微胶囊,对微胶囊制备条件进行优化,并考察了各种因素对克雷伯氏杆菌微囊化的影响。实验结果表明：控制海藻酸钠溶液的质量分数为2%、氯化钙溶液的质量分数为4.5%、凝胶反应4 h以及菌体与海藻酸钠溶液体积比为1：30,所制备的微胶囊及微囊内菌体的生长效果最好。还初步探讨了壳聚糖对海藻酸盐微胶囊的影响,发现微胶囊表面复合一层壳聚糖半透膜,可以提高微胶囊的强度,但弹性有所降低。另外进行了微胶囊中克雷伯氏菌代谢途径的探索。     

海藻工具酶——褐藻胶裂解酶研究进展

从海洋生物中筛选提取有价值的酶类,开发海洋多糖降解产物,已成为海洋生物资源开发的一个重要方面。因此,近年来对于海藻工具酶之一的褐藻胶裂解酶及其降解产物——褐藻寡糖的研究日益受到人们的普遍关注。从褐藻胶裂解酶的来源、分类、底物专一性、作用方式及结构与机理研究、酶活力测定和酶学性质等方面,结合本课题组的研究工作综述近十年来有关褐藻胶裂解酶的研究进展。     

神经细胞微囊偏侧帕金森病猴脑内移植的组织学观察

通过脑内移植脉络膜细胞(CP)海藻酸盐微囊观察偏侧帕金森病样猴脑神经组织学改变,以探讨微囊化CP对灵长类动物纹状体神经元的保护作用.用海藻酸盐多聚鸟氨酸微囊包裹猪脉络膜细胞,移植至偏侧帕金森病样猴黑质-纹状体通道,移植后6个月进行神经病理学检查,观察脑组织学变化.脉络膜细胞微囊脑内移植能改善偏侧帕金森病猴行为,能促进多巴胺能纤维增生和活动增强.     

拟南芥海藻糖酶基因克隆及其在大肠杆菌中高效表达与功能研究

从拟南芥幼苗中提取RNA, 通过RT-PCR克隆得到海藻糖酶基因后, 将其构建到原核高效表达载体pET30a(+)上并在大肠杆菌BL21菌株中进行高效诱导表达, 继而对纯化得到的海藻糖酶蛋白进行活性检测和酶学特性研究。实验结果表明, 植物源的海藻糖酶基因在异体大肠杆菌中能够高效表达, 纯化获得的海藻糖酶蛋白在试管条件下具有较高的海藻糖水解活性, 其活性最适温度为45℃。通过GC-MS分离检测, 可以明显地看到酶反应过程中底物海藻糖和产物葡萄糖的含量随反应时间变化的消长关系, 这充分证明克隆基因在大肠杆菌中的表达产物具有海藻糖酶的功能。     

海藻酸转化生物乙醇研究进展

作为第三代生物燃料,大型褐藻类生物质转化燃料乙醇的研究受到广泛的关注。但是,现有的乙醇工业菌株并不能利用褐藻中的主要成分海藻酸,这个问题是海藻生物乙醇实现工业化生产的主要技术难关。近几年随着对海藻酸裂解酶和海藻酸降解菌代谢途径的深入研究,科研人员构建了不同的海藻酸发酵菌株,为高效转化大型海藻生产生物乙醇提供了可行的技术基础。这篇文章对海藻酸资源概况和海藻酸转化生物乙醇存在的科学问题及其研究进展进行了综述。     

细菌藻酸盐研究进展

细菌藻酸盐研究进展邱立友（河南农业大学植保系,郑州４５０００２）１９世纪８０年代初从海藻中分离出藻酸盐（ａｌｇｉｎａｔｅ）以来,数十年间,藻酸盐在食品、纺织、印刷和制药等领域中广泛用作胶化剂或粘结剂。用于提取藻酸盐的海藻主要有巨藻（Ｍａｃｒｏｏｃｙｓ...     

Structure of a PL17 Family Alginate Lyase Demonstrates Functional Similarities among Exotype Depolymerases

Brown macroalgae represent an ideal source for complex polysaccharides that can be utilized as precursors for cellulosic biofuels. The lack of recalcitrant lignin components in macroalgae polysaccharide reserves provides a facile route for depolymerization of constituent polysaccharides into simple monosaccharides. The most abundant sugars in macroalgae are alginate, mannitol, and glucan, and although several classes of enzymes that can catabolize the latter two have been characterized, studies of alginate-depolymerizing enzymes have lagged. Here, we present several crystal structures of Alg17c from marine bacterium Saccharophagus degradans along with structure-function characterization of active site residues that are suggested to be involved in the exolytic mechanism of alginate depolymerization. This represents the first structural and biochemical characterization of a family 17 polysaccharide lyase enzyme. Despite the lack of appreciable sequence conservation, the structure and β-elimination mechanism for glycolytic bond cleavage by Alg17c are similar to those observed for family 15 polysaccharide lyases and other lyases. This work illuminates the evolutionary relationships among enzymes within this unexplored class of polysaccharide lyases and reinforces the notion of a structure-based hierarchy in the classification of these enzymes.     

