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1.
Territorial and spawning behavior ofChaetodon trifascialis were investigated on a small patch of reef at Kuroshima Island, Okinawa, Japan. Three males and 8 females inhabited the reef,
each individual defending a territory against conspecifics of the same sex. Each male territory included 2 or 3 female territories.
In the daytime, each male frequently visited the females living in its territory. At dusk in the full or new moon periods,
courtship began within the female territories, pair spawning subsequently occurring within or near those territories. When
a male actively courted a female in the territory of a second male, the latter male immediately chased off the intruder. Thus,
mating occurred only between a male and females living in former's territory. This is the first report of a haremic mating
system among butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae). 相似文献
2.
Timothy J. Wrathall Callum M. Roberts Rupert F. G. Ormond 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1992,34(3):305-308
Synopsis The ranging and feeding behaviour of the butterflyfishChaetodon austriacus (Chaetodontidae) was studied at eight sites along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. This species was strongly paired and was found to defend territories intraspecifically, predominantly by display and non-aggressive advertisement. Frequencies of overt aggression were relatively low. Two other species of butterflyfish were aggressed against occasionally, but this did not appear to be space-related.C. austriacus fed entirely on scleractinian corals, primarilyAcropora, but included a variety of other genera in the diet. Territories appeared to be defended primarily for feeding and were significantly larger (1.6 times) at 10–15 m on the fore-reef slope than at the 1–2 m deep reef-edge. The availability of coral differed by a similar amount between depths, cover being 1.7 times greater in shallow water. Feeding rates did not differ significantly between depths. 相似文献
3.
Butterflyfish social behaviour,with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Synopsis Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) are among the best studied of coral reef fishes. Feeding ecology and some aspects of behaviour have been firmly established. However, spacing behaviour remains controversial. Two major studies made in the 1970s concluded that the majority of species were not territorial. We suggest that these and other studies which have concluded that territories are not held have generally suffered from short observation periods, and have not mapped the ranges occupied by individuals. Further, low frequencies of agonistic behaviour have been interpreted as evidence of non-territoriality. By contrast, studies which have proven territoriality have had long observation periods and have mapped ranges. These have shown that territories are usually maintained with very little overt aggression. Spacing behaviour and feeding behaviour are clearly linked, with territoriality common among benthic-feeding species, especially obligate corallivores. Species with broad dietary flexibility tend to have flexible social systems, while plankton feeders are usually gregarious. The widespread occurrence of monogamy in butterflyfishes appears linked to territoriality, the majority of territorial species identified to date occurring predominantly as pairs. Data currently available suggest that this is because pair defence of the territory is more efficient than by individuals. However, several alternative hypotheses for the evolution of monogamy based on spawning constraints and predation risk cannot yet be ruled out. 相似文献
4.
Timothy C. Tricas 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1989,25(1-3):171-185
Synopsis Factors that structure preferences among food corals were examined for the obligate coral-feeding butterflyfishChaetodon multicinctus. In the field, fish show a simple repetitious pattern of foraging composed of (1) pre-encounter search for coral colonies,
and (2) post-encounter inspection/orientation, bite, and consumption of polyps. Rose coral,Pocillopora meandrina, and the massive coral,Porites lobata, were taken in higher proportions than their percentage substrate cover, while finger coral,Porites compressa, was taken in lower proportion. Paired presentations of coral colonies in the lab gave similar results:Poc. meandrina was preferred overPor. lobata which was preferred overPor. compressa. Poc. meandrina tissue had the highest energy content, lowest handling time, and highest profitability. Energy content did not differ amongPorites tissues, but handling time was greater and more inspective eye movements were made while foraging on the branched finger coral,Por. compressa. Experimental manipulation of coral colony morphology indicate preferences amongPorites are most likely structured by handling costs. Predictions of a simple prey-choice foraging model are supported in theC. multicinctus system if abundance of the branched coralPor. compressa is estimated as that available to fishes rather than percentage substrate cover. The relative size and abundance of stinging
nematocysts are also consistent with observed foraging patterns in the field, but await immunological confirmation. Coral-feeding
butterflyfishes offer unique opportunities to test models of foraging ecology in reef fishes, and the direction of future
studies is suggested. 相似文献
5.
