借助慢病毒将EGFP基因导入西藏小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞

目的借助慢病毒将EGFP基因导入西藏小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞（porcine embryonic fibroblasts,PEFs）,以基于PEFs建立慢病毒介导的外源基因体外投递系统。方法取35d西藏小型猪胚胎,酶消化法分离培养西藏小型猪的PEFs;按Invitrogen公司推荐的标准程序进行慢病毒（携带EGFP基因）包装（脂质体介导的瞬时转染）,随后用病毒上清感染PEFs,24～48h后荧光显微镜下观察是否见绿色荧光以证实慢病毒是否成功生产和成功感染PEFs。结果成功分离培养西藏小型猪的PEFs,按标准程序生产的携带EGFP基因慢病毒高效率感染西藏小型猪的PEFs。结论针对西藏小型猪的PEFs建立了相应的慢病毒介导的外源基因体外投递系统,为相关后续研究打下了良好基础。     

Synthesis of basic fibroblast growth factor upon differentiation of rat mammary epithelial to myoepithelial-like cells in culture

Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) mRNA was detected in a rat mammary fibroblastic cell line, but not in rat mammary epithelial cell lines or myoepithelial-like cell lines. Basic FGF (bFGF) mRNA was detected in both the fibroblasts and the myoepithelial-like cells, but was absent from the epithelial cells. A series of cell lines representing stages in the differentiation pathway of epithelial cells to a myoepithelial-like morphology showed an increase in the amount of bFGF mRNA and activity present and the FGF from the myoepithelial-like rat mammary 29 cells was able to displace [125I]-bFGF specifically bound to rat mammary fibroblasts. FGF activity was also present in an extract of rat mammary gland. Analysis of cell extracts and conditioned medium indicated that FGF activity was cell-associated. The cell-associated bFGF was resistant to degradation by trypsin. Extraction of myoepithelial-like cells with Triton X-100 and 2 M NaCl showed that 50-65% of the cell-associated bFGF was in a detergent-resistant but 2 M NaCl-labile structure. Thus, the synthesis of bFGF is developmentally regulated in rat mammary cell lines, and at least 50% is present in the extracellular matrix.     

Periostin表达上调对去势大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞生物学行为的作用

目的:探究Periostin(骨膜蛋白)表达上调对雌性去势大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)成骨分化、细胞增殖与凋亡特性的作用。方法:通过去势手术建立雌性大鼠骨质疏松模型,待建模成功后分离培养并鉴定BMSCs,利用含有增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)和大鼠Periostin基因的重组慢病毒转染P3代BMSCs,成骨诱导后鉴定其成骨分化能力改变,流式细胞仪检测其细胞周期以及细胞凋亡率的变化。结果:成功建立骨质疏松模型;荧光显微镜下观察到绿色荧光提示慢病毒载体实现转染并表达目的蛋白;慢病毒转染组BMSCs成骨诱导后ALP及茜素红染色较去势组BMSCs染色加深;慢病毒转染组BMSCs的S期细胞比例为(17.07±0.56)%,显著高于去势组BMSCs的S期细胞比例(8.42±0.02)%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);慢病毒转染组BMSCs的细胞凋亡率为(7.3±0.1)%,显著低于去势组BMSCs的凋亡率(12.05±0.55)%,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Periostin表达上调可提高去势骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化及细胞增殖能力,并对其凋亡有抑制作用。     

Lentivirus vector-mediated hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer of common gamma-chain cytokine receptor in rhesus macaques