Detection of alginate lyases by isoelectric focusing and activity staining

A sensitive method has been developed for the rapid analysis of mutliple forms of alginate lyases in crude bacterial extracts. The technique is based on isoelectric focusing with a substrate-overlay technique for the direct measurement of enzyme activity. Isoelectric point values have been determined for the alginate lyases present in five strains of bacteria using, typically, 5.7 × 10⁻ units of activity. Multiple forms of these enzymes have been observed in three of the five bacterial strains studied. The method has also been used to compare the pI value of the -guluronate lyase from Klebsiella pneumoniae with those for the cloned gene products in strains of Escherichia coli.     

Biofilm inhibitory effect of alginate lyases on mucoid P. aeruginosa from a cystic fibrosis patient

Chronic mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are a major scourge in cystic fibrosis patients. Mucoid P. aeruginosa displays structured alginate-rich biofilms that are resistant to antibiotics. Here, we have assessed the efficacy of a panel of alginate lyases in combating mucoid P. aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis. Albeit we could not demonstrate alginate degradation by alginate lyases in sputum, we demonstrate that the endotypic alginate lyases, CaAly (from Cellulophaga algicola) and VspAlyVI (from Vibrio sp. QY101) and the exotypic alginate lyases, FspAlyFRB (from Falsirhodobacterium sp. alg1), and SA1-IV (from Sphingomonas sp. A1), indeed inhibit biofilm formation by a mucoid P. aeruginosa strain isolated from the sputum of a cystic fibrosis patient with comparative effect to that of the glycoside hydrolase PslG, a promising candidate for biofilm treatment. We believe that these enzymes should be explored for in vivo efficacy in future studies.     

Molecular Insight into the Role of the N-terminal Extension in the Maturation,Substrate Recognition,and Catalysis of a Bacterial Alginate Lyase from Polysaccharide Lyase Family 18

Bacterial alginate lyases, which are members of several polysaccharide lyase (PL) families, have important biological roles and biotechnological applications. The mechanisms for maturation, substrate recognition, and catalysis of PL18 alginate lyases are still largely unknown. A PL18 alginate lyase, aly-SJ02, from Pseudoalteromonas sp. 0524 displays a β-jelly roll scaffold. Structural and biochemical analyses indicated that the N-terminal extension in the aly-SJ02 precursor may act as an intramolecular chaperone to mediate the correct folding of the catalytic domain. Molecular dynamics simulations and mutational assays suggested that the lid loops over the aly-SJ02 active center serve as a gate for substrate entry. Molecular docking and site-directed mutations revealed that certain conserved residues at the active center, especially those at subsites +1 and +2, are crucial for substrate recognition. Tyr³⁵³ may function as both a catalytic base and acid. Based on our results, a model for the catalysis of aly-SJ02 in alginate depolymerization is proposed. Moreover, although bacterial alginate lyases from families PL5, 7, 15, and 18 adopt distinct scaffolds, they share the same conformation of catalytic residues, reflecting their convergent evolution. Our results provide the foremost insight into the mechanisms of maturation, substrate recognition, and catalysis of a PL18 alginate lyase.     

cDNA cloning of an alginate lyase from a marine gastropod Aplysia kurodai and assessment of catalytically important residues of this enzyme

Herbivorous marine gastropods such as abalone and sea hare ingest brown algae as a major diet and degrade the dietary alginate with alginate lyase (EC 4.2.2.3) in their digestive fluid. To date alginate lyases from Haliotidae species such as abalone have been well characterized and the primary structure analyses have classified abalone enzymes into polysaccharide-lyase-family 14 (PL-14). However, other gastropod enzymes have not been so well investigated and only partial amino-acid sequences are currently available. To improve the knowledge for primary structure and catalytic residues of gastropod alginate lyases, we cloned the cDNA encoding an alginate lyase, AkAly30, from an Aplysiidae species Aplysia kurodai and assessed its catalytically important residues by site-directed mutagenesis. Alginate lyase cDNA fragments were amplified by PCR followed by 5′- and 3′-RACE from A. kurodai hepatopancreas cDNA. The finally cloned cDNA comprised 1313 bp which encoded an amino-acid sequence of 295 residues of AkAly30. The deduced sequence comprised an initiation methionine, a putative signal peptide for secretion (18 residues), a propeptide-like region (9 residues), and a mature AkAly30 domain (267 residues) which showed ∼40% amino-acid identity with abalone alginate lyases. An Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)-pCold I expression system for recombinant AkAly30 (recAkAly30) was constructed and site-directed mutagenesis was performed to assess catalytically important amino-acid residues which had been suggested in abalone and Chlorella virus PL-14 enzymes. Replacements of K99, S126, R128, Y140 and Y142 of recAkAly30 by Ala and/or Phe greatly decreased its activity as in the case of abalone and/or Chlorella virus enzymes. Whereas, H213 that was essential for Chlorella virus enzyme to exhibit the activity at pH 10.0 was originally replaced by N120 in AkAly30. The reverse replacement of N120 by His in recAkAly30 increased the activity at pH 10.0 from 8 U/mg to 93 U/mg; however, the activity level at pH 7.0, i.e., 774.8 U/mg, was still much higher than that at pH 10.0. This indicates that N120 is not directly related to the pH dependence of AkAly30 unlike H213 of vAL-1.     