Underwater observations were conducted on the reproductive behavior and mating system of the lefteye flounder,Engyprosopon grandisquama, off Nagashima, southwest of Kyushu Island, Japan. Two types of males were found: large males, which defended territories
against other large males, and small males, which did likewise but only against smaller males. Large males established territories
which encompassed or ovelapped the home ranges of 1 or 2 cohabitant females. Territories of the small males, in which a smaller
female often maintained a home range, overlapped those of large males. Pair spawning occurred around sunset. Mating of large
males with cohabitant females was observed 36 times and that of a small male with a smaller female once. Pair formation was
assorted by body size, paired males being larger than females in most cases. Thus, inE. grandisquama, gigamous large males were common, small males occurring within the former's erritorial boundaries mating with smaller females. 相似文献
6.
Environmental determinants of butterflyfish social systems 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Thomas F. Hourigan 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1989,25(1-3):61-78
Synopsis Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) display a variety of social systems, including monogamous pair-bonds, harems, and schooling with group spawning. The range of reproductive options available to butterflyfishes is shaped by their general life history characteristics, such as broadcast spawning with widely dispersed pelagic larvae, large body size and low adult mortality. The distribution and quality of food resources are major determinants of group size and mobility, thereby influencing the relative costs and benefits of available options, and determining specific social systems. Planktivorous and corallivorous butterflyfishes exemplify the relationship between food resources and social systems. Pelagic plankton is a patchy, but temporally and spatially unpredictable food resource which is efficiently exploited by fish in mobile schools. Neither sex is able to monopolize food resources necessary for the other sex, and plantivorous butterflyfishes appear constrained to spawn in groups. In contrast, corals are stable and predictable in space and time, favoring residence in one area and territorial defense of that space by coral-feeding butterflyfishes. Females defend food resources from other females, and males defend territories containing a female from other males. Males attempt to defend areas containing more than one female, but are unsuccessful. A monogamous social system results. This system favors the evolution of cooperative behavior between mates to increase female fecundity, as long as the male has an opportunity of sharing in that reproduction. Mate removal experiments conducted on two monogamous coral-feeding species,Chaetodon multicinctus andChaetodon quadrimaculatus reveal a division of labor between male and female pair-mates. Paired males assume most of the territorial defense activities, allowing their mates to feed more. 相似文献
7.
Synopsis The reproductive biology of the coral reef butterflyfish,Chaetodon multicinctus, was investigated by histological examination of gonads sampled over an 18 month period from a shallow inshore population
on Oahu, Hawaii. Most gonads developed directly from previously undifferentiated tissue. Ovarian development (the structural
formation of lamellae and primary oocytes) was observed in fish ≥44 mm and testicular development (the formation of spermatogenic
crypts) in fish ≥62 mm standard length (SL). In addition, testis formation was identified within the ovarian lamellae of several
differentiated but immature fish. It is hypothesized that prematurational sex change may facilitate monogamy within the highly
competitive social structure of this site attached species. Oocyte development in mature females was marked by distinct phases
of primary growth, the formation of yolk vesicles, and vitellogenesis. Spawning activity was histologically identified by
the maturation and hydration of fully yolked oocytes, and presence of postovulatory follicles. Recently spawned females from
field collections and experimental gonadotropin-treatments exhibited postovulatory follicles that were estimated to persist
at least 24 h after ovulation. Atresia of yolked oocytes was classified into four stages of cell degeneration and resorption.
