绵羊胞内单精子注射技术

本文的主要目标是建立绵羊胞内单精子注射技术(intracyioplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)。并且尝试了ICSI技术生产绵羊转基因胚胎的可能性。实验1比较了绵羊卵母细胞孤雌激活的3种化学方法。结果显示,Ionomvcin/3 h/6-dimethylaminopurine(6-DMAP)和Ionomycin激活胚的卵裂率(71.7%和91.8%)和囊胚率(17.4%和11%)显著(P<0.01)高于Ca~(2+)激活胚(18.4%和0)。Ionomycin/3 h/6-DMAP激活胚的囊胚发育形态和比例相对较高。实验2中,活精子注射至卵母细胞质后,用Ionomycin/3 h/6-DMAP激活,排出第二极体(PB2)的71枚ICSI胚胎用SOFaaBSA溶液培养,卵裂率为71.8%(51/71),显著(P<0.01)高于体外受精(41.4%,IVF)和阴性对照胚胎(30.2%,sham-ICSI)。培养7天后,sham-ICSI组没有囊胚生成;ICSI和IVF胚胎的囊胚率分别为7.0%(5/71)和16.1%(9/56),两者差异不显著(P>0.05)。这些ICSI囊胚在冷冻前后均能孵化,显示初步建立了绵羊ICSI技术。另外,我们探索了ICSI技术生产转基因胚胎的可能性,-20℃冻融1次的死精子与pEGFP-N1质粒共注射,33枚2-细胞期ICSI胚胎中,2枚可见GFP蛋白。其中1枚停止发育,另外1枚继续发育至16-细胞期,仍然可见GFP基因的表达。4枚解冻的ICSI囊胚手术移植给2只发情同期化受体绵羊,60天时,B超未见怀孕。本文初步结果表明,ICSI技术生产转基因绵羊有可能性,需深入研究。     

实验兔胞内单精子注射技术

目的 建立实验兔胞内单精子注射技术(intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI).方法 实验1比较了hCG注射后不同取卵时间对ICSI胚体外发育的影响.实验 2 比较了不同的激活方式对ICSI胚体外发育的影响.实验 3 比较了不同状态的兔精子ICSI胚胎体外发育结果.结果 (1)hCG注射后14 h取卵,其卵裂率、桑椹胚率和囊胚率(82.2%、72.9%和62.2%)都比16 h(75.9%、70.0%和53.3%)的高,但是差异无显著性(P>0.05);18 h取的卵注射后不能卵裂.(2)机械刺激组和离子霉素 6-DMAP组,ICSI后其卵裂率分别为82.2%和81.1%(P>0.05),桑椹胚率分别为72.9%和66.2%(P>0.05),囊胚率分别为51.3%和62.3%(P<0.05),机械刺激组和离子霉素组之间卵裂率和桑椹胚率差异无显著性,但是囊胚率差异有显著性.(3)新鲜精子组和冻融活精子组卵裂率(81.1%和68.8%)和囊胚率(62.3%和40.4%)差异有显著性(P<0.05),而桑椹胚率(66.2%和61.9%)差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论 精子冷冻前后,通过ICSI所得的桑椹胚均能孵化,表明已初步建立了实验兔的ICSI技术.     

精子和卵母细胞质量控制对山羊卵胞质内精子注射（ICSI）受精的影响

ABSTRACT Effects of sperm and oocyte quality control on the efficiency of ICSI of in vitro matured goat oocytes were studied in this paper. The results showed that when injected intracytoplasmically, spermatozoa from caput, corpus and cauda epididymidis resulted in similar rates of fertilization, cleavage and morulae/blastocysts, but when injected subzonally, spermatozoa from caput and corpus gave rise to significantly lower rates of fertilization and embryo development than spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis and ejaculates. When dead spermatozoa collected from semen that had been preserved in different ways were used for ICSI, those dead from liquid storage at 20 degrees C for 24 h gave rise to the best, but those dead from liquid storage at 5 degrees C for 15 days produced the poorest fertilization and embryo development. When spermatozoa were treated with different concentrations of Triton X-100 before ICSI, significantly higher rates of fertilization, cleavage and morulae/blastocysts were obtained with 0.0005% Triton X-100 than with other concentrations and manual immobilization. Oocytes were classified as of good and poor qualities by treatment in hypertonic sucrose solution, and rates of fertilization and embryo development were significantly higher in the good than in the poor oocytes after ICSI. Post-injection activation of oocytes with either A23187 or ionomycin/6-DMAP significantly increased the rates of fertilization, cleavage and morulae/blastocysts after ICSI. It is therefore concluded that (i) epididymal maturation mainly endowed spermatozoa with the capacity to fuse with the egg plasma membrane; (ii) different methods of semen storage caused different impairment of sperm fertilizing capacity; (iii) pre-injection treatment of spermatozoa with proper concentrations of Triton X-100 might be used to replace manual immobilization for ICSI; (iv) oocyte quality was a major factor influencing the efficiency of ICSI; (v) post-injection activation treatment of oocytes improved fertilization and embryo development after ICSI.     