Nonhuman primate model systems of autologous CD34+ cell transplant are the most effective means to assess the safety and capabilities of lentivirus vectors. Toward this end, we tested the efficiency of marking, gene expression, and transplant of bone marrow and peripheral blood CD34+ cells using a self-inactivating lentivirus vector (CS-Rh-MLV-E) bearing an internal murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat derived from a murine retrovirus adapted to replicate in rhesus macaques. In vitro cytokine stimulation was not required to achieve efficient transduction of CD34+ cells resulting in marking and gene expression of the reporter gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) following transplant of the CD34+ cells. Monkeys transplanted with mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cells resulted in EGFP expression in 1 to 10% of multilineage peripheral blood cells, including red blood cells and platelets, stable for 15 months to date. The relative level of gene expression utilizing this vector is 2- to 10-fold greater than that utilizing a non-self-inactivating lentivirus vector bearing the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter. In contrast, in animals transplanted with autologous bone marrow CD34+ cells, multilineage EGFP expression was evident initially but diminished over time. We further tested our lentivirus vector system by demonstrating gene transfer of the human common gamma-chain cytokine receptor gene (gamma(c)), deficient in X-linked SCID patients and recently successfully used to treat disease. Marking was 0.42 and.001 HIV-1 vector DNA copy per 100 cells in two animals. To date, all EGFP- and gamma(c)-transplanted animals are healthy. This system may prove useful for expression of therapeutic genes in human hematopoietic cells.     

慢病毒直接诱导形成猪iPS细胞无需限定因子

为了证实慢病毒对细胞具有遗传修饰和重编程作用,在本实验中使用慢病毒感染猪胎儿成纤维细胞.结果显示:慢病毒介导的EGFP在猪胎儿成纤维细胞中稳定和高效表达,使用添加LIF和bFGF的细胞培养液,部分猪的胎儿成纤维细胞逐渐改变原有的纤维状形态,形成圆形的细胞,细胞逐步增殖形成细胞集落,细胞集落边界清晰,在饲养层上细胞集落生长迅速,具有稳定的生长性能和正常核型,细胞碱性磷酸酶染色为阳性,表达干细胞特有的标记Oct4、Nanog和SSEA1,在体外能够形成拟胚体,在体内分化形成包含三个生殖层的畸胎瘤.作为核移植的供体细胞,克隆胚的卵裂率为53.33%、桑椹胚率为9.03%、囊胚率为2.07%、孵化囊胚的总细胞数为26.5,在桑椹胚率和囊胚率方面显著低于猪普通胎儿成纤维细胞核移植克隆胚的发育能力(P<0.05).结果证实慢病毒能够直接使猪的胎儿成纤维细胞转变成iPS细胞,因此慢病毒将成为一种理想的材料和工具用于细胞的遗传修饰和细胞重构等方面的研究.     

慢病毒介导的稳定表达bFGF的胎儿肝脏基质细胞株的建立

通过重组慢病毒系统感染人胎儿肝脏基质细胞(fetalliverstromalcell,FLSC),建立了能够稳定、高效表达碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basicfibroblastgrowthfactor,bFGF)的细胞株bFGF/FLSC.从流产胎儿肝脏组织分离富集基质细胞,对其进行了生长特性和表面标志的鉴定,其在体外维持传代35代,依然保持正常的染色体核型.从胎儿骨髓间充质干细胞中克隆得到bFGF基因,构建重组慢病毒载体,感染FLSC,根据荧光表达强弱进行流式分选,获得能够继续稳定传代的低表达和高表达bFGF的两株细胞,RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹证实,细胞株中bFGF基因的稳定表达.RT-PCR结果显示,弱荧光和强荧光表达细胞的bFGF,在mRNA水平的表达分别是转染空载体细胞的2.33倍和6.19倍;蛋白质印迹结果显示,在蛋白质水平表达分别是1.76倍和5.05倍.用建立的bFGF/FLSC作饲养层细胞体外培养人胚胎干细胞(humanembryonicstemcells,hES),结果证明,其能在无或少量添加外源bFGF的条件下,维持人ES细胞增殖及其干性达20代.bFGF/FLSC细胞株的建立,将为构建低成本、安全高效的人胚胎干细胞的培养体系及研究造血细胞的发育分化提供适宜的微环境.     