Monthly analyses of oocyte development and atresia within the sample population show thatC. multicinctus has a protracted annual spawning season with a major peak during the early spring and evidence of spawning activity among
some individuals in the fall. Histological analyses of spawning activity provide more accurate and unambiguous information
than do traditional gonadosomatic assays in this and probably other coral reef fishes. 相似文献
8.
David A. Feary Mark I. McCormick 《Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology》2009,373(1):45-49
Although the global decline in coral reef health is likely to have profound effects on reef associated fishes, these effects are poorly understood. While declining coral cover can reduce the abundance of reef fishes through direct effects on recruitment and/or mortality, recent evidence suggests that individuals may survive in disturbed habitats, but may experience sublethal reductions in their condition. This study examined the response of 2 coral associated damselfishes (Pomacentridae), Chrysiptera parasema and Dascyllus melanurus, to varying levels of live coral cover. Growth, persistence, and the condition of individuals were quantified on replicate coral colonies in 3 coral treatments: 100% live coral (control), 50% live coral (partial) and 0% live coral (dead). The growth rates of both species were directly related to the percentage live coral cover, with individuals associated with dead corals exhibiting the slowest growth, and highest growth on control corals. Such differences in individual growth between treatments were apparent after 29 d. There was no significant difference in the numbers of fishes persisting or the physiological condition of individuals between different treatments on this time-scale. Slower growth in disturbed habitats will delay the onset of maturity, reduce lifetime fecundity and increase individual's vulnerability to gape-limited predation. Hence, immediate effects on recruitment and survival may underestimate the longer-term impacts of declining coral on the structure and diversity of coral-associated reef fish communities. 相似文献
9.
10.
David Lecchini Julien Million Yohei Nakamura René Galzin 《Ichthyological Research》2009,56(3):314-318
The study examined the effects of coastal embankment building on fish recruitment in three habitat types (beach-rock, white sand and muddy sand) in the near shore and fringing reef habitats of Moorea lagoon (French Polynesia). The results showed a positive relationship between the presence of embankments and the density and species richness of juvenile fish along the shoreline (whatever the habitat types). However, embankments deteriorated adjacent fringing reefs (decrease of live coral), which led to a decrease of fish density on beach-rock and white sand sites, and a decrease of fish species richness on muddy sand sites. 相似文献
11.
D. Ross Robertson 《Oecologia》1995,103(2):180-190
Stegastes diencaeus and S. dorsopunicans are mutually territorial Caribbean damselfishes. S. diencaeus is larger, grows faster and lives longer than S. dorsopunicans. S. diencaeus is a habitat specialist that shares its primary habitat mainly with S. dorsopunicans. Field manipulations show that both S. diencaeus and S. dorsopunicans readily take over living space from smaller, but not larger, heterospecific neighbors. Natural changes in the use of living space by both species occur frequently and adult S. diencaeus often aggressively usurp the living areas of smaller S. dorsopunicans. Lunar and seasonal patterns of juvenile recruitment by S. diencaeus and S. dorsopunicans are similar. Large size bestows competitive superiority on S. diencaeus by giving its adults a superior ability to aggressively acquire living space, and by enabling its juveniles to quickly escape the period when they lack a size advantage. Hence they spend much of their lives as competitive dominants. There is no evidence that competitive advantages arising from large size are offset either by other adult attributes or by differences in temporal patterns of recruitment that affect priority of access to space. The lottery hypothesis for species coexistence relies on patterns of abundance being determined by patterns of recruitment to vacant space because different species have equal space-holding abilities. These data show that the existence of such a mechanism is doubtful. 相似文献
12.
Social groupings in 18 species of butterflyfish and pair bond weakening during the nonreproductive season 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Shinji Yabuta 《Ichthyological Research》2007,54(2):207-210
I surveyed social groupings in 18 butterflyfish species of genus Chaetodon, focusing on how many individuals usually swim together in the reproductive season. Social groupings in 4 of the 18 species were first reported. Six of the 18 species were also observed in the nonreproductive seasons. Three species, of which 2 species were found to be monogamous, spent less time swimming with their partner during the nonreproductive season than the reproductive season. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the function of pair swimming is to increase the egg production of the female. 相似文献
13.
