对映选择性Geotrichum sp. GXU33脂肪酶的筛选、产酶及酶学性质研究

利用溴麝香草酚蓝作为反应指示剂,快速地筛选到产对映选择性脂肪酶菌株GXU33(Geotrichum sp.),此酶能够拆分外消旋扁桃酸甲酯产生(S)-扁桃酸.此菌株最适生长、产酶条件为橄榄油 10 g/L, 酵母粉 5 g/L, Na2HPO4·12H2O 3.5 g/L, KH2PO4 1.0 g/L, MgSO4·7H2O 0.2 g/L, pH 7.0,28℃,200 r/min.PMSF和蛋白酶K对菌株生长没有影响,PMSF显著抑制酶活,蛋白酶K具有保护酶活力的作用.该脂肪酶最适作用pH 为7.5,最适作用温度为30 ℃; Ca2 ,Mg2 ,Zn2 不同程度提高酶活性,Cu2 , Co2 ,Mn2 ,Fe2 ,Fe3 严重抑制酶活性.当以5% DMSO为助剂,消旋扁桃酸甲酯20 mg,GXU33 脂肪酶1500 U,25 mmol/L磷酸钠缓冲液(pH 7.5)加至总体积2 mL,32 ℃,100 r/min, 反应8h,得到最佳拆分效果:转化率为44.8%,(S)-扁桃酸对映过量值为83.5%.     

复合诱变选育高产脂肪酶黑曲霉菌株及其固定化酶性质

通过硫酸二乙酯(DES)和微波复合诱变,获得遗传性状稳定的高产脂肪酶黑曲霉突变菌株CM2,酶活达174.93 U/mL.对菌株CM2培养条件的优化,以橄榄油和(NH_4)_2SO_4为最佳碳、氮源,在28℃、pH 7.5的条件下,发酵CM2菌株68 h,脂肪酶活为180.52 U/mL.大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶在35～55℃和pH 7.5～9.5之间有很好的稳定性.游离酶和固定化酶的表观失活活化能分别为52.6842 kJ/mol和30.8391 kJ/mol,固定化酶对温度的敏感度降低,耐受性增强.在微水相中脂肪酶催化2-辛醇和乙酸乙烯酯不对称酯交换反应中,(S)-乙酸辛酯的对映选择性高(游离酶e.e.s 85.7%;固定化酶e.e.s 87.7%),显示了该固定化酶在2-辛醇的手性拆分方面具有良好的应用前景.     

固定化细胞拆分(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯的研究

【目的】筛选鉴定一株产酯酶用于选择性拆分(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯的菌株,利用该菌株固定化细胞催化拆分外消旋底物。【方法】通过富集培养、罗丹明B平板初筛及复筛培养获得一株选择性拆分(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯的菌株,通过对其形态、生理生化特征及16S r DNA序列分析,确立该菌株系统发育地位。优化了利用硅藻土-戊二醛吸附交联法对该菌体细胞固定化的条件,研究固定化细胞催化性质及操作稳定性。【结果】该菌为革兰氏阴性菌,鉴定其为甲基球状菌属(Methylopila)。固定化体系最优条件:聚乙烯亚胺0.15%(V/V),戊二醛0.2%(V/V),硅藻土6 g/L,菌体质量浓度100 g/L。与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞最适p H由8.0变为8.5,最适温度由35°C变为40°C,p H稳定性和温度稳定性都有所提高。Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)能促进酶活,Zn~(2+)、Fe~(2+)抑制酶活。固定化细胞的有机溶剂耐受性较游离细胞有所提高。动力学分析细胞固定化后Km值变大,底物亲和力降低。利用固定化细胞水解(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯,底物浓度200 g/L,反应20 h,保留构型为S型,得率47.8%,对映体过量值ees为99.4%,重复使用12次后仍保留初始酶活的80%以上。【结论】开发了利用Methylopila sp.cxzy-L013固定化细胞择性拆分(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯的工艺,该工艺具有良好的工业应用前景。     