Cover Picture

Competition assays for miR‐490‐5p whose over‐expression reduces ccRCC fitness. ACHN cells were infected lentiviruses expressing either mCherry or EGFP. EGFP‐expressing cells were then infected with a lentivirus expressing miR‐490‐5p. The EGFP (miR‐490‐5p or control) cells were mixed with mCherry‐control cells at ～1:1 ratio. The cells were then passaged for 16 cell doublings and the EGFP:mCherry ratio was again determined by microscopy.     

The fibroblast growth factor family: Structural and biological properties

This article sumarizes the structural and biological properties of the family of fibroblast growth factors (FGF). Basic FGF (bFGF) and acidic FGF (aFGF) are the best characterized members of this family. bFGF and aFGF are potent modulators of cell proliferation, motility and differentiation. They are also potent angiogenesis factors in vivo. Some of the important biological characteristics of bFGF and aFGF discussed in the review include the affinity of bFGF and aFGF for heparin, their lack of secretion in culture and their association with extracellular matrix. Recently, several oncogenes, 40–50% homologous in sequence to bFGF and aFGF have been identified. These include int-2, hst, K-fgf and FGF-5. The structural and biological properties of these FGF-related oncogenes are also discussed.     

Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-2 Contributes to the Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-Induced Neuronal Differentiation in Canine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells via Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are considered as candidates for regenerative therapy and a useful model for studying neuronal differentiation. The role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in neuronal differentiation has been previously studied; however, the signaling pathway involved in this process remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathway in the bFGF-induced neuronal differentiation of canine BMSCs. bFGF induced the mRNA expression of the neuron marker, microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) and the neuron-like morphological change in canine BMSCs. In the presence of inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, i.e., SU5402, LY294002, and MK2206, respectively, bFGF failed to induce the MAP2 mRNA expression and the neuron-like morphological change. bFGF induced Akt phosphorylation, but it was attenuated by the FGFR inhibitor SU5402 and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In canine BMSCs, expression of FGFR-1 and FGFR-2 was confirmed, but only FGFR-2 activation was detected by cross-linking and immunoprecipitation analysis. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FGFR-2 in canine BMSCs resulted in the attenuation of bFGF-induced Akt phosphorylation. These results suggest that the FGFR-2/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved in the bFGF-induced neuronal differentiation of canine BMSCs.     

Basic fibroblast growth factor regulates extracellular matrix and contractile protein expression independent of proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells

Summary Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can influence proliferation and differentiation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Basic FGF promotes some features of the synthetic phenotype (proliferation) but is known to inhibit others (collagen synthesis). Whether bFGF availability influences smooth muscle cell phenotype independent of proliferation is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine if the effects of bFGF on extracellular matrix and contractile protein expression are dependent on changes in proliferation. Basic FGF availability was manipulated by adding bFGF to cultured cells or by inhibiting bFGF expression using antisense RNA, and adjusting culture conditions such that proliferation was held constant. Compared to cells cultured in serum alone, smooth muscle α-actin and myosin heavy chain expression was markedly reduced by added bFGF, but was not influenced by antisense inhibition of bFGF expression. Under the same conditions, collagen synthesis was inhibited by added bFGF, and was stimulated by reduced bFGF expression. These consequences of altering bFGF availability were not associated with changes in FGF receptor expression. These findings demonstrate that alterations in bFGF availability can regulate smooth muscle cell phenotype independent of proliferation, which may be related to the regulation of smooth muscle cell phenotype in vivo.     

Over-expression of fibroblast growth factors in Xenopus embryos.

A number of forms of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) were over-expressed within Xenopus embryos by injection of synthetic FGF mRNAs into fertilized eggs. Injected embryos showed abnormalities in development which were mainly secondary to a disruption of gastrulation movements. The effects observed after injection of bFGF mRNA, however, were much less severe than those observed after injection of an altered form of bFGF mRNA which differs only by the addition of a signal sequence for secretion, or of another member of the FGF family, kFGF, which is normally efficiently secreted. All forms of FGF caused the induction of mesoderm in animal cap explants isolated from blastulae, but the amount of bFGF mRNA required to induce the formation of significant levels of mesoderm was higher by a factor of over a hundred than that of the FGFs which contain a signal sequence for secretion. Over-expressed bFGF accumulated in the nuclei of blastulae but did not necessarily cause mesoderm formation. These results show that FGFs must be secreted from the cells in which they are synthesised in order to act efficiently as mesoderm inducing factors and suggest that bFGF itself, which does not contain a signal sequence for secretion, is unlikely to be directly involved in mesoderm induction during early embryonic development.     