猪胞浆内单精子注射研究进展

胞浆内单精子注射将体外受精和显微操作技术相结合,已成功应用于哺乳动物受精机理研究,家畜性控胚胎生产,动物转基因等领域。综述了猪胞浆内单精子注射的主要影响因素,包括卵母细胞体外成熟和预处理、精子的选择和处理、注射卵的人工激活以及操作技术的改进,为进一步提高猪胞浆内单精子注射的效率以及该技术的应用提供参考。     

睾丸内注射pEGFP-N1体内转染精子并在山羊早期胚胎成功表达

目的探讨睾丸内注射法pEGFP-N1在精细胞的整合和在早期胚胎中表达.方法选择4头本地山羊,双侧睾丸注射不同剂量质粒DNA pEGFP-N1,注射后PCR和Southern杂交检测pEGEP-N1在精子中的整合.结果pEGFP-N1整合到精子基因组中,转染效率最高发生在注射后第40天,转染阳性率最高为81%;绿色荧光蛋白在精子及其体外受精的部分胚胎中表达,胚胎阳性率最高的达66.7%.结论通过睾丸内注射pEGFP-N1能整合进入精子基因组,并能通过体外受精在山羊早期胚胎中表达;睾丸内注射法可能是一种可行、简单并利于推广的制备转基因山羊的方法.     

精子和卵母细胞质量控制对山羊卵胞质内精子注射(ICSI)受精的影响

以体外成熟卵母细胞为材料研究了精子来源及制动处理方法、卵母细胞质量及注射后激活等因素对山羊ICSI效果的影响.结果说明,附睾头、体和尾精子ICSI后的受精率、卵裂率和桑椹胚/囊胚发育率与射出的鲜精精子都没有明显差异(p＞0.05),但带下注射时附睾头和体精子的受精和发育率显著低于附睾尾和射精精子.在以4种不同方法致死的精子中,室温保存24h的死精子ICSI受精、卵裂和桑椹/囊胚率虽然低于对照组,但是明显高于其它方式致死的精子;5℃保存15天的死精子受精和发育效果最差.0.0005%Triton X-100处理精子的受精率、卵裂率和桑椹/囊胚率显著(p＜0.05)高于制动对照组、不制动对照组和其它浓度组.经高渗处理法检测质量好的卵母细胞ICSI受精和胚胎发育效果显著好于质量差的卵母细胞.与对照组相比,A23187和Ionomycin/6-DMAP激活处理均显著(p＜0.05)提高ICSI的受精率、卵裂率和桑椹/囊胚发育率.因此,精子在附睾内的成熟过程主要与其获得与卵质膜融合能力有关;精液保存方法对精子受精能力的损伤程度有很大差异;适当浓度的Triton X-100处理可模仿精子制动;卵母细胞质量是影响ICSI效果的重要因素;注射精子后激活卵母细胞能保证山羊ICSI的受精效果.     

卵母细胞胞质内注射技术获得胚胎的研究现状

卵母细胞胞质内注射是体外生产胚胎的一种重要技术,本文对胞质内生殖细胞和体细胞核注射的研究状况进行了综述。     

SD大鼠胞质内单精注射技术方法的建立

目的建立SD大鼠胞质内单精注射操作程序。方法和结果实验1：用直径为7～10μm和2-4μm的注射针以及相应的注射方法进行大鼠ICSI,ICSI后卵母细胞存活率（30．5％vs．61．3％）和卵裂率（12．5％vs．51．1％）均差异显著（P〈0．05）;实验2：分别在hCG后14h、16h和18h取卵进行ICSI,三组存活率（77．4％、74．1％vs．69．6％）差异不显著（P〉0．05）;14h和16h组的卵裂率（60．8％、56．0％vs．31．3％）与18h组差异显著（P〈0．05）;实验3：用不同的显微操作液H-mR1CM和H-mKRB进行大鼠ICSI,结果卵存活率相近（79．2％vs．75．9％）,卵裂率（70．5％vs．74．7％）差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但8-细胞发育率（43．5％vs．61．9％）差异显著（P〈0．05）,囊胚发育率差异极显著（P〈0．01）。结论大鼠ICSI时在注射hCG后14～16h取卵最佳,采用2—4pan直径的注射针、H—mKRB作为操作液更有利于卵的发育。     

