不同解折叠状态鸡心脱血红素细胞色素c分子的表面性质

脱血红素细胞色素ｃ的构象与其跨膜转运能力是密切相关的。鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ具有较强的自发折叠的能力,在一定条件下可以得到不同解折叠状态的鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ。本文利用疏水层析、与疏水探针１,８—ＡＮＳ的结合以及色氨酸与结合的ＡＮＳ之间的荧光共振能量转移,比较了不同解折叠状态的鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ分子的表面性质。结果表明,部分折叠的鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ分子获得了一种高度动态的结构,形成了动态的疏水核心;同时,它也具有较强的凝集倾向。这些性质与鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ分子较强的自发折叠能力是一致的,为进一步分析鸡心脱血红素细胞色素ｃ分子的构象及其在跨膜转运过程中与脂的相互作用奠定了基础。     

分子进化研究:Ⅰ.细胞色素C分子进化的模糊聚类分析法研究

本文在强调生物系统自身特点的基础上,针对分子进化本身所具有的模糊性,运用模糊聚类分析的原理和方法,就29种动物细胞色素c一级结构间的进化关系进行了研究,作出了相应的分子系统树并运用硬划分法对该树进行了修改。同时,与其它一些研究的结果进行了比较,讨论了在生物大分子一级结构间进行比较、分析的局限性和分子进化研究中的一些有待解决的问题。     

斑皮蠹属昆虫COⅠ基因比较及系统学初步研究

对6种斑皮蠹线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶C亚基Ⅰ基因(COⅠ)进行比较并对斑皮蠹属系统发育关系进行初步探讨。本研究测定分析了6种斑皮蠹线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶C亚基Ⅰ基因(COⅠ),并采用简约法和贝叶斯推论法构建了斑皮蠹的分子进化树。序列比对分析得到365 bp大小的COⅠ基因片段,其中可变异位点182个(49.9%),保守位点174个(47.7%),转换/颠换的平均值(R值)为0.9,说明此段序列适合于分子进化树。利用不同系统发育重建方法得到的进化树具有相似的拓扑结构,同时结合形态学分类特征对斑皮蠹属昆虫的分子系统进化关系进行探讨。研究显示分子结果与形态分类结果相似。利用COⅠ基因构建的斑皮蠹系统发育树是探讨斑皮蠹系统学的有效方法。     

墨天牛属昆虫COⅠ基因比较及系统学初步研究

【目的】对11种墨天牛线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶C亚基Ⅰ基因(COⅠ)进行比较并对墨天牛属系统发育关系进行初步探讨。【方法】本文测定分析了11种墨天牛线粒体DNA细胞色素氧化酶C亚基Ⅰ基因(COⅠ),并采用简约法和贝叶斯推论法构建了墨天牛属的分子进化树。【结果】序列比对分析得到470 bp大小的COⅠ基因片段,其中可变异位点169个(36.0%),保守位点301个(64.0%),转换/颠换的平均值(R值)为1.03,说明此段序列适合于分子进化树。利用不同系统发育重建方法得到的进化树具有相似的拓扑结构,同时结合形态学分类特征对墨天牛属昆虫的分子系统进化关系进行探讨。结果显示分子结果与形态分类结果相似。【结论】利用COⅠ基因构建的墨天牛属系统发育树是探讨墨天牛分类的有效方法。     

四个不同居群岷江柏叶精油组分比较研究

使用GC-MS仪对大渡河和岷江流域的四个不同居群的岷江柏叶精油进行了化学组分研究.四个居群精油样品化学组成基本相同.精油组分的多变量分析得到汶川县的人工林与其它居群的相似性最小.各组分含量和居群间相关性分析结果显著,此方法可以应用于在岷江柏居群间关系的研究.     

细胞色素P450超家族蛋白质基于结构知识的序列联配

应用计算机程序对细胞色素Ｐ４５０蛋白２０个家族的代表序列进行初步多序列联配后,利用结构知识对匹配结果加以调整,调整的依据是Ｐ４５０蛋白二级结构特征和某些超二级结构特征的保守性,三维结构空间配置的保守性,在结构与功能重要残基的保守性,亲水和疏水片段的保守性。大量定点突变实验、选择性化学修饰实验、抗多肽抗体结合实验等能很好地确证该联配结果的正确性。联配结果对真核Ｐ４５０蛋白膜结合方式、活性位点残基分布、与氧化还原偶联蛋白有相互作用的残基的分布等作出了合理的推断。细胞色素Ｐ４５０超家族蛋白基于结构知识的序列联配的尝试对Ｐ４５０蛋白结构与功能关系研究提供了参考     

