十足目甲壳动物蜕壳研究进展

蜕壳是十足目甲壳动物必经的生理过程,其生长发育与繁殖都离不开蜕壳这一过程,甲壳动物在不同蜕壳时期具有不同的行为特征和生理变化。蜕壳不遂导致的死亡是甲壳动物在蜕壳期间面临的问题之一,而处于蜕壳期的个体又易成为天敌和同类捕食的对象,这些因素导致甲壳动物生长发育过程中的成活率较低,而较低成活率也是影响水产养殖业产量的原因之一。蜕壳过程中也受众多环境因素影响,并且这些因素能共同作用。本研究总结了十足目甲壳动物的蜕壳周期区分方法,并在此基础上探索对甲壳动物更为安全的蜕壳周期区分方法。为研究蜕壳对十足目甲壳动物生理过程的影响,简述了蜕壳机理及调节机制,总结概括了蜕壳的影响因素、蜕壳相关基因和未来的发展方向。了解蜕壳的不同时期,有助于针对甲壳动物在不同生长发育阶段的水产饲料的开发及改善,提高甲壳动物成活率,提升养殖产量。了解十足目甲壳动物的蜕壳机制,为深入研究生物矿化、离子跨膜转运、渗透压调节机制等完善理论基础,为十足目甲壳动物的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

甲壳动物高血糖激素家族生理功能研究进展

甲壳动物高血糖激素家族是甲壳动物特有的神经多肽激素家族,主要由眼柄的X-器窦腺复合体(XO-SG)合成与分泌,包括高血糖激素(CHH)、蜕皮抑制激素(MIH)、性腺抑制激素(GIH)和大颚器抑制激素(MOIH),协同调控着甲壳动物的生长、繁殖与蜕皮等生理生化过程.本文就目前CHH家族神经肽的功能研究,包括功能研究的方法、各个激素的功能以及分泌调控等研究进展作一综述.     

甲壳动物免疫因子的研究进展

无脊椎动物缺乏后天获得的特异性免疫功能,不产生免疫球蛋白,但是它们有先天性的非特异性免疫系统,能够识别和有效清除入侵的微生物和寄生虫等异物,保持体内外平衡。甲壳动物是无脊椎动物中的一个类群,近40年来,国外广泛地开展甲壳动物免疫的研究,而国内有关报道则较少。     

软体动物和甲壳动物酚氧化酶的研究进展

软体动物和甲壳动物的很多品种都是重要的经济养殖品种.随着养殖业集约化程度的提高,各种病害频繁发生,造成了巨大的经济损失.于是越来越多的人开始关注软体动物和甲壳动物的免疫防御系统,并对其进行研究.酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase,PO)是一种含铜的氧化酶,广泛存在于微生物、动物和植物体内.作为酚氧化酶原激活系统的重要一员,PO在无脊椎动物的先天免疫机制中起着重要的作用,有关其生物化学、免疫学和分子生物学特性的研究一直以来受到广泛关注,尤其在节肢动物中进展很快.作者对酚氧化酶在软体和甲壳动物中的功能、组织定位及表达、基因克隆和序列分析及其系统演化等几个方面的研究进展进行了综述.基因序列分析和系统进化树证据均表明,催化功能相同的软体动物酪氨酸酶与节肢动物PO的基因有较大差异.该结果对目前被广泛接受并使用的酪氨酸酶专门用于哺乳类,酚氧化酶专门用于无脊椎动物的分类法提出了挑战.因此作者建议,将酚氧化酶专门用于节肢动物,酪氨酸酶用于软体动物等非节肢动物和脊椎动物.     

RNAi在甲壳动物中的研究进展

RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）是一类在真核生物中广泛存在的,由双链RNA介导的转录后基因沉默机制。作为一项研究基因功能的有力工具,RNAi技术已经被广泛应用在线虫、果蝇、斑马鱼和小鼠等生物的基因组学研究中。近来在甲壳动物中,通过RNAi技术取得了众多的科研成果。文章从免疫、生长发育、蜕皮、生殖、性别调控、渗透压调节和代谢等几个方面进行了综述。进而对RNAi技术在甲壳动物中的研究前景进行了展望,旨在为以后更好地研究甲壳动物的基因功能和调控网络提供参考。     

荔枝蝽的实验种群生命表

通过田间笼罩试验 ,排除天敌等生物因子的作用 ,建立了荔枝蝽实验种群生命表 ,分析结果表明 ,荔枝蝽产卵期可持续 1 8周 ,产卵概率呈明显的偏态分布 ,且出现 2个产卵高峰 ;各虫态自然存活率很高 ,均在 95 %以上 ,其实验种群趋势的指数约为 84 0。     