乙二醇缩水甘油醚交联海藻酸钠-羧甲基纤维素钠固定化脂肪酶

以海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)为载体,分别以乙二醇缩水甘油醚(EGDE)和戊二醛为交联剂,采用包埋交联法对脂肪酶进行固定化,结果显示EGDE的交联效果要优于戊二醛,添加EGDE的固定化酶酶活最好。得到制备固定化酶的最优方案为海藻酸钠2.5%,CMC浓度1.5%,给酶量800U/ml复配载体,氯化钙5%,以0.02%的EGDE交联固定30min,由此制备得到酶活约为380 U/g的固定化酶,酶活收率约为50.09%。固定化酶的最适反应p H为8.5,比游离酶增大0.5个单位;最适反应温度是45℃,比游离酶提高5℃;耐热性能变好,且重复使用7次后仍能保持60%左右的相对酶酶活。     

利用产脂肪酶B的毕赤酵母工程菌生物拆分制备西司他丁关键手性中间体的体系优化

S-(+)-2,2-二甲基环丙烷甲酸(S-(+)-DMCPA)是合成西司他丁的关键手性中间体。构建的毕赤酵母工程菌生产的脂肪酶可高选择性催化外消旋2,2-二甲基环丙烷甲酸乙酯(DMCPE)不对称水解制备S-(+)-DMCPA。对该工程菌产胞外脂肪酶的产酶条件及生物拆分反应条件进行优化,以提高其催化效率。优化获得重组毕赤酵母最佳产酶条件:采用BMMY培养基,培养基初始p H 8.0,500 m L摇瓶装50 m L培养基,每隔4 h向培养基中补加终体积分数为1%的甲醇。培养192 h后,发酵液中脂肪酶比酶活为4.41 U/L,较优化前提高了90.9%。利用含脂肪酶的发酵上清液进行DMCPE的生物拆分反应,底物浓度为15 mmol/L,30℃反应36 h,S-(+)-DMCPA的产率可达43.8%,e.e.值为99.8%。     

嗜热踝节菌脂肪酶(TTL)的重组表达及催化合成普瑞巴林手性中间体

以催化合成普瑞巴林中间体(3 S)-2-羧乙基-3-氰基-5-甲基己酸为目标,通过基因挖掘得到来源为嗜热踝节菌的脂肪酶氨基酸序列,构建了基因工程菌Escherichia coli BL21/p ET28b-TTL,在16℃成功诱导表达了嗜热踝节菌脂肪酶TTL。分离纯化得到TTL电泳纯酶,其最适反应温度为50℃,在50℃的半衰期为14.5 d,表明TTL具有良好的热稳定性;TTL最适p H为8.0,在p H 7.0~8.5时稳定性好。TTL在50℃、p H 8.0条件下,催化100 mmol/L外消旋2-羧乙基-3-氰基-5-甲基己酸乙酯水解转化率达42%以上,产物的对映体过量值(e.e.值)94%。这表明TTL在化学-酶法合成普瑞巴林中具有较大应用潜力。     

脂肪酶YCJ01拆分对位取代α-苯乙醇

利用脂肪酶YCJ01催化拆分对位取代α-苯乙醇衍生物。以异丙醚为反应介质,采用乙酸乙烯酯作为酰基供体,对180 mmol/L的1-(4-甲基苯基)乙醇进行选择性酯化,脂肪酶粗酶粉添加量为5 g/L,50℃反应21 h后,底物转化率可达49.96%,对映体过量值e.e.s、e.e.p值分别为97.1%和97.2%,对映体选择性E200;同样,对1-(4-甲氧基苯基)乙醇进行选择性酯化,酰基供体为丁酸乙烯酯,底物浓度150 mmol/L,脂肪酶粗酶粉添加量为2.5g/L,30℃反应12 h后,底物转化率为49.8%,e.e.s、e.e.p值分别为97.7%和98.4%,对映体选择性E200,显示了很好的手性拆分效果。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌Lu10-1产脂肪酶发酵条件优化及酶学性质研究

旨在对洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia cepacia)Lu10-1产脂肪酶的发酵条件及酶学性质进行研究。通过单因素和正交实验探讨了碳源、氮源、诱导物、初始p H值、温度等主要发酵参数的影响,并初步考察了温度、p H、金属离子和有机溶剂等对其催化反应的影响。结果表明,B.cepacia Lu10-1产脂肪酶最佳培养基组成和发酵参数为:可溶性淀粉1.5%,蛋白胨1.5%,橄榄油3 g/L,K2HPO4 2 g/L,发酵温度32℃,初始p H 9.0,培养48 h酶活达12.4 U/m L,比初始酶活提高了2.7倍。酶的最适温度和p H值分别为60℃和9,在60℃以下保持100 h酶活仍保持在80%以上,在p H5.0-10.0之间活性稳定,对甲醇、乙醇等有机溶剂耐受性好。     