Leslie Whaylen Christy V. Pattengill-Semmens Brice X. Semmens Phillippe G. Bush Mark R. Boardman 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2004,70(3):305-313
Mass spawning aggregations of Caribbean grouper species are a conservation priority because of declines due to over-fishing. Previous studies have documented five historical aggregation sites in the Cayman Islands. Today, three of these sites are inactive or commercially extinct. In January 2002, the Reef Environmental Education Foundation led an expedition to Little Cayman Island to document a recently re-discovered spawning aggregation of Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus. A team of divers estimated the abundance, color phase composition, and courtship and spawning behavior of the aggregating grouper. The color phase composition of the aggregation shifted both during the course of each evening and throughout the 10-day project. Divers documented atypical coloration and courtship behavior in 10 additional fish species, of which five were seen spawning. Artisanal fishing occurred daily on the aggregation. The Cayman Islands Department of the Environment collected landings data and sampled catches to obtain length and sex ratios. The Cayman fishing fleet, while small, had a significant impact on the aggregation with a harvest of almost 2000 Nassau grouper during the 10-day project. The study site supports the largest known Nassau grouper aggregation in the Cayman Islands. The relatively large size of fish and the high proportion of males indicate that this site supports a relatively healthy aggregation compared to other Nassau grouper aggregation sites throughout the Caribbean. 相似文献
14.
William Gladstone 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1987,20(4):255-261
Synopsis The sharpnose puffer,Canthigaster valentini, occurs in male-dominated harems of territorial females at Lizard Island (Australia). Spawning occurs daily and year-round. Males only spawn with the females of their social group, inside the female's territory. Females signal their readiness to begin courtship with a display that exposes their egg swollen abdomen. Courtship is long and males do not develop specific courtship colors or perform unique displays. Eggs are fertilized in a demersal nest and there is no parental care. 相似文献
15.
David Lecchini Yohei Nakamura Julien Grignon Makoto Tsuchiya 《Ichthyological Research》2006,53(3):298-300
To know if the variation in the number of settling fish larvae can be dampened by density-dependent postsettlement mortality,
we investigated the relationship between settler density and predator-induced mortality of a coral reef damselfish, Chromis viridis. Totals of 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 fish of 10 or 20 mm total length were released in experimental cages enclosing
a coral head of Porites rus (to provide settlement habitat) and five predators. The results showed that the mortality rate of both 10- and 20-mm fish
was density independent. 相似文献
16.
A 9-year study of the structure of assemblages of fish on 20 coral patch reefs, based on 20 non-manipulative censuses, revealed a total of 141 species from 34 families, although 40 species accounted for over 95% of sightings of fish. The average patch reef was 8.5 m2 in surface area, and supported 125 fish of 20 species at a census. All reefs showed at least a two-fold variation among censuses in total numbers of fish present, and 12 showed ten-fold variations. There was also substantial variation in the composition and relative abundances of species present on each patch reef, such that censuses of a single patch reef were on average about 50% different from each other in percent similarity of species composition (Czekanowski's index). Species differed substantially in the degree to which their numbers varied from census to census, and in the degree to which their dispersion among patch reefs was modified from census to census. We characterize the 40 most common species with respect to these attributes. The variations in assemblage structure cannot be attributed to responses of fish to a changing physical structure of patch reefs, nor to the comings and goings of numerous rare species. Our results support and extend earlier reports on this study, which have stressed the lack of persistant structure for assemblages on these patch reefs. While reef fishes clearly have microhabitat preferences which are expressed at settlement, the variations in microhabitat offered by the patch reefs are insufficient to segregate many species of fish by patch reef. Instead, at the scale of single patch reefs, and, to a degree, at the larger scale of the 20 patch reefs, most of the 141 species of fish are distributed without regard to differences in habitat structure among reefs, and patterns of distribution change over time. Implications for general understanding of assemblage dynamics for fish over more extensive patches of reef habitat are considered. 相似文献
17.
