姬松茸原生质体的制备

对姬松茸(Agaricus blazeiMurrill)原生质体制备的最佳条件进行了研究,结果表明:采用液体发酵培养第7 d的菌体,用2%溶壁酶在30℃下酶解5 h,原生质体产率达9.08×106个/mL。     

原生质体紫外诱变选育姬松茸新菌株

对姬松茸原生质体进行紫外诱变处理,选育出在液体培养条件下生物量明显高于原始菌株的诱变株。经10代传代培养及摇瓶培养,表明该菌株稳定性良好,与出发菌株相比生物量提高5.5%,胞外多糖产量提高6.1%。     

Properties of peat-based casing soils and their influence on the water relations and growth of the mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Different combinations of peat and chalk or lime sources with differing moisture contents were used to determine how specific physical and chemical properties of the casing soil relate to the growth and water relations of the mushroom. The peat types varied in terms of decomposition and extraction method; the lime addition varied in terms of rate and type (chalk or sugar beet lime). During the colonisation of the casing soil before fruiting, the extension growth rate of mushroom mycelium was most closely correlated (negatively) with the volumetric moisture content of the casing soil. Scanning electron microscopy showed that mycelium growing at a lower casing soil matric potential (Ψ_m) had a much finer and branched structure than mycelium growing at a higher Ψ_m. Across all the peat and lime source treatments, a relationship was found between the mean Ψ_m of the casing soil and mushroom yield, with an optimum Ψ_m of -7.9 to -9.4 kPa. Mushrooms are produced in ‘flushes’ at about 8-day intervals and during the development of each flush of mushrooms, there was a significant decrease in casing soil Ψ_m . This decrease (to below -40 kPa) was greatest in the second flush, which was the highest yielding. There were no relationships between mushroom yield and casing soil osmotic potential Ψ_π within the range -93 to -154 kPa or any of the other chemical properties and water and air holding characteristics of the casing soils which were determined. Across different casing soil treatments, mushroom dry matter content was negatively correlated with mushroom yield and positively correlated with mushroom tissue osmotic potential. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cloning and heterologous expression of two aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenases from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium

We identified two aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenase proteins (PcALDH1 and PcALDH2) from the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Both PcALDHs were translationally up-regulated in response to exogenous addition of vanillin, one of the key aromatic compounds in the pathway of lignin degradation by basidiomycetes. To clarify the catalytic functions of PcALDHs, we isolated full-length cDNAs encoding these proteins and heterologously expressed the recombinant enzymes using a pET/Escherichia coli system. The open reading frames of both PcALDH1 and PcALDH2 consisted of 1503 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequences of both proteins showed high homologies with aryl-aldehyde dehydrogenases from other organisms and contained ten conserved domains of ALDHs. Moreover, a novel glycine-rich motif “GxGxxxG” was located at the NAD⁺-binding site. The recombinant PcALDHs catalyzed dehydrogenation reactions of several aryl-aldehyde compounds, including vanillin, to their corresponding aromatic acids. These results strongly suggested that PcALDHs metabolize aryl-aldehyde compounds generated during fungal degradation of lignin and various aromatic xenobiotics.     

Biological control of mushroom brown blotch disease using antagonistic bacteria

Button mushroom brown blotch disease is one of the most important and devastating diseases in Iran which is caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii. To screen antagonistic bacteria against this pathogen, major mushroom cultivation centres in Iran were surveyed and samples were taken from compost, soil cover and button caps with or without visible symptoms. In total, 120 bacteria were isolated on the basis of their morphology and pathology on excised tissue blocks of the fresh Agaricus bisporus. Among all tested bacteria, thirty-six isolates produced variable inhibition zones and reduced the symptom incidence on tissue blocks of A. bisporus. The most effective antagonistic bacteria caused almost 100% inhibition of pathogenic bacterium. To confirm the identification of antagonistic bacteria, RNA polymerase beta-subunit gene (rpoB) of five antagonistic strains (A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6) were amplified using primer sets of long amplicon primers (LAPS) and LAP27. The polymerase chain reaction products of the strains A1, A3 and A6 were sequenced. Based on phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characteristics, the bacterial antagonists were identified as P. putida (A1), P. reactants (A2 and A6), P. fluorescens (A3 and A4) and Bacillus subtilis (A5), respectively. In all four criteria including weight of the diseased and healthy caps, per cent disease severity and per cent disease incidence, the treatment 2 (P. fluorescens A4) was the most effective from among T1, T3, T4 and T5 treatments. Overall results of this study suggest that bacterial antagonists may be potential biocontrol agents for biological promotion of the health and growth of button mushroom.     

全球野生双孢蘑菇种质资源的研究现状

双孢蘑菇 (Agaricusbisporus)是世界最重要的人工栽培的食用菌 ,近 10a来对其野生种质资源的研究在广泛地进行 ,试从野生双孢蘑菇的自然居群的分布 ,遗传变异、交配类型和生活史等方面对全球野生双孢蘑菇种质资源的研究现状进行综述。     

Bio-softening of mature coconut husk for facile coir recovery

Bio-softening of the mature coconut husk using Basidiomyceteous fungi was attempted to recover the soft and whiter fibers. The process was faster and more efficient in degrading lignin and toxic phenolics. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus eryngii and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora were found to degrade lignin efficiently without any appreciable loss of cellulose, yielding good quality fiber ideal for dyeing.     