硅藻土固定中性脂肪酶的制备及其性质

以硅藻土为载体,采用吸附法,对脂肪酶进行固定化,研究了固定化条件对固定化脂肪酶的催化活性的影响,得到最佳的固定化条件：给酶量为33374U/g,固定化温度为35℃,pH值为7.5,时间为4h,此时固定化酶的活力约为5833U/g载体。固定化酶的热稳定性较游离酶有了很大的提高,其在80℃以下能保持80%以上的酶活,而游离酶60℃残余酶活仅为5%。最适反应温度和最适pH值也分别由游离酶的40℃上升至50℃和由7上升到7.5。对固定化中的中性脂肪酶在生物柴油合成中的应用也进行了初步研究。     

D-阿洛酮糖3-差向异构酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效表达及固定化细胞研究

将来源于Clostridium cellulolyticum H10的DPEase基因在食品级表达系统Bacillus subtilis中进行产酶研究,在3L发酵罐中高密度发酵最终酶活可达495U/ml,得到高表达量的DPEase酶液。通过硅藻土-海藻酸钠(吸附包埋法)对重组细胞进行固定化研究,结果表明,当海藻酸钠浓度为2%、细胞包埋量为50g/L、CaCl_2浓度为2%、硅藻土浓度为1%时,固定化细胞酶活回收率可达64%,固定化细胞与游离细胞相比最适pH不变,最适温度提高5℃,热稳定性明显提高,连续反应7个批次后转化率仍然为28%,仍保持81%的残余酶活,具有很高的工业应用价值。     

Isolation and properties of extracellular lipase of native (B-10) and mutant (M-1) Serratia marcescens strains

The cultivation conditions of wild-type strain V-10 and mutant strain M-1 (overproducer of endonuclease and chitinase) of Serratia marcescens optimal for extracellular lipase biosynthesis were determined. The strain V-10 displayed the maximal lipase yield (840 AU/ml) after 10-12 h of cultivation; the strain M-1 (33 AU/ml), after 25-30 h. The data showed that extracellular lipases from V-10 and M-1 can be precipitated in a weakly acid medium (pH 5.0 and 4.5, respectively). This property was used to obtain partially purified lipase preparations. The effect of the ionic composition of the reaction mixture on the activities of these enzymatic preparations was studied. Both preparations displayed highest activities in weakly alkaline media (pH 8.0); however, the wild-type strain lipase displayed a higher thermal stability and stability at alkaline pH compared with M-1 lipase. Both lipases were activated by various anionic and nonionic surfactants and inactive in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide.     

产脂肪酶重组枯草芽胞杆菌的发酵优化

笔者所在实验室前期筛选到1株产脂肪酶粘质沙雷氏菌,克隆其脂肪酶基因,构建重组枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis 168/pMA5-lipA,成功实现了来源于粘质沙雷氏菌的脂肪酶基因在枯草芽胞杆菌中的表达。基于以上工作基础上,对B.subtilis 168/pMA5-lipA进行了摇瓶水平上的产酶发酵优化。首先通过单因素和正交试验确定了有利于产脂肪酶的最佳培养基成分,并对发酵条件进行了优化。结果表明:优化后的培养基组分为蔗糖35 g/L,玉米浆27.5 g/L,(NH4)2SO41.25 g/L,CaCl24 g/L,pH 7.0。在最优发酵培养基的条件下,37℃、160 r/min摇床培养33 h,每毫升发酵液中重组菌脂肪酶酶活可达98.6 U,是优化前的3倍。     

Expression of chitinase A (chiA) gene from a local isolate of Serratia marcescens in Coleoptera-specific Bacillus thuringiensis