Synopsis I established and fitted von Bertalanffy growth functions to size-at-age data for four species of chaetodontids at Lizard Island. Special emphasis on juveniles provided detailed information of the early growth period. All four species demonstrated rapid initial growth achieving an average of 92% of maximum theoretical size in the first 2years. I used various constraints of the theoretical age at length zero (t0) in an analysis of both complete data sets and data sets using only adult fish. An unconstrained value of t0 resulted in the best-fit (maximum r2) curve when juveniles were included. When excluding juveniles, it was necessary to constrain t0 to an approximate settling size to most closely represent the growth of the species. 相似文献
18.
Jeffrey M. Leis 《Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology》2013,45(2):65-88
Daytime vertical distribution behaviour of settlement-stage reef-fish larvae in the upper 18?m was documented by diver observations of 497 pelagic larvae of 7 species 100–1000?m offshore of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Four species were studied on 2 sides of the island. Depth amplitude and depth frequency differed among species, locations and times. Four pomacentrids had modal depths in the upper 30–50% of the water column. A lutjanid and 2 chaetodontids had modal depths 0–2?m deeper than the deepest-swimming pomacentrid. On the leeward side, 6 of 7 species swam deeper and/or more variably offshore. On the windward side, 1 of 4 species swam deeper or more variably offshore. No larvae swam deeper than 18?m on the leeward side, but 31% of larvae of 3 species did so on the windward side. Three of 4 species swam deeper and/or more variably on the windward than leeward side. Vertical distributions in relatively shallow water are apparently strongly influenced by water-column depth and bottom type. 相似文献
19.
Jeffrey M. Leis 《Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology》2004,37(2):65-88
Daytime vertical distribution behaviour of settlement-stage reef-fish larvae in the upper 18 m was documented by diver observations of 497 pelagic larvae of 7 species 100-1000 m offshore of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Four species were studied on 2 sides of the island. Depth amplitude and depth frequency differed among species, locations and times. Four pomacentrids had modal depths in the upper 30-50% of the water column. A lutjanid and 2 chaetodontids had modal depths 0-2 m deeper than the deepest-swimming pomacentrid. On the leeward side, 6 of 7 species swam deeper and/or more variably offshore. On the windward side, 1 of 4 species swam deeper or more variably offshore. No larvae swam deeper than 18 m on the leeward side, but 31% of larvae of 3 species did so on the windward side. Three of 4 species swam deeper and/or more variably on the windward than leeward side. Vertical distributions in relatively shallow water are apparently strongly influenced by water-column depth and bottom type. 相似文献
20.
Michaela Kolker Shai Meiri Roi Holzman 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2019,73(4):803-816
The morphology of organisms reflects a balance between their evolutionary history, functional demands, and biomechanical constraints imposed by the immediate environment. In many fish species, a marked shift in the selection regime is evident when pelagic larvae, which swim and feed in the open ocean, settle in their adult benthic habitat. This shift is particularly dramatic in coral‐reef fishes, where the adult habitat is immensely complex. However, whether the adult trophic ecotype affects the morphology of early‐life stages is unclear. We measured a suite of 26 functional‐morphological traits in the head and body of larvae from an ontogenetic series of 16 labrid species. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we reconstructed the location of adaptive peaks of larvae whose adults are associated with different trophic ecotypes. We found that the morphospace occupation in these larvae is largely driven by divergent adaptations to the adult benthic habitats. The disparity between adaptive peaks is achieved early and does not monotonically increase with size. Our findings thus refute the notion that larvae rapidly acquire the trophic‐specific traits during a metamorphic period immediately prior to settlement. This early specialization might be due to the highly complex musculoskeletal system of the head that cannot be rapidly modified. 相似文献