微生物对水环境污染物的趋化性研究进展

随着人类活动的干扰以及社会工业化进程的加剧,水环境污染现象日益严峻。微生物是水环境污染治理和修复的主要驱动者。越来越多的研究发现,水环境中污染物的去除速率与微生物的趋化功能密切相关。综述了近几年有关微生物对水环境中无机盐、溶解性有机物和重金属等的趋化特性研究进展,讨论并展望了基于趋化功能微生物精准调控的水环境污染强化治理技术的应用前景及主要问题。     

铜污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

随着工业化与农业化进程的加快,土壤重金属污染问题日益突出。铜(Cu)既是生命体生长发育的必需微量元素,也是重金属污染物之一。土壤中过量的Cu不仅会对植物产生毒害,而且能够通过食物链的富集作用,对人类健康造成严重威胁。生物修复技术作为治理重金属污染土壤的一种新型技术受到广泛关注。文中对生物修复的主要技术如植物修复、微生物修复、植物-微生物联合修复、动物修复等在治理Cu污染土壤方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为重金属污染土壤有效治理和可持续农业的发展提供理论依据。     

有机物及重金属植物修复研究进展

植物修复技术是近年来发展起来的一种非常有前途的生物治理技术 ,也是当前学术界研究的热点领域 .本文对植物修复的类型 ,植物修复土壤、水体有机污染物、重金属和某些放射性核素的过程、机理及可能影响因子作了概括和详尽讨论 ,并就国内外近年来植物修复技术在污染环境中的应用和研究成果进行了综述     

污染土壤的生物修复治理技术研究进展

污染土壤的生物修复技术是一种极具潜力的土壤污染绿色修复治理方法,具有高效低耗、环境友好等特点。通过对动物修复、植物修复、微生物修复及联合修复等土壤生物修复治理技术进行分析,探讨了各种工艺技术对重金属、有机物等目标污染物的修复性能及优缺点,旨在为我国土壤污染修复治理技术的选择提供参考。     

含双酚A废水植物修复技术研究进展

双酚A作为一种重要的生产原料,近几十年,在环境中的含量剧增。双酚A是一种内分泌干扰激素类物质,环境激素类物质能够模拟、强化和抑制激素作用,在某些情况下,引发组织或者器官增生和肿瘤。植物修复技术是近年来发展起来的一种环境污染修复技术,是生物修复领域的一个热点。在阅读大量文献的基础上,对修复双酚A植物的筛选进行了概括,从植物糖基化修饰效应、根系分泌酶催化降解、植物根际与微生物联合代谢作用三个方面阐述植物修复双酚A的主要机理,对国内外近年来植物修复技术在含双酚A废水修复中的应用、研究成果进行了综述,并对今后的该领域的研究进行了展望,旨在为双酚A废水的植物修复技术提供参考和借鉴。     

土壤重金属的超富集植物研发利用现状及应用入侵植物修复的前景综述

植物修复作为一种绿色安全技术成为土壤重金属污染治理研究的热点领域之一。综述了当前已筛选用于土壤重金属污染修复的植物种类、研发现状及其应用模式, 总结了植物修复技术存在的问题及面临的困境。在此基础上, 围绕入侵植物生长繁殖快、生物量大、抗逆性强及其对某些重金属的超富集特性, 分析探讨了入侵植物作为土壤重金属污染修复的可行性及应用前景, 并提出对入侵植物修复的后续处理利用思路, 旨为综合利用入侵植物修复土壤重金属污染提供可能的新途径和新方法。     

低放核素污染土-水介质的植物修复研究进展

植物修复技术是利用植物根系吸收水分和养分的过程来吸收和转化土壤和水体中的污染物,以期达到清除,修复和治理的目的,是用于对土壤-水体中重金属和放射性核素污染清除的生态技术.本文就放射性核素的来源、污染现状、植物对放射性核素的积累筛选以及对污染土壤的修复研究进行综述,以明确植物修复技术在改善环境中的作用,为进一步筛选超积累植物并探讨植物对放射性核素污染的修复机理提供参考.     