线粒体Cyt b基因与昆虫分子系统学研究

细胞色素b(cytochrorrle b,Cyt b)是线粒体13个蛋白质编码基因中结构和功能被研究得最为清楚的基因之一,该基因的进化速度适中,适合研究种内到种间甚至科间的系统发育关系,研究内容涉及种及种下阶元的分类鉴定、种上阶元的系统发育分析、种群的遗传变异和进化研究、分子进化研究等方面,本文对Cyt b基因的分子特点及其在昆虫系统学研究中的应用进行综述。     

细胞色素c蛋白序列分析与结构比较

首先以马心细胞色素c(Horse Cytc)蛋白的氨基酸序列为查询序列,利用生物信息学方法进行相似性搜索,获得了一系列细胞色素c(Cytc)蛋白的氨基酸序列,然后对Cytc蛋白进行了多重对齐分析、进化分析和三维结构比较分析。分析结果表明:Cytc中某些特定部位的氨基酸残基高度保守;相近物种来源的Cytc具有较近的亲缘关系,而来源于同一物种不同部位的Cytc却具有较远的亲缘关系;来源于不同物种的Cytc,即使具有较远的亲缘关系,却具有极其相似的三维空间结构。这些研究结果将为基于Cytc进行蛋白分子设计与构建提供指导意义。     

DMPC单分子层膜及细胞色素C氧化酶重组脂质体表面的扫描隧道显微镜观察

本文报导了扫描隧道显微镜对固相磷脂单分子层膜以及重组了细胞色素C氧化酶后的脂质体表面结构的观察.对DMPC单分子层著,得到了有关磷脂头部形态,大小及排态状况等结构信息,达到分子水平分辨;对重组酶后的脂质体表面,也得到了氧化酶分子在膜上的结构信息.     

DMPC单分子层膜及细胞色素C氧化酶重组脂质体表面的扫描隧道显微镜观察

本文报导了扫描隧道显微镜对固相磷脂单分子层膜以及重组了细胞色素C氧化酶后的脂质体表面结构的观察.对DMPC单分子层著,得到了有关磷脂头部形态,大小及排态状况等结构信息,达到分子水平分辨;对重组酶后的脂质体表面,也得到了氧化酶分子在膜上的结构信息.     

A step by step guide to phylogeny reconstruction

The aim of this paper is to enable those who have never reconstructed a phylogeny to do so from scratch. The paper does not attempt to be a comprehensive theoretical guide, but describes one rigorous way of obtaining phylogenetic trees. Those who follow the methods outlined should be able to understand the basic ideas behind the steps taken, the meaning of the phylogenetic trees obtained and the scope of questions that can be answered with phylogenetic methods. The protocols have been successfully tested by volunteers with no phylogenetic experience.     

基于线粒体基因cyt b的鹟亚科部分鸟类系统发育

采用分子系统学方法对鹟亚科(Muscicapinae)6属31种鸟类的cytb基因序列992bp进行系统发生分析。以荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus)和发冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)为外群,采用贝叶斯法(Bayesian,BI)、最大似然法(Maximum-likelihood,ML)和最大简约法(Maximumparsimony,MP)分别构建鹟亚科的系统发育树。结果支持:寿带属(Terpsiphone)、扇尾鹟属(Rhipidura)与方尾鹟属(Culicicapa)可从鹟亚科中移出,其中寿带属归入王鹟科(Monarchidae),扇尾鹟属与方尾属归入扇尾鹟科(Rhipiduridae);鹟属(Muscicapa)、仙鹟属(Niltava)为单系发生,并聚为姐妹群,亲缘关系较近;姬鹟属(Ficedula)并非单系发生,白眉姬鹟(Ficedulazanthopygia)在3种系统发生树中的位置差别较大,研究结果未能确定其分类地位;铜蓝(Muscicapa thalassina)与白腹蓝(Cyanoptila cyanomelana)亲缘关系较近,前者应从属中移出,后者应从姬属移出,共同归入仙属或列为仙属的姐妹属。上述结论解决了亚科部分有争议属、种间的进化关系,为亚科分类系统提供了DNA水平证据。     