Appearance of basic fibroblast growth factor receptors upon differentiation of rat mammary epithelial to myoepithelial-like cells in culture

The binding of [125I]-epidermal growth factor (EGF) and [125I]-basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to a number of single-cell cloned rat mammary cell lines was measured using a saturation assay. Similar numbers of high-affinity [125I]-EGF binding sites (KD 1.3 nM) were found in epithelial and myoepithelial-like cell lines. In contrast, high-affinity (KD 35-276 pM) [125I]-bFGF binding sites were present on fibroblastic and myoepithelial-like cell lines but were not detectable on epithelial cell lines. A series of cell lines representing stages in the differentiation pathway of epithelial cells to an elongated myoepithelial-like morphology showed a graded increase in the number of bFGF receptors. The sensitivity of a cell line to stimulation of DNA synthesis by bFGF correlated with the level of expression of bFGF receptors on the cellular surface. Complexes of cell surface receptors affinity-cross-linked to [125I]-bFGF were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In each case two distinct complexes having apparent molecular weights of 180 kDa and 160 kDa were observed.     

Enhanced MYCN oncogene expression in human neuroblastoma cells is associated with altered FGF receptor expression and cellular growth response to basic FGF.

We have examined the effect of human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cells with normal and enhanced MYCN oncogene expression. bFGF stimulated the proliferation of the neuroblastoma cells with enhanced, but not normal, MYCN expression. Both cell species express FGFR-1, but not FGFR-2, receptors and both harbor FGF receptor species of Mr 145.000, but they differ in their pattern of lower and higher-molecular weight FGF receptor species. Our results demonstrate that enhanced MYCN expression confers to neuroblastoma cells the ability to respond to bFGF, possibly by inducing functional FGF receptors. This mechanism may contribute to the advanced malignant phenotype of human neuroblastomas with enhanced MYCN expression.     

Injury-induced release of basic fibroblast growth factor from bovine aortic endothelium

Although the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene lacks a traditional consensus signal peptide domain indicative for secretion, many cell types have receptors for bFGF. Since endothelium is a rich source of cell-associated bFGF, we asked under what conditions could bFGF be released or secreted from confluent cultures of bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells. The level of bFGF in BAE cell lysates was compared with the level of heparin-releasable bFGF in intact BAE cell monolayers, intact cells with exposed extracellular matrix (nonlytic matrices), and extracellular matrices prepared by cell lysis (lytic matrices). Less than 10% of total cell-associated bFGF was released from intact cell monolayers and nonlytic matrices. In contrast, the levels of bFGF released from lytic matrices depended upon the conditions used to prepare the matrices. Cell lysis at neutral pH generated matrices that released the highest bFGF levels (approximately 50% of total cell-associated bFGF). These matrices were heavily contaminated by histones, indicating the cellular release and adsorption of intracellular proteins to the matrix. Matrices prepared by BAE cell exposure to basic pH (100 mM NH4OH) contained low bFGF content and minor histone contamination. These latter matrices were chosen to study bFGF sequestration, under physiological conditions, into the extracellular matrix of confluent BAE cell cultures. Incubation with endotoxin, an agent acutely toxic to BAE cells, resulted in cellular release and adsorption of endogenous bFGF to cells and matrices, accompanied by histone deposition in the matrices. These results suggested that one mechanism for bFGF release from BAE cell monolayers was passive release induced by severe cell injury and/or cell lysis with secondary adsorption to the matrix.