生物基因技术修复石油污染土壤研究进展

植物修复油污土壤是控制环境污染的有效途径,但在实际应用中存在着植物生物量较小、生长缓慢等不足。将具有修复功能的外源基因引入植物中,使转基因植物的生物修复功能大大增强,为解决土壤石油污染问题提供了有效手段。文章系统论述了转基因植物对石油污染土壤中有机污染物,尤其是对持久性有机污染物（POPs）的吸收、转化和降解作用以及近年来所取得的突破性进展,并指出了利用生物基因修复技术进行土壤石油污染研究的发展趋势。     

环境污染治理领域中的植物修复技术

植物修复是利用植物的吸收和代谢功能将环境介质中的污染物进行分解、富集和稳定的过程。由于污染物的理化特性和环境行为不同,加之植物新陈代谢的各异,污染物植物修复的作用机理也不尽相同。与其它修复方法相比,植物修复技术投入低、效果好和纯自然,并对土壤功能的维护和土壤生物恢复有积极的作用。本文综述了近年来国外有关植物修复技术在污染治理领域中的研究进展,详细论述了推广应用污染物植物修复过程中应注意的几个技术关键;并就植物修复技术中存在的问题进行了讨论。总之,污染物植物修复技术的发展目前还不完善,就其更为详细具体的作用机理和商业推广的研究还需要做大量的工作。     

解磷微生物修复土壤重金属污染研究进展

土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,具有普遍性、隐蔽性、表聚性、不可逆性等特点,已经成为环境污染治理中的热点、难点问题。解磷微生物能够依靠自身的代谢产物或通过与其他生物的协同作用,将土壤中的难溶性磷转化为可供植物吸收利用的磷,具有多重植物促生长功能和重金属解毒能力,可在重金属毒害水平下,促进植物生长、提高植物抗病能力、克服重金属对植物生长的不利影响,从而增强重金属修复植物的生存竞争力。从解磷微生物的研究现状入手,介绍了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染的修复能力,综述了解磷微生物对土壤重金属污染修复的作用机制,分析了目前解磷微生物在重金属修复过程中存在的问题,并提出了今后研究的方向,为重金属污染土壤的修复提供了新思路。     

A note on communicating environmental change for non-market valuation

Communicating change in environmental condition is a critical component of non-market valuation studies. However, the underlying assumptions and implications associated with alternative ways of expressing change in environmental condition for surveys are rarely discussed in the literature. Our review found no cases where alternative formulations were both discussed and tested. In this note we report on our multi-disciplinary analysis of how best to express such change. We interrogate the meaning of, and inferences from, four formulations for quantitative expressions, or metrics, of environmental indicators that are used in the field of ecology and we then evaluate their usefulness in non-market valuation. The assumptions and limitations of each formulation are discussed using seven hypothetical cases of change in environmental condition. We show that formulations for expressing change can be grouped based on two inherent philosophies potentially held by people when they consider their preferences for environmental changes: ‘more is better philosophy’ and ‘restoration philosophy’. We contend that, without careful consideration of which philosophy people may apply, it is possible to inadvertently bias respondent choices when a particular formulation is used in a valuation study. If this happens, resulting value estimates will be a poor reflection of what researchers seek. An alternative approach that does not presuppose a philosophy but instead helps reveal a respondent’s philosophy, is proposed.     

Environmental Performance Index at the Provincial Level for China 2006–2011

In recent years, China has experienced rapid economic development and thousands of people escaped from poverty. However, this high-speed development has also led to increased pressure on the environment. Although the Chinese government has focused on solving environmental problems for the past few decades, it appears to have had little effect. Environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is a quantifiable environmental management tool that can evaluate environmental protection effects and provide guidance to improve government efficiency. We use EPE to evaluate China’s environmental performance at the provincial level between 2006 and 2011. In this study, the theme framework and driver force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework models are used to build the composite index (CI) for environmental performance. This index includes 39 indicators in four categories that were selected based on data that can be acquired from China’s Statistical Bureau. The results indicate that the environmental performance index (EPI) of 30 provincial administrative regions (PARs) from 2006 to 2011 ranges from 44.12 (Shanxi, 2006) to 80.87 (Beijing, 2010), from poor to good, respectively. To help develop more effective policies to improve China’s regional environmental performance, cluster analysis (CLA) is applied to divide the 30 PARs into 3 sub-regions. Recommendations for improving the environmental performance of different sub-regions are made to help guide the Chinese government to adjust environmental governance approaches to local conditions.     