从细胞色素b基因序列变异分析中国鲇形目鱼类的系统发育

采用PCR技术获得中国鲇形目鱼类11科24属27个代表种类细胞色素b基因1138bp全序列,比较分析了来自北美洲、非洲的部分鲇形目鱼类同一基因序列,并选取脂鲤目、鲤形目和鲱形目鱼类作外类群,采用Bayesian方法和最大简约法(MP)构建分子系统树。结果表明：(1)鲇形目鱼类细胞色素b基因序列中,与脂鲤目、鲤形目以及鲱形目鱼类相比存在3bp的缺失;(2)鲇形目鱼类各科代表种类形成一单系群;(3)两种建树方法均支持铫科、粒鲇科和钝头鮠科形成一单系群;而胡子鲇科、刀鲇科、海鲇科、鮰科、长臀鮠科、鲢科、鲇科、棘脂鲿科、鲿科形成一大的单系群;但鳗鲇科的系统位置两种建树方法没有取得一致结果;而其中长臀鲍科与北美的鮰科形成姐妹群,胡子鲇、鮰科、鲇科、鲿科和鮡科是较明显的单系群。     

拓扑树间的通经拓扑距离

给出了一种新的系统树间的拓扑距离,使用NJ,MP,UPGMA等3种方法对13种动物的线粒体中14个基因（含组合的）DNA序列数据进行系统树的构建,利用分割拓扑距离和本文给出的通经拓扑距离对这14种系统树这间及其与真树进行比较。结果显示,NJ法对获得已知树的有效率最高,MP法次之,UPGMA法最低。这14种DNA序列所构建的系统树与已知树的拓扑距离基本上是随其DNA序列长度增加而减小,但两者的相关系数并未达到显著水平,分割拓扑距离在总体上可反映树间的拓扑结构差异,但其测度精确度比通经拓扑距离要低。     

基于DNA序列K-tuple分布的一种非序列比对分析

文章在基因组K-tuple分布的基础上, 给出了一种推测生物序列差异大小的非序列比对方法。该方法可用于衡量真实DNA序列和随机重排序列在K-tuple分布上的差异。将此方法用于构建含有26种胎盘哺乳动物线粒体全基因组的系统树时, 随着K的增大, 系统树的分类效果与生物学一致公认的结果愈加匹配。结果表明, 用此方法构建的系统进化树比用其他非序列比对分析方法构建的更加合理。     

COSPECIATION ANALYSIS OF AN OBLIGATE POLLINATION MUTUALISM: HAVEGLOCHIDION TREES (EUPHORBIACEAE) AND POLLINATING EPICEPHALA MOTHS(GRACILLARIIDAE) DIVERSIFIED IN PARALLEL?

Species-specific obligate pollination mutualism between Glochidion trees (Euphorbiaceae) and Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae) involves a large number of interacting species and resembles the classically known fig-fig wasp and yucca-yucca moth associations. To assess the extent of parallel cladogenesis in Glochidion-Epicephala association, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships of 18 species of Glochidion using nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences (internal and external transcribed spacers) and those of the corresponding 18 Epicephala species using mitochondrial (the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene) and nuclear DNA sequences (the arginine kinase and elongation factor-1alpha genes). Based on the obtained phylogenies, we determine whether Glochidion and Epicephala have undergone parallel diversification using several different methods for investigating the level of cospeciation between phylogenies. These tests indicate that there is generally a greater degree of correlation between Glochidion and Epicephala phylogenies than expected in a random association, but the results are sensitive to selection of different phylogenetic hypotheses and analytical methods for evaluating cospeciation. Perfect congruence between phylogenies is not found in this association, which likely resulted from host shift by the moths. The observed significant discrepancy between Glochidion and Epicephala phylogenies implies that the one-to-one specificity between the plants and moths has been maintained through a complex speciation process or that there is an underestimated diversity of association between Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths.     

Sequence relationships between integral inner membrane proteins of binding protein-dependent transport systems: evolution by recurrent gene duplications.

Periplasmic binding protein-dependent transport systems are composed of a periplasmic substrate-binding protein, a set of 2 (sometimes 1) very hydrophobic integral membrane proteins, and 1 (sometimes 2) hydrophilic peripheral membrane protein that binds and hydrolyzes ATP. These systems are members of the superfamily of ABC transporters. We performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the sequences of 70 hydrophobic membrane proteins of these transport systems in order to investigate their evolutionary history. Proteins were grouped into 8 clusters. Within each cluster, protein sequences displayed significant similarities, suggesting that they derive from a common ancestor. Most clusters contained proteins from systems transporting analogous substrates such as monosaccharides, oligopeptides, or hydrophobic amino acids, but this was not a general rule. Proteins from diverse bacteria are found within each cluster, suggesting that the ancestors of current clusters were present before the divergence of bacterial groups. The phylogenetic trees computed for hydrophobic membrane proteins of these permeases are similar to those described for the periplasmic substrate-binding proteins. This result suggests that the genetic regions encoding binding protein-dependent permeases evolved as whole units. Based on the results of the classification of the proteins and on the reconstructed phylogenetic trees, we propose an evolutionary scheme for periplasmic permeases. According to this model, it is probable that these transport systems derive from an ancestral system having only 1 hydrophobic membrane protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

