华山松不同部位挥发性单萜烯的含量及其对华山松木蠹象行为的影响

通过GC—MS分析,发现健康的与遭受华山松木蠹象Pissodes punctatus Langor et Zhang危害的华山松Pinusarmandii Franch树干以及华山松枝梢释放的挥发性单萜烯在含量上存在较大差别;利用Y-型双向选择嗅觉仪进行的室内趋向反应实验发现,处于补充营养期和交尾产卵期的华山松木蠹象对单萜烯表现出不同的趋向反应。在华山松枝梢挥发物中含量较高的（-）-β-蒎烯、月桂烯和柠檬烯引起补充营养期华山松木蠹象较大的趋向反应;在华山松树干韧皮部挥发物中含量较高的3-（＋）-蒈烯则引起交尾产卵期的华山松木蠹象较大的趋向反应。根据试验结果,对华山松和华山松木蠹象互作的机制进行了初步探讨。     

横坑切梢小蠹对植物挥发物的电生理和行为反应

为筛选出适宜配制横坑切梢小蠹(Tomicus minor Hartig)引诱剂的有效化合物,测定了横坑切梢小蠹雌、雄成虫对寄主云南松主要挥发性化合物的触角电位(EAG)和行为反应。结果表明:与对照相比,在10 g·L-1浓度刺激下所测试的9种植物挥发物都能引起横坑切梢小蠹雌、雄虫触角的EAG反应,且触角对不同挥发物的EAG反应差异显著(P0.05),其中雌、雄虫对(+)-α-蒎烯、(+)-柠檬烯、(+)-3-蒈烯、β-蒎烯和异松油烯的EAG反应较强;在剂量反应试验中,雌、雄虫的EAG反应都随着(+)-α-蒎烯、(+)-柠檬烯、(+)-3-蒈烯和β-蒎烯浓度的增加而增强,当浓度增加到10 g·L-1时,EAG反应最强;而雌、雄虫对异松油烯的EAG反应在1 g·L-1最强;除(+)-柠檬烯没有明显的定向作用外,(+)-α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、(+)-3-蒈烯和异松油烯对横坑切梢小蠹均表现出了明显的引诱作用;行为反应多重比较表明,(+)-α-蒎烯在10 g·L-1浓度下对雌雄虫的引诱作用最大。该研究结果可为开发横坑切梢小蠹林间引诱剂提供参考。     

华山松大小蠹对几种寄主挥发物组分的EAG和行为反应

为筛选适宜配制华山松大小蠹(Dendroctonus armandi)引诱剂的有效化学成分,用触角电位仪和Y型嗅觉仪测定了华山松大小蠹雌、雄虫对华山松挥发物主要成分的触角电生理(EAG)和行为反应.结果表明:在0.01、0.1、1、10、100 μg 5种刺激剂量下,7种化合物在特定浓度下均有明确的EAG反应;雌、雄虫对月桂烯、(+)-3-蒈烯、β-石竹烯3种化合物及雄虫对(+)-α-蒎烯、柠檬烯的EAG相对电位的最大值均出现在10μg刺激条件下;在10 μg刺激剂量条件下,雌虫对(+)-α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和(+)-3-蒈烯有明显的正趋向反应,正趋向率均高于72%且显著高于雄成虫对3种挥发物的正趋向率;在1 μg刺激下,只有雄虫对(+)-3-蒈烯有一定正趋向反应;而在100μg条件下,(-)-α-蒎烯对雌、雄虫均有一定驱避作用.该研究结果可为开发华山松大小蠹林间引诱剂提供借鉴.     

外来入侵害虫红脂大小蠹对寄主挥发物的反应

2002年,利用寄主挥发性物质(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和(-)柠檬烯按不同配比制成诱芯,采用自行研制的挥发物释放装置,在山西省关帝山森林经营局西葫芦林场对危害油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.的重大外来入侵林业害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctomus valens LeConte进行了引诱试验。结果表明,3蒈烯对红脂大小蠹的引诱作用最强,明显优于单独使用(+)-α-蒎烯和(-)-β-蒎烯的诱虫效果,也比北美应用的标准诱芯［(+)- α蒎烯(-)-β-蒎烯与3-蒈烯的比例为1∶1∶1］效果好;在标准诱芯中加入油松另一主要成分-(-)柠檬烯会明显降低诱虫效果。红脂大小蠹引诱剂最佳释放量为150 mg/d。该研究不仅对我国红脂大小蠹的监控具有实际应用意义,也从理论上探讨了红脂大小蠹与寄主油松协同进化的化学生态学过程。     