Atmospheric metal pollutants and environmental injustice: A methodological approach to environmental risk analysis using fuzzy logic and tree bark

Air pollution is the single largest environmental risk today and is increasing in developing countries. In addition, exposure to air pollution is correlated to poor socioeconomic conditions owing to political processes and cultural and historic occupation of land. Ports have several structures that are potential emitters of pollutants such as large ship engines, diesel trucks, and trains. Owing to the considerable costs of implementing direct monitoring networks, alternatives like biomonitoring are an interesting approach to evaluate the environmental status of a particular area using living organisms or their parts such as bark, even though the use of bark as a biomonitor has several problems such as difficulties in determining the exposure period and its correlation with human exposure. Therefore, the use of a complementary mathematical logic is necessary. This study describes a methodological approach to evaluate the environmental risk from air pollution integrating data on environmental pollutants from tree bark using Fuzzy logic, based in the port city of Paranaguá in the state of Paraná in Brazil, and validated using income indicators. The results indicate that the risk distribution patterns have an inverse relationship with the income indicator, i.e., higher risk levels indicate lower income levels and vice versa. It was concluded that the system was able to identify the distribution of risk and that there is a context of environmental injustice in the region, where the environmental risk related to air pollution is inversely proportional to income levels. This type of information provides a decision making tool for environmental risk analysis from air pollution and can be used in the definition of public policies.     

Spatial mobility and environmental effects on obesity

In this paper, we used a randomized experiment, the Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing Demonstration (MTO) study, to assess whether several environmental attributes are causes of obesity. To accomplish our objective, we linked the MTO data with several external data sources that provide information on potential determinants of obesity including food prices, restaurant and food store availability, physical activity facility availability, the prevalence of crime and population density. We find that the environmental factors we examined are unable to explain the observed decrease in obesity associated with the MTO experiment among low-income minority women.     

LTP在植物抗环境胁迫中的作用

脂质转移蛋(白Lipid transfer protein,LTP)是一类分泌蛋白,曾被认为是一种在体外膜间进行脂质转移的蛋白,因其作用对象很广泛,所以目前又称其为非特异性LTP(non-specific lipid transfer proteins,nsLTPs)。有很多证据表明nsLTPs可能参与多方面的植物细胞与生理生化反应,这些生物学功能包括:参与角质层的合成和胚胎的发育;适应各种胁迫环境;抗病原微生物等作用,尤其是在适应胁迫环境中,起到很大作用。介绍了nsLTPs在植物抗环境胁迫中所发挥的作用,同时对应用研究作了简单展望。     

Trait‐divergence assembly rules have been demonstrated: Limiting similarity lives! A reply to Grime

The recent Forum contribution by Grime (2006) contrasts the MacArthur/Diamond assembly‐rule approach to studying plant communities with the study of environmental trait gradients. Both are valid and useful. In doing so, Grime declares that the assembly rules model, in which negative interactions between plants act with limiting similarity to cause local trait divergence, is “not supported by empirical study of plant communities”. This is, he says, the agony of community ecology. I show that there is now abundant evidence for assembly rules, and no agony.     