Aims:  The present study focused on cloning and expression of chiA gene from a highly chitinolytic local isolate of Serratia marcescens in an anti-Coleopteran Bacillus thuringiensis and comparison of the characteristics of the native and recombinant ChiAs.
Methods and Results:  chiA gene from Ser . marcescens was cloned, sequenced and compared with the previously cloned chiA genes. chiA gene was PCR cloned and expressed in anti-Coleopteran B. thuringiensis strain 3023 as verified by Western blot analysis. Specific ChiA activity of the recombinant B. thuringiensis (strain 3023-SCHI) reached its highest level at 21st hour of growth (16·93 U mg⁻¹), which was 5·2- and 1·3-fold higher than that of its parental strain and Ser . marcescens , respectively. Temperature and pH effects on native and recombinant ChiAs were next determined. The recombinant plasmid was quite stable over 240 generations.
Conclusions:  Serratia marcescens ChiA was heterologously expressed in an anti-Coleopteran B. thuringiensis at levels even higher than that produced by the source organism.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Bacillus thuringiensis 3023-SCHI co-expressing anti-Coleopteran Cry3Aa protein and Ser . marcescens chitinase offers a viable alternative to the use of chitinolytic microbes/enzymes in combination with entamopathogenic bacteria for an increased potency because of synergistic interaction between them.     

Over-expression and properties of a purified recombinant Bacillus licheniformis lipase: a comparative report on Bacillus lipases

The gene coding for an extracellular lipase of Bacillus licheniformis was cloned using PCR techniques. The sequence corresponding to the mature lipase was subcloned into the pET 20b(+) expression vector to construct a recombinant lipase protein containing 6 histidine residues at the C-terminal. High-level expression of the lipase by Escherichia coli cells harbouring the lipase gene-containing expression vector was observed upon induction with IPTG at 30 degrees C. A one step purification of the recombinant lipase was achieved with Ni-NTA resin. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 130 units/mg with p-nitrophenyl-palmitate as substrate. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 10-11.5 and was remarkably stable at alkaline pH values up to 12. The enzyme was active toward p-nitrophenyl esters of short to long chains fatty acids but with a marked preference for esters with C(6) and C(8) acyl groups. The amino acid sequence of the lipase shows striking similarities to lipases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus. Based on the amino acid identity and biochemical characteristics, we propose that Bacillus lipases be classified into two distinct subfamilies of their own.     

High-level secretion of Pseudomonas fluorescens type I secretion system-dependent lipase in Serratia marcescens

The type I secretion system-dependent lipase, TliA, of Pseudomonas fluorescens was successfully produced in quantity in Serratia marcescens by coexpressing its cognate ABC transporter, TliDEF. Compared with P. fluorescens and Escherichia coli, S. marcescens showed an outstanding capacity for the secretory production of TliA, which was done with the expression vectors available for use in E. coli, and no growth phase-dependency, which was unlike the typical feature of TOSS-mediated protein secretion. Among the S. marcescens tested, the highest amount of TliA (approximately 2600 units ml(-1)) was achieved by S. marcescens KCTC 2798 containing the expression plasmid pTliDEFA-223. Our results also suggest that strains of Serratia will provide a valuable opportunity for producing other extracellular TOSS-dependent proteins effectively as well as the TliDEF-dependent TliA in this study.     

产脂肪酶粘质沙雷氏菌发酵产酶条件的优化

目的：通过对产脂肪酶粘质沙雷氏菌发酵条件的优化,使其酶活力得到大幅度提高。方法：用响应面法对产脂肪酶粘质沙雷氏菌的发酵产酶培养条件进行了优化。首先通过逐因子实验考察了该菌株产酶所需的最适碳源和氮源,在此基础上通过Plackett-burman法设计实验,考察了几种因素对产酶影响的大小,然后用最陡爬坡实验逼近以上几种因子的最大响应区域后,采用Box-Behnken设计25组实验,并利用Design-Expert对实验结果进行二次回归分析。结果：对产酶具有显著效应的4个因素为：蛋白胨、CaCl2、吐温、大豆油。实验优化到最佳的产酶条件为：糊精1%,蛋白胨0.7%、CaCl20.3%、吐温-80 1.68%、大豆油1.81%、K2HPO40.05%、MgSO40.05%、FeSO40.1%。结论：优化后发酵液上清的脂肪酶活力可达97.52U/ml,比优化前提高了10倍。     

Expression of Serratia marcescens extracellular proteins requires recA.