Structural insights into a novel Ca2+-independent PL-6 alginate lyase from Vibrio OU02 identify the possible subsites responsible for product distribution

Alginate lyases have a wide range of industrial applications, such as oligosaccharide preparation, medical treatment, and bioconversion. Therefore, the discovery and characterization of novel alginate lyases are extremely important. PL-6 alginate lyases are classified into two groups: those with a single domain or two domains. However, only one structure of a two-domain alginate lyase has been determined to date. In this study, we characterized a novel single-domain PL-6 alginate lyase (named AlyF). According to the biochemical analysis, AlyF possesses unique features compared with other PL-6 enzymes, including (1) a Ca²⁺-independent catalytic mechanism and (2) a PolyG-specific cleavage specificity that predominantly produces trisaccharides. The structures of AlyF and its complexes described here reveal the structural basis for these unique features and substrate binding mechanisms, which were further confirmed using mutagenesis. More importantly, we determined the possible subsites specifying the predominantly trisaccharide products of AlyF, which may facilitate the rational design of AlyF for potential applications in preparing a single alginate oligomer.     

Intracellular Alginolytic Enzymes of the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas citrea KMM 3297

The marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas citrea KMM 3297 is an associate of the holothurian Apostichopus japonicus. When grown in a medium containing glucose, the strain produces two intracellular alginolytic enzymes, AlI and AlII. Fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescens induces synthesis of one more alginolytic enzyme, AlIII. These enzymes were separated using anion-exchange chromatography. The alginate lyase AlI completely retains its activity at 35 degrees C, AlII and AlIII being stable at 45 degrees C. The alginate lyases exhibit maximal activities in the range of pH 7-8. The molecular weights of AlI, AlII, and AlIII determined by gel filtration are 25, 79, and 61 kD, respectively. All the investigated enzymes are endo-type alginate lyases. They catalyze degradation of polyguluronate (poly-G) and polymannuronate (poly-M) yielding oligosaccharides of the polymerization degree of 5 > or = n > or = 3 with the unsaturated bond between the C4 and C5 atoms of the non-reducing terminus. A mixture of these three enzymes exhibits synergism while acting on the polymeric substrate. The Km values of the alginate lyase AlI for poly-G and poly-M are 24 and 34 micro g/ml, respectively. Alginate lyase AlIII exhibits less affinity to poly-M (Km = 130.0 microg/ml) than to poly-G (Km = 40.0 microg/ml). NaCl (0.2 M), MgCl2 and MgSO4 (0.01 M) activate all three enzymes more than twofold. The presence of several alginolytic enzymes of different specificity provides efficient destruction of alginic acids of brown algae by the strain P. citrea KMM 3297.     

Microorganisms living on macroalgae: diversity,interactions, and biotechnological applications

Marine microorganisms play key roles in every marine ecological process, hence the growing interest in studying their populations and functions. Microbial communities on algae remain underexplored, however, despite their huge biodiversity and the fact that they differ markedly from those living freely in seawater. The study of this microbiota and of its relationships with algal hosts should provide crucial information for ecological investigations on algae and aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, because these microorganisms interact with algae in multiple, complex ways, they constitute an interesting source of novel bioactive compounds with biotechnological potential, such as dehalogenases, antimicrobials, and alga-specific polysaccharidases (e.g., agarases, carrageenases, and alginate lyases). Here, to demonstrate the huge potential of alga-associated organisms and their metabolites in developing future biotechnological applications, we first describe the immense diversity and density of these microbial biofilms. We further describe their complex interactions with algae, leading to the production of specific bioactive compounds and hydrolytic enzymes of biotechnological interest. We end with a glance at their potential use in medical and industrial applications.