外界影响因素导致先天性尿道下裂形成研究

对近五年PubMed收录的环境因素影响导致尿道下裂形成的原始研究性文章展开综述。搜索2007至2012年英文,标题中含有”hypospadias”的原始研究性文章,排除综述、评论及病例报道,明确提出对具体环境因素进行研究的原始研究性文章达到入选标准。25篇文章达到入选标准,对其分类汇总,从化学物质、父母特性、营养及激素水平四方面对其展开综述。尽管已经证明一些环境因素与尿道下裂形成有联系,但仍缺乏权威性研究结果,仍需进一步研究。     

微生物固定化及其在环境污染治理中的应用研究进展

微生物固定化技术广泛应用于食品、轻化以及环保领域,其具有微生物密度高、生物活性好、环境适应性强、可反复利用等优点。本文对微生物固定化技术进行了概述,并通过典型案例重点阐释了其在水、土和大气等环境污染治理领域的应用进展。在水环境中,固定化载体可为不同类型微生物提供生存微环境和各自所需的生态位,提高了系统负荷和处理效能;在土壤环境中,其重要作用在于提高土壤中污染物的生物有效性,从而提升微生物修复效果;空气污染治理领域则更注重载体的机械强度及气液传质能力的提高。本文比较总结了微生物固定化技术在不同环境治理领域中的应用特点和优势,以期为今后的环境污染治理提供一定的参考。     

Extinction Risk: Predicting and Redressing the Threat

Predicting and redressing the threat of species extinction is not a success story. The science of estimating extinction rates and risk prediction is approached in a manner that is difficult to apply in the field, and yet current integrated ecosystem management programmes in many parts of the world, which are trying to place the conservation of species into sustainable community projects, need predictive tools for planning land use programmes. Such programmes involve US$100s of millions of multilateral and bilateral aid; many predicated on a site's biodiversity importance, the risks of extinction, sustainable extraction, production forms of land use, community livelihoods, water, and many others factors, but increasingly on ensuring that after the pump-priming funds are finished the programmes are both environmentally and economically sustainable (Swingland 2002, 2003, 2004; Swingland et al. 2003). [Swingland I.R. 2002. In: Swingland I.R., Bettelheim E.C., Grace J., Prance G.T. and Saunders L.S. (eds), Carbon Biodiversity, Conservation and Income: An Analysis of a Free Market Approach to Land-use Change and Forestry in Developing and Developed Countries. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, London; Swingland I.R. (ed.) 2003. Capturing Biodiversity and Conserving Biodiversity: The Market Approach. Earthscan, London; Swingland I.R. (ed.) 2004. CO² e biodiversità. Un approccio integrato a favore del clima e del patrimonio naturale. Edizioni Ambiente, Milano, Italy, 296 pp.; Swingland I.R., Bettelheim E.C. and Niles J.O. 2003. In: Swingland I.R. (ed.), Capturing Biodiversity and Conserving Biodiversity: The Market Approach. Earthscan, London] This involves predictions of ‘what if?’ what if laws are changed to prevent over utilisation and prevent ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ where land ownership is vested in the state and people degrade the environment, and instead institute private land ownership. In places like China and much of the Far East, biodiversity is over-exploited as nearly all their species are used for food, medicine and construction purposes, and private land ownership in rural areas is rudimentary or absent. Since most species extinction is anthropocentric, research on species extinction needs to be more accessible and focussed on global problems.     

An inverted latitudinal gradient of plant diversity in shallow depressions on Ivorian inselbergs

The vegetation of shallow depressions on Ivorian granite inselbergs was studied along a gradient from the savanna zone in the north to the rainforest zone in the south of the country. Short-term inundation and prolonged drought are typical features of this habitat. In total, 64 taxa belonging to 25 families were recorded, with the Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Fabaceae accounting for the greatest proportion of species. Annuals represent the predominant life form and comprise nearly two thirds of all species recorded. DCA ordination of the sample plots illustrates that diversity decreases from north to south, and is accompanied by a gradual transition in the ambient vegetation from savanna to rainforest. This decrease is in marked contrast with diversity of surrounding vegetation types. In the drier northern area, it appears as if the less favourable environmental conditions prevent a state of community equilibrium being attained in the shallow depressions. This enables weak competitors to co-exist along with more vigorous species, which, in the south of the country, form species-poor stands. Furthermore, the fact that inselbergs in the rainforest zone are more isolated enhances the probability of extinction of less competitive associates.