胞浆内精子注射技术生产小鼠

以piezo操作系统为技术支撑 ,在掌握小鼠卵母细胞胞浆内精子注射技术 (ICSI)的基础上 ,进行了ICSI技术生产试管小鼠的尝试。来自成年昆明 (KM)小鼠附睾尾的新鲜精子 ,剪切去尾后 ,直接将精子头注射到B6D2F1小鼠卵母细胞质中 ,注射后 1h ,83.3%的卵母细胞存活。6h时 ,84.0 %的成活卵子成功受精 ,形成原核 ,排出PB2 体外培养的ICSI胚胎 ,卵裂率 (98%vs 94.7% )和 4-细胞期胚胎比率 (89.5%vs 92.1% )均与培养的体内受精卵没有差异 (P >0.05 ) ;但是 ,桑椹胚(63.8%vs84.2% )和囊胚发育率 (25.7%vs68.4% )极显著地 (P <0.01)低于对照组。120枚原核期胚胎移植给 7只假孕受体后 ,4只受孕小鼠共产出 28只ICSI小鼠 (23.3% )。健康成年的 25只ICSI小鼠都没有明显的生理和行为异常。随机选择其中的 20只小鼠 ,分别进行ICSI小鼠间、ICSI与KM小鼠间共 12组的交配 ,结果所有雌鼠妊娠产仔。在成功建立小鼠ICSI技术的基础上,成功获得了我国的首例ICSI小鼠,并且证明这些ICSI小鼠都具有正常的繁殖后代的能力。     

通过睾丸内注射转染外源DNA在小鼠精子的表达

为研究睾丸内注射外源DNA法生产转基因小鼠(Mus musculus)的可行性,并探讨注射DNA的最佳浓度。将环形的质粒DNA pEGFP-N1与脂质体混合制备DNA-脂质体复合物,按DNA浓度不同分为0.08μg/μl、0.12μg/μl和0.24μg/μl3组,分别注射入成年SPF级昆明小鼠睾丸内,同时设空白对照;每组处理公鼠2只,注射5d后每只与3只成年母鼠同笼,20d后在荧光显微镜下检测公鼠附睾精子,并制作睾丸石蜡切片,检测绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的表达;PCR法检测各组后代阳性率。结果显示,3组小鼠附睾荧光精子比例分别为9.09%、47.06%和27.78%。3组小鼠的睾丸石蜡切片中均可看到不同强度的GFP表达。后代经PCR检测阳性率分别为17.26%、47.61%和22.11%。本实验证实了睾丸注射法能使外源DNA整合进入精子基因组,并能在自身和后代中得到表达,本研究中外源DNA注射浓度以0.12μg/μl效果为最佳。     

Births of calves derived from embryos produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection without exogenous oocyte activation

Tail-cut bovine spermatozoa were microinjected into ooplasmic lipid polarised, in vitro matured bovine oocytes using a piezomicropipette-driving system. No exogenous oocyte activation treatment was used. Of the sperm-injected oocytes, 86.3% were activated, 71.8% cleaved and 22.7% developed to the blastocyst stage. The average cell count of the blastocysts was 122.5 +/- 15 and a majority (81.8%) of the blastocysts were cytologically normal (diploid). When transferred to recipient cows, 5 of 8 blastocysts developed to fetuses and 4 of 7 recipients became pregnant. Normal offspring were born.     