生物法处理木质素的研究进展

对生物法处理木质素进行了简要概述,包括微生物降解、生物法酸析提取木质素以及生物法纯化木质素的效果及其研究进展.生物法处理木质素对资源的合理利用、经济的发展以及环境保护具有重要的意义.     

Ligninase production in agitated conditions by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Abstract Extracellular H₂O₂-dependent ligninase activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium was produced in agitated culture conditions when veratryl alcohol or veratraldehyde were added to the cultures. The enzyme production was suppressed by cycloheximide indicating that true protein synthesis occurred. The activated cultures were also able to degrade synthetic lignin. Reduction of veratraldehyde to corresponding alcohol during secondary metabolism was a good indicator of the effect of agitation on cell metabolism. Too high agitation speed led to complete inhibition of both the reduction reaction and the ligninolytic activity.     

Comparison of the effect of two types of whole mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) powders on intestinal fermentation in rats

The effects of two types of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus; white, WM; brown, BM) powders on intestinal fermentation in rats were investigated in terms of the physical characteristics of animals and by bacterial and HPLC analyses of cecal contents. Short-chain fatty acid levels were found to be significantly higher in the WM group than in the BM and the control (CN) groups; coliform bacteria levels in the BM group were significantly lower than those in the CN group, with the WM group inducing an apparent but insignificant decrease in coliforms. Anaerobe levels in the WM group were significantly higher than those in the CN group and, compared with the CN group, the BM and WM groups exhibited significantly increased feces weight and cecum weight, respectively. These results indicate that the mushroom powders, and in particular the WM powder, have beneficial effects on the intestinal environment in rats.     

微紫青霉外切葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶（CBHI）的纤维素结合结构域及其链结区非水解性破坏纤维素结晶区结构

天然纤维素的结晶区必需在内、外切纤维素酶的协同作用下,始可被降解,这是纤维素降解的限速步骤。内、外切纤维素酶均为β－1,4－糖苷键的水解酶,但单一的内、外切纤维素酶却都不能水解天然纤维素的结晶区。内、外切纤维素酶怎样协同降解纤维素的机理一直未得阐明,是天然纤维素降解机制研究中的难点。纤维素酶分子是由具有催化功能的催化结构域（catalytic domain,CD）和具有结合纤维素功能的纤维素结合（吸附）结构域（cellulse biding domain,CBD）及涟结它们的链结区（linker）序列组成。已知一细菌的CBD在吸附纤维素后,纤维素聚合物断裂形成短小纤维,但这一现象还未在真菌中有类似发现,通过对插入质粒pUC-18上的微紫青霉外切葡聚糖纤维二糖水解酶CBHI的 cDNA基因,进行系列序列定向缺失等体外操作,得到了催化结构域序列缺失的重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌JM109后,利用纤维素结合结构域CBD可吸附纤维素的特性,筛选到含CBD编码区的转化子PUC18G,生产出了LacZ－CBD融合蛋白,经木瓜蛋白酶有限酶切后,分离纯化得到了CBD结构域及其链结区称为：CBDCBHI。经X光衍射、红外光谱分析、热活力测定和扫描电镜观察表明,CBDCBHI吸附纤维素后,能够导致纤维素聚合物氢键断裂,结晶度减低和形成短纤维,从而在底物可及性上为内切葡聚糖酶的水解糖化作用提供了条件,为真菌内、外切纤维素酶协同降解天然纤维素的作用机制提供了实验支持,并提出了内切纤维素酶的水解作用可为外切纤维素酶吸附纤维素提供能量的推论。     

The mediation of veratryl alcohol in oxidations promoted by lignin peroxidase: the lifetime of veratryl alcohol radical cation

The kinetics of decay of veratryl alcohol radical cation, generated by cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate induced oxidation of veratryl alcohol, have been followed spectrophotometrically in a stopped-flow apparatus. In acidic aqueous acetonitrile the radical cation was found to decay by a first-order process, due to deprotonation from the alpha-carbon leading to an alpha-hydroxybenzyl radical with the rate constant of 17.1+/-0.5 s(-1). This value is in full agreement with those obtained by pulse radiolysis studies but much lower than the value (1.2x10(3) s(-1)) indirectly determined by EPR experiments. The implications of these results with respect to the possible role of veratryl alcohol as a mediator in the oxidative biodegradation of lignin catalysed by lignin peroxidase are discussed.     

Use of molecular markers to differentiate between commercial strains of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

Agaricus bisporus is an edible basidiomycete cultivated industrially for food production. Different spawn and mushroom producers use genetically related A. bisporus strains frequently marketed as different products. In this paper we show that the use of suitable molecular markers reveals the high level of genetic homology of commercial strains of A. bisporus, and allows, at the same time, to distinguish between them. In the course of this work, a molecular marker potentially linked to the agronomic character 'mushroom weight' has been identified by bulked segregant analysis.     

Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task

A new approach to proboscidean evolution depicts taxa in three major radiations. This approach highlights general proboscidean evolutionary trends and origins more than the specific relationships among them. Data from more than 55 million years of evolution help to interpret how the integration of primitive and derived characters was essential to proboscidean success. Only two, or perhaps three, species remain of approximately 164 that lived in the past. Extinct forms were extremely cosmopolitan, occupying a variety of habitats, from deserts to mountain tops, on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Challenges for future investigators include a better understanding of structure and function of infrasonic call production and perception, brain features, and reproductive biology in extinct proboscideans based on inferences from living forms.