麻黄蚜实验种群的生命表

麻黄蚜虫EphedraphisgobicaSzelegiewicz是危害中药材———草麻黄的重要害虫之一。通过室内饲养 ,构建了该蚜虫的实验种群生命表。结果表明 :该蚜虫的内禀增长率 (rm)、周限增长率 (λ)、净增殖率 (R0 )、种群世代平均周期 (T)和种群加倍时间 (t)分别是 :0 2 60 ,1 2 98,1 9 2 48,1 1 3 5 4和 2 661。     

甲壳动物性别分化的遗传决定及外界因素的影响(英文)

本文综述了甲壳动物的性别决定机理及外界因素对性别分化的影响。绝大多数甲壳动物没有明显的性染色体 ,促雄腺被认为是甲壳动物性别分化的最主要的决定因子 ,其作用已得到了广泛的证明。由于甲壳动物幼体在早期发育过程中具有向两性发育的潜能 ,促雄腺可以决定个体未来发育的性别 ,并且通过人为摘除或移植促雄腺的方法可以使性别已经分化的个体发生性逆转 ,从而改变幼体的性别。虽然甲壳动物的性别是由遗传决定的 ,但外界的因素比如寄生、光周期、温度或激素可以改变其性比 ,其中以寄生的影响研究比较多 ,并认为是影响某些甲壳动物性别分化的主要外界因子。由于大多数养殖的甲壳动物雌雄性之间有体重和体长的差异 ,在水产养殖中可以利用这些特征进行全雌或全雄种苗的生产 ,以提高产量和效益。     

Synaptic diversity and differentiation: Crustacean neuromuscular junctions

Crustacean motor neurons exhibit a wide range of synaptic responses. Tonically active neurons generally produce small excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) at low impulse frequencies, and are able to release much more transmitter as the impulse frequency increases. Phasic neurons typically generate large EPSPs in their target cells, but have less capability for frequency facilitation, and undergo synaptic depression during maintained activity. These differences depend in part upon the neuron's ongoing levels of activity; phasic neurons acquire physiological and morphological features of tonic neurons when their activity level is altered. Molecules responsible for adaptation to activity can be sought in single identified phasic neurons with current techniques. The fact that both phasic and tonic neurons innervate the same target muscle fibers is evidence for presynaptic determination of synaptic properties, but there is also evidence for postsynaptic determination of specific properties of different endings of a single neuron. The occurrence of high- and low-output endings of the same tonic motor neurons on different muscle fibers suggests a target-specific influence on synaptic properties. Structural variation of synapses on individual terminal varicosities leads to the hypothesis that individual synapses have different probabilities for release of transmitter. We hypothesize that structurally complex synapses have a higher probability for release than the less complex synapses. This provides an explanation for the larger quantal contents of high-output terminals (where the proportion of complex synapses is higher), and also a mechanism for progressive recruitment of synapses during frequency facilitation.     

Crustacean egg size as an indicator of egg fat/protein reserves

The metabolic properties of crustacean eggs and the major organic reserve utilized for embryogenesis are dependent on the egg-size correlated deposition of fat/protein in the yolk.     

广东肇庆星湖浮游甲壳类的生态调查

1996年4月至1997年8月对广东肇庆星湖的两个重要子湖(里湖和中心湖)的浮游甲壳类进行6次调查.共观察到枝角类17种,桡足类11种.两个湖泊浮游甲壳类的种类组成差异不显著,但数量及生物量差异十分显著,这与两湖泊的水质不同特征有密切关系.     

Secretagogues and Growth Factors in Fish and Crustacean Protein Hydrolysates

The search for new molecules in fish protein hydrolysates is of great interest in animal feeding as it is in aquaculture, fertilizer, cosmetic, and pharmacologic domains. Different sources of hydrolysates such as shrimp waste (Pandalus borealis), cod (Gadus morhua) head, and head and viscera of sardine (Sardina pilchardus), obtained after hydrolysis or autolysis, were tested on fibroblast cell cultures and by gastrin radioimmunoassay. The level of hydrolysis seems to play an important role in the presence of biological peptides. Elution profile on a gel filtration Sephadex G-50 column was used to estimate the degree of hydrolysis of the fractions studied. Growth-factor-like activities were found in less-hydrolyzed fractions. Conversely, the most-hydrolyzed fractions showed gastrin and cholecystokinin immunoreactivity. Received January 22, 1999; accepted April 13, 1999     