Offspring derived from intracytoplasmic injection of transgenic rat sperm

The objective of the present study was to produce rat offspring by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using a Piezo-driven micromanipulator. Transgenic male rats carrying a green fluorescent protein gene (GFP: homozygous) were used as sperm donors. The epididymal spermatozoa were suspended and sonicated in m-KRB medium and were frozen in the same medium at –20°C until use. When the sperm heads were aspirated into injection pipettes 7–10m in diameter and introduced into oocytes from the Wistar strain, no offspring resulted from the transfer of 59 eggs. In contrast, the sperm heads were hung on the tip of injection pipettes 2–4m in diameter and introduced into the oocytes, use of Piezo resulting in the production of 18 transgenic offspring carrying the GFP gene from 181 eggs transferred. The oocytes from the Sprague–Dawley strain also supported full-term development following ICSI with three offspring resulting from 163 transferred eggs. In an additional ICSI trial, spermatozoa from infertile transgenic rats carrying human lactalbumin with the thymidine kinase gene (LAC3: heterozygous) were used. The spermatozoa of the LAC3 transgenic rats appeared to be defective and immotile because of the expression of thymidine kinase in the testes, and no ICSI offspring resulted from 218 transferred eggs. These results suggest that ICSI is applicable in rats when Piezo-driven smaller pipettes are used to inject sperm heads together with a limited amount of the surrounding medium and that the ability of isolated sperm heads to participate in normal embryo development is maintained under the cryopreservation conditions employed.     

The in vitro and in vivo development of goat embryos produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection using tail-cut spermatozoa

The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a novel intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure, as well as the in vitro and in vivo developmental competence of goat embryos produced by ICSI. Oocyte-cumulus complexes recovered by LOPU from donors stimulated with gonadotrophins were matured in vitro. Fresh goat semen was used for ICSI following Percoll gradient washing. Tail-cut spermatozoa were microinjected into the ooplasm of goat oocytes using a piezo micropipette-driving system (PiezoDrill). In order to assess developmental competence, the ICSI-derived zygotes were cultured in one of two media systems (mTALP-mKSOM vs G1.3-G2.3) for in vitro development or were transferred into recipients for full-term development. The results suggest that cutting sperm tails using the oocyte-holding pipette coupled with the PiezoDrill is an efficient approach for goat ICSI in terms of oocyte survival, pronuclear development and initial cleavage. The mTALP-mKSOM culture system was more suitable for in vitro development of ICSI-derived goat embryos than G1.3-G2.3. This first report of full-term development of an ICSI-derived goat embryo suggests that ICSI can be applied to assisted reproduction in goats.     

Active demethylation of individual genes in intracytoplasmic sperm injection rabbit embryos

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), as an assisted reproduction technique, has been widely used in animal and human. However, its possible effect on epigenetic changes has not been well studied. To investigate whether ICSI can induce aberrant DNA methylation changes in rabbit preimplantation embryos, we examined the methylation status of the SP-A promoter region and the satellite sequence Rsat IIE by bisulfite-sequencing technology. The SP-A promoter region was extensively demethylated before the first round of DNA replication commences, and the unmethylated status was maintained until morula when dynamic remethylation occurred. A similar but more moderate demethylation process was observed in satellite sequence Rsat IIE. These results are in contrast with the previous reports of no active demethylation in normal rabbit embryos, suggesting that the active demethylation we observed may be induced by ICSI.     

Efficient generation of transgenic mice with intact yeast artificial chromosomes by intracytoplasmic sperm injection

The production of animals with large transgenes is an increasingly valuable tool in biotechnology and for genetic studies, including the characterization and manipulation of large genes and polygenic traits. In the present study, we describe an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) method for the stable incorporation and phenotypic expression of large yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) constructs of submegabase and megabase magnitude. By coinjecting spermatozoa and YACs into metaphase II oocytes, we were able to produce founders exhibiting germline transmission of an intact and functional transgene of 250 kilobases, carrying the mouse tyrosinase locus, used here as a reporter gene to rescue the albinism of recipient mice. More than 35% transgenesis was obtained for this YAC transgene. When compared with the pronuclear microinjection standard method, the efficiency of the ICSI-mediated YAC transfer system was significantly greater. In summary, we describe, for the first time, stable incorporation in the host genome and correct phenotypic expression of large DNA constructs mediated by ICSI.     

Recombinase-mediated mouse transgenesis by intracytoplasmic sperm injection

The low efficiency of current microinjection-based animal transgenesis techniques is largely the result of poor embryo survival. We have developed a new, bacterial recombinase-based transgenesis method. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) complexed with E. coli recombinase RecA into mouse metaphaseII (MII) arrested oocytes resulted in RecA-dependent transgenesis. This approach offers significant advantages over pronuclear microinjection and previous ICSI-based transgenesis approaches in terms of improved embryo survival, which translates into greater transgenesis efficiency. It also opens the possibility to attempt experiments, which may affect gene targeting by homologous recombination into DNA of mammalian single celled pre-implantation embryos.     