红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质的鉴定、触角电位和室内趋向实验

对外来松树害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte的信息化学物质进行了研究。通过GC-MS测定,鉴定出红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质中除了含有松树挥发性物质α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯和柠檬烯外,还含有马鞭草烯醇和马鞭草烯酮;利用触角电位技术,对马鞭草烯醇、马鞭草烯酮以及在林间引诱效果最好的3-(+)-蒈烯进行了触角电生理测试;利用Y-型双向选择嗅觉仪对这些物质进行了室内趋向实验。实验结果表明: 1 μg的马鞭草烯醇、马鞭草烯酮和3-(+）-蒈烯引起雌雄触角的电位反应分别达416 μV/470 μV、597 μV/630 μV和926 μV/1 099 μV。浓度为1 μL/mL的马鞭草烯酮引起红脂大小蠹的正趋向反应,而在100 μL/mL浓度下引起红脂大小蠹的负趋向反应;在1 μL/mL的浓度下,3-(+ )-蒈烯引起了红脂大小蠹正趋向反应,而马鞭草烯醇则对红脂大小蠹具有驱避作用,说明这些物质在红脂大小蠹搜寻寄主和调节虫口密度方面起着重要作用。     

西藏簇角缨象天牛对核桃树七种挥发物的EAG和行为反应

【目的】为研究西藏簇角缨象天牛Cacia cretifera thibetana雌雄成虫对寄主核桃树释放的7种挥发性化合物的电生理反应和嗅觉行为反应。【方法】选取寄主三台核桃Juglans sigillata var Santai树释放的7种挥发性成分分别对西藏簇角缨象天牛进行触角电位EAG和"Y"型嗅觉仪行为反应测定。【结果】EAG测试结果表明,7种化合物在测试浓度范围内均能引起西藏簇角缨象天牛雌雄成虫的EAG反应。当化合物的浓度为0.000 4 mol×L~(-1)时,天牛成虫的EAG反应最弱,当化合物浓度为0.4 mol×L~(-1)时,天牛的EAG反应最强,其中对壬醛的EAG反应相对值最大,分别为1.84和1.74。"Y"型嗅觉行为反应测试表明,在测试浓度范围内,α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、1-石竹烯、壬醛、桉叶油醇和反式-2-己烯醛6种化合物对天牛雌雄成虫具有引诱作用,正己醛对天牛雌雄成虫具有趋避作用;当浓度为2 mol×L~(-1)时,壬醛对雌性天牛成虫、β-蒎烯对雄性天牛成虫的引诱率最高,分别为95%和87%,正己醛对天牛雌雄成虫的趋避率最高为87%和78%。【结论】核桃树释放的7种化合物均能引起西藏簇角缨象天牛雌、雄成虫的EAG反应,且α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、1-石竹烯、壬醛、桉叶油醇和反式-2-己烯醛对天牛雌雄成虫具有引诱作用,正己醛有趋避作用。该研究结果可为西藏簇角缨象天牛林间引诱剂的研发提供一定的理论依据。     

松墨天牛成虫对幼虫虫粪挥发性物质的触角电位反应及林间驱避试验

为了研制松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope驱避剂,本文利用触角电位技术和田间试验的方法研究了松墨天牛雌雄成虫对幼虫虫粪挥发性物质的触角电位反应及幼虫虫粪己烷提取物、合成化合物混合物的林间驱避作用。结果表明：α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯和长叶烯均能引起松墨天牛雌雄成虫一定的触角电生理反应,而4-甲基-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚不能引起松墨天牛雌雄成虫的触角电生理反应。林间驱避试验结果说明,幼虫虫粪的己烷提取物处理过的树干上的刻槽数明显少于对照树干上的刻槽数,二者具有极显著差异;有合成化合物的混合物存在的诱捕器诱捕到的雌虫数（平均值3.80±1.02）与对照诱捕到的雌虫数（平均值16.80±1.16）差异极显著。结果显示α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、长叶烯和4-甲基-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚的混合物对松墨天牛雌虫具有驱避作用,有望开发出一类新的驱避剂。     