Crustacean frequenins: Molecular cloning and differential localization at neuromuscular junctions

Crustacean muscles are innervated by phasic and tonic motor neurons that display differential physiology and have morphologically distinct synaptic terminals. Phasic motor neurons release much more transmitter per impulse and have filiform terminals, whereas tonic motor neurons release less transmitter and have larger terminals with prominent varicosities. Using an antibody raised against Drosophila frequenin (frq), a calcium‐binding protein that enhances transmitter release in Drosophila synaptic terminals, we found that frq‐like immunoreactivity is prominent in many of the phasic, but not tonic nerve endings of crayfish motor neurons. In contrast, synapsin‐ and dynamin‐like immunoreactivities are strongly expressed in both types of terminal. The immunocytochemical findings strongly suggested the presence of an frq‐like molecule in crayfish, and its differential expression indicated a possible modulatory role in transmitter release. Therefore, we cloned the cDNA sequences for the crayfish and lobster homologues of Drosophila frq. Crustacean frequenins are very similar in sequence to their Drosophila counterpart, and calcium‐binding regions (EF hands) are conserved. The widespread occurrence of frq‐like molecules and their differential localization in crayfish motor neurons indicate a significant role in physiology or development of these neurons. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 41: 165–175, 1999     

柑桔褐带卷蛾实验种群生态学研究

柑桔褐带卷蛾实验种群生态学研究李建荣,朱文炳,李隆术（四川省农科院植保所,成都６１００６６）（西南农业大学植保系,重庆６３０７１６）ＥｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＡｄｏｘｏｐｈｙｅｓｃｙｒｔｏｓｅｍａＭ...     

Crustacean zooplankton species richness and associations in reservoirs and ponds of Aguascalientes State, Mexico

We report the species of crustacean zooplankton found in 19 resevoirs and ponds that were sampled at on at least two occasions in Aguascalientes State, Mexico, at a latitude of about 21°30 North Latitude. We collected a total of 33 cladoceran taxa, 15 calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, an Ergasilus copepod, 2 anostracans, one notostracan species and an amphipod. All these taxa had previously been reported in Mexico. As in more temperate areas, there was a significant correlation between the species richness and lake size. The species-area relationship for Aguascalientes was indistinguishable from that of more northerly lakes. The two most common associations of zooplankton species were (1) those small species that occurred with fish: Daphnia parvula, Diaphanosoma birgei, Leptodiaptomus siciloides, Mastigodiaptomus albuquerquensis, and Thermocyclops inversus, and (2) the large Daphnia schodleri that occurred with the predator Notonecta, in the absence of fish. With minor variations, these two associations also occur throughout temperate North America.     

皂苷类药物代谢实验方法研究进展

许多皂苷类天然产物具有医疗保健作用。本文主要从皂苷药代体内外研究方法、皂苷药代生物样品预处理方法和检测方法等方面,概述了皂苷成分药物代谢实验方法的研究进展情况。     

Population survey of macaques in northern Sulawesi

A field survey of 25 sites in Sulawesi Utara (north Sulawesi) in 1987 and 1988 found macaques in 16 of these sites. The most viable population of Macaca nigra was found in the Tangkoko reserve at an estimated density of 76.2 monkeys/km², which is less than one-third the abundance reported in the late 1970s by the MacKinnons. The adjacent reserves of Batuangus and Duasudara had only 22 monkeys/km², yielding a population estimate for these three contiguous reserves of only 3,655 individuals. Maccaca nigrescens were found in the central and western portions of Dumoga-Bone National Park in densities of 15.5 and 16.4 monkeys/km², significantly below the density of 27/km² reported by the MacKinnons. The more peripheral areas of Dumoga-Bone had only 8.15 monkeys/km², yielding a population estimate of M. nigrescens in Dumoga-Bone of less than 34,000. Our total population estimate for M. nigra and M. nigrescens combined is less than 50,000 individuals, which is considerably below that reported in recent litreture. M. hecki were observed in only two locations, Tangale and Panua Reserves, at low densities of 3.3 to 5.2 monkeys/km², suggesting its range and abundance have declined since the observations of Groves (pp. 84–124 in THE MACAQUES: STUDIES IN ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION. D. G. Lindburg, ed. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980). Several factors have contributed to population decline in these species: habitat shrinkage, increasing human population pressure, and drought conditions. Group sizes were significantly smaller in our study than in previous ones, and we found a shortage of juveniles and infants.