In vitro fertilization by intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the latest, and by far the most efficient, variant of micromanipulation-assisted fertilization, whereby a single spermatozoon is selected, aspirated into a microinjection needle and injected to the oocyte cytoplasm. The development of this technique is mainly linked to application in human assisted reproduction for which it enables fertilization with defective spermatozoa that would not otherwise be able to penetrate an oocyte by their proper means. Because ICSI by-passes many steps of the natural fertilization process, it offers an extremely interesting model for the study of basic mechanisms underlying fertilization. This is particularly true for oocyte activation, whose mechanism needs to be revisited in light of the current ICSI research. The massive application of ICSI in human infertility treatment also represents a huge laboratory in which the impact of different genetic and epigenetic anomalies of the male gamete on fertilization and embryonic development can be studied. BioEssays 21:791–801, 1999. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Vitrification and transfer of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) embryos fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Protocols for cryopreservation of monkey embryos are not well established. The objective of the current study was to determine the efficacy of the polypropylene strip method for cryopreserving cynomolgus monkey embryos. Cynomolgus monkey embryos, 63 and 56 at the 4- to 8-cell and 56 blastocyst stages, respectively, were produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro culture, and vitrified using a polypropylene strip. For these two stages, 95 and 86% survived after thawing and pregnancy rates were 29.2% (7 pregnant females/24 recipients, with three live births) and 0% (n = 16 recipients). These were apparently the first live births obtained from embryos fertilized by ICSI. In conclusion, 4- to 8-cell preimplantation cynomolgus monkey embryos were successfully cryopreserved using a polypropylene strip.     

The treatment of obstructive azoospermia by intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allows the treatment of virtually every type of male infertility. Unlike in vitro fertilization (IVF), its success does not depend on sperm concentration, motility or morphology and most of the physical barriers to fertilisation are by-passes. Since ICSI does not require strongly motile sperm, its use has now been expanded to incorporate immature sperm from the testes and epididymides. Successful fertilisation, pregnancies and healthy babies have all been reported. However, concerns about the safety of ICSI remain due to its short clinical history and the lack of testing on animal models. Male fertility potential for assisted reproduction by ICSI cannot be measured by conventional parameters. Sperm DNA integrity is increasingly recognised as a more useful indicator. Studies have shown that sperm with higher levels of DNA damage have lower fertilisation rates after IVF and ICSI. Sperm with DNA damage above a certain threshold are associated with a longer time to conceive in otherwise apparently fertile couples and a higher miscarriage rate. DNA damage has been shown to be associated with impaired embryo cleavage. Our group has shown that sperm DNA from testicular sperm is less fragmented than that from epididymal sperm and suggest its preferred use in ICSI. In addition to nuclear (n) DNA we also assessed the quality of mitochondrial (mt) DNA from testicular sperm from men with obstructive azoospermia undergoing ICSI. We observed that couples achieving a pregnancy had both less mtDNA deletions and less nDNA fragmentation. We found inverse relationships between pregnancy and sperm mtDNA deletion numbers, size and nDNA fragmentation. No relationships were observed with fertilisation rates. With this knowledge, we designed an algorithm for the prediction of pregnancy based on the quality of sperm nDNA and mtDNA. Each year 40,000 men have a vasectomy in the UK but every year 2500 request a reversal to begin a second family. For such men, vasectomy reversal has recently been replaced in part by testicular biopsy via fine-needle testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) or percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) performed at an outpatient clinic and subsequently used in ICSI. Since these were previously fertile men it has been assumed that they had ‘fertile’ sperm. However the assited conception success rates of these mens partners has not been assessed until recently. We have shown a significant reduction in the clinical pregnancy rates in the partners of men who had had a vasectomy ≥10yrs previously. There is also evidence to suggest that spermatogenesis is significantly impaired in vasectomised men. Marked decreases in spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa have been observed. We have found this to be associated with concomitant increases in apoptotic markers, such as Fas, FasL and Bax. The quality of the remaining sperm is also compromised. Sperm DNA from vasectomized men shows substantial damage which increases with time after surgery. This new use of ICSI will be discussed.