应用COⅠ基因序列探讨中国蚱总科四亚科部分物种的系统发生关系(英文)

通过测定蚱科26种蚱的线粒体DNA细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ基因的部分序列,分析了蚱亚科、短翼蚱亚科、刺翼蚱亚科及股沟蚱亚科部分物种的系统发育关系。以蜢总科的Vandiemenella viatica和Proriferasp.作为外群,构建了MP树和Bayes树。在获得的598bp的序列中,有289个变异位点,253个简约信息位点; A、T、G和C的碱基平均含量分别为31.6% ,32.7% ,19.5% ,16.2% , A+T含量高于G+C含量。分子系统树显示:蚱亚科尖顶蚱属和该亚科其他属的亲缘关系较远,而与短翼蚱亚科的狭顶蚱属有较近的亲缘关系。尖顶蚱属的广西尖顶蚱聚在短翼蚱科内,与该亚科的尖翅狭顶蚱形成姐妹群且支持两者关系的置信度很高,广西尖顶蚱不应属于蚱亚科尖顶蚱属。龙滩柯蚱与蚱属的桂南蚱形成姐妹关系,而庭蚱属的细庭蚱聚在柯蚱属中,且蚱亚科柯蚱属的防城柯蚱与刺翼蚱亚科的二刺羊角蚱形成姐妹关系,因此柯蚱属不是单系群,作为一个单独的属是可疑的;蚱属不是单系群,日本蚱也不是蚱属中的原始物种,锯齿股蚱和粗体蚱碱基序列完全相同,再次证明二者为同一物种。     

五种索科线虫RAPD亲缘关系分析

采用RAPD技术构建了索科线虫4属5种的指纹图谱。从47个引物中筛选出12个稳定性好、多态性高的引物,共扩增出161条谱带,其中150条谱带具遗传多态性,占93·17%。所获片段长度大小为200~3200bp,单个引物扩增的条带数在11~16之间,平均为13·42条。采用RAPDistance软件及MEGA程序,计算Nei氏相似系数和遗传距离,建立UPGMA和NJ聚类图,两个聚类图拓扑结构相同,将5种索科线虫分为两大分支:同属于蚊幼寄生罗索属线虫的食蚊罗索线虫(Romanomermisculicivorax)与武昌罗索线虫(R.wuchangensis)亲缘关系最近,先聚在一起,再与同翅目(Homoptera)寄生长沙多索线虫(Agamermischang-shaensis)聚为一支;鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)寄生中华卵索线虫(Ovomermissinensis)和同翅目寄生两索属线虫(Amphimermissp·)亲缘关系较近,两者聚为一支。5种索线虫属内种间的遗传距离较小,食蚊罗索线虫与武昌罗索线虫之间遗传距离仅为0·1789;而属间遗传距离较大,在0·4471~0·5488之间。上述结果表明:RAPD技术可以应用于索科线虫亲缘关系的分析,能够反映出不同线虫间的遗传差距,从而成功地进行属、种的分类及进化问题研究。     

Species tree estimation for a deep phylogenetic divergence in the New World monkeys (Primates: Platyrrhini)

The estimation of a robust phylogeny is a necessary first step in understanding the biological diversification of the platyrrhines. Although the most recent phylogenies are generally robust, they differ from one another in the relationship between Aotus and other genera as well as in the relationship between Pitheciidae and other families. Here, we used coding and non-coding sequences to infer the species tree and embedded gene trees of the platyrrhine genera using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method for the multispecies coalescent (?BEAST) for the first time and to compared the results with those of a Bayesian concatenated phylogenetic analysis. Our species tree, based on all available sequences, shows a closer phylogenetic relationship between Atelidae and Cebidae and a closer relationship between Aotus and the Cebidae clade. The posterior probabilities are lower for these conflictive tree nodes compared to those in the concatenated analysis; this finding could be explained by some gene trees showing no concordant topologies between Aotus and the other genera. Moreover, the topology of our species tree also differs from the findings of previous molecular and morphological studies regarding the position of Aotus. The existence of discrepancies between morphological data, gene trees and the species tree is widely reported and can be related to processes such as incomplete lineage sorting or selection. Although these processes are common in species trees with low divergence, they can also occur in species trees with deep and rapid divergence. The sources of the inconsistency of morphological and molecular traits with the species tree could be a main focus of further research on platyrrhines.