云南切梢小蠹对初侵害云南松挥发物的电生理和行为反应

云南切梢小蠹Tomicus yunnanensis(Kirkendall and Faccoli)是一种蛀害云南松Pinus yunnanensis的本土害虫.为深入了解其寄主选择机制,用顶空动态法和浸提法分别提取了初侵染云南松针叶和松脂的挥发性化合物,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)、气相色谱-昆虫触角电位测量系统(GC-EAD)、生测法鉴定和筛选了对云南切梢小蠹具有活性功能的成分.结果表明:云南松针叶和松脂中共有18种化合物,均为萜烯类物质,但两者化学成分的构成有显著差异.针叶中单萜类占99.98％,主要是 α-蒎烯(80.82％)、β-蒎烯(8.78％)、D-柠檬烯(4.77％)、莰烯(2.86％)和β-月桂烯(1.42％),而松脂以单萜类和双萜类为主,前者以α-蒎烯(21.38％)、3-蒈烯(21.42％)和异松油烯(2.78％)为主要成分,后者仅有长叶松酸(51.13％)一种.云南切梢小蠹对α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、γ-萜品烯和4-烯丙基苯甲醚有触角电位反应,其中α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和γ-萜品烯具引诱作用,4-烯丙基苯甲醚和β-蒎烯则为驱避功能.研究可为开发植物源引诱剂或与性信息素结合进行种群监测和诱杀提供科学依据.     

肠道细菌产酸克雷伯氏菌及其挥发性物质对斑翅果蝇成虫的引诱效果

【目的】明确肠道细菌产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca对斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii的引诱效果,并鉴定和验证该菌挥发性物质对斑翅果蝇成虫的引诱效果。【方法】在无寄主植物和有寄主植物（巨蜂葡萄）的条件下,测定并分析产酸克雷伯氏菌和NB培养基(对照)的上清液对斑翅果蝇成虫的诱集比例以及被引诱成虫的雌雄性比;利用气相色谱质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分别鉴定产酸克雷伯氏菌和NB培养基(对照)上清液中的挥发性物质,并检测浓度较高的4种产酸克雷伯氏菌挥发性物质对斑翅果蝇成虫的引诱效果。【结果】产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液对斑翅果蝇成虫具有引诱作用。其中,无寄主植物条件下,产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液对雄虫引诱作用强于对雌虫,但是在有寄主植物条件下产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液诱集的雌雄成虫数量差异不显著。在产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液中检测到21种挥发性物质,其中浓度较高的为3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-苯乙醇、乙酸异戊酯和吲哚,斑翅果蝇成虫对3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-苯乙醇和吲哚具有趋向性,而对乙酸异戊酯则有趋避性,且3-甲基-1-丁醇可吸引更多的雄虫。【结论】肠道微生物产酸克雷伯氏菌上清液可用于引诱斑翅果蝇成虫,3-甲基-1-丁醇是产酸克雷伯氏菌代谢物中引诱雄虫的重要物质。本研究为斑翅果蝇的防治提供了参考依据。     

桔小实蝇对五种芒果气味挥发性物质的行为反应

为了探究寄主气味挥发物对桔小实蝇行为的影响,本研究应用Y型嗅觉仪测定了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)成虫对5种芒果气味挥发性物质(乙酸乙酯,α-蒎稀,异松油烯,3-蒈烯和石竹烯)及5种物质混合物的行为反应。结果表明,桔小实蝇雌、雄虫对5种物质及5种物质混合物的行为反应无显著性差异。结果还揭示,桔小实蝇成虫对乙酸乙酯有明显的趋性反应,对异松油烯有明显的忌避反应,而对α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、石竹烯和5种物质的混合物均没有明显的行为定向反应。说明桔小实蝇成虫对芒果不同气味挥发物的行为反应存在差别,这可为研发桔小实蝇成虫防治新方法提供基础信息。     

Influence of larval frass extracts on the oviposition behaviour of Monochamus alternatus (Col., Cerambycidae)

Abstract:  The oviposition behaviour and response of adult females of Monochamus alternatus to short lengths (bolts) of Pinus massoniana trunks treated with hexane extracts of larval frass of M. alternatus was investigated in the laboratory. Females gnawed significantly fewer oviposition scars, and deposited significantly fewer eggs, on extract-treated bolts than on control bolts. These results suggest the presence of a possible oviposition deterrent in larval frass of M. alternatus . Hexane extracts of larval frass were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and α -pinene, β -pinene, 3-carene, limonene, longifolene and butylated hydroxytoluene were identified. Experiments with synthetic mixtures indicated that a mixture of monoterpenes and butylated hydroxytoluene exhibited oviposition-deterring activity.     

Identification of chemicals attractive to the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, in laboratory bioassays

The semiochemical system of the olive bark beetle Phloeotribus scarabaeoides was investigated. During the course of their life-cycle, whole insects, excised hindguts, frass, wood and leaves were collected, from both the field and from a laboratory rearing system. Samples were analysed by capillary GC/MS, after solvent extraction, collection of air volatiles on a sorbent or solid sample injection. Olfactometer bioassays were used to test the different samples and individual compounds for