A previously described regulatory mutation which abolishes expression of the extracellular nuclease of Serratia marcescens is shown to be a mutation of the Serratia recA gene. The defect in nuclease expression could be restored by introducing a plasmid carrying the recA gene of Escherichia coli. The DNA sequence of the Serratia gene is very similar to that of the E. coli gene. The putative LexA-binding site of the Serratia recA gene is almost identical to that of E. coli, along with the promoter. A similar LexA-binding site can also be found upstream of the nuclease gene. As expected from this finding, we show that nuclease expression can be induced by SOS-inducing agents such as mitomycin C. Although inducible in S. marcescens, the nuclease was expressed only at the uninduced levels in E. coli and could not be induced by mitomycin C. The extracellular chitinase and lipase were similarly affected by the mutations altering nuclease expression and were also induced by mitomycin C.     

灵杆菌非特异性核酸酶的原核表达、纯化及活性分析

以灵杆菌基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增非特异性核酸酶 (Non-specific nuclease,NU) 基因,并克隆到pMAL-c4X载体上构建重组表达载体pMAL-c4X-NU。经测序及 BLASTN发现其与灵杆菌Serratia marcescens核酸酶基因的同源性为97％。将构建的表达载体pMAL-c4X-NU转入大肠杆菌BL21,经IPTG诱导实现了胞内表达78 kDa的麦芽糖结合蛋白-NU融合蛋白 (Maltose-binding protein-NU,MBP-NU),其最佳诱导表达条件为37 ℃,0.75 mmol/L IPTG诱导1.5 h。用Amylose resin纯化得到了目的蛋白。活性检测表明MBP-NU具有同时降解DNA和RNA的活性,在37 ℃、pH 8.0时活性最高,比活力为1.11×106 U/mg,目标蛋白的纯化效率可达10.875 mg/L。纯化的目标蛋白中无蛋白酶活性存在。0.5 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸 (Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)、1 mmol/L苯甲基磺酰氟 (Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride,PMSF) 以及150 mmol/L KCl对MBP-NU的活性几乎无影响,因此MBP-NU可作为蛋白质纯化过程中核酸的高效降解酶。     

Cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of a thermostable lipase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus JC

A thermophilic lipase gene of Geobacillus stearothermophilus JC was cloned and expressed in a pET 28-a (+) expression vector. The biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme and its enantioselective hydrolysis of (RS)-1-phenylethyl acetate were studied. Removal of the signal peptide greatly increased the enzyme’s expression level by 4.3 times. The purified JC lipase had an optimum temperature of 55°C and optimum pH of 9. Furthermore, comparisons with other enzymes suggest that a few amino acid alterations may significantly change the thermostability of this enzyme. The hydrolysis of (RS)-1-phenylethyl acetate with the crude recombinant JC lipase at 25°C produce (R)-1-phenylethanol in 97.7% e.e. and 46.1% yield after 24 h, corresponding to an E value of 237.     

Utilization of ATP-binding cassette exporter for hyperproduction of an exoprotein: construction of lipase-hyperproducing recombinant strains of Serratia marcescens

The Serratia marcescens extracellular lipase (LipA) is an enzyme applicable to enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic substrates. The enzyme is secreted through an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) exporter, the Lip system, encoded by the lipBCD genes. The S. marcescens recombinant carrying pLIPE121, which encodes the lipA gene in pUC19, exhibited a higher LipA production level than the wild-type strain. However, the level was lower than expected, and secretion was suggested to be a bottleneck. lipBCD plasmids were introduced into S. marcescens recombinants harboring lipA plasmids and the effectiveness of the lipBCD plasmids in elevating LipA productivity was investigated. S. marcescens strains harboring both lipA and lipBCD plasmids showed sevenfold greater extracellular LipA activity than the strain harboring the lipA plasmid alone. A high level of extracellular LipA production (1,300 kU/ml) and high plasmid stability (enough to carry out large-scale cultivation) were observed under non-selective conditions. Addition of L-proline and Tween 80 was effective in increasing cell growth of the recombinant, which led to high LipA production. In batch cultivation using a 30-l jar fermentor, LipA production was achieved at a high level of 5,200 kU/ml. This is the first report describing utilization of ABC exporter for the overproduction of an industrially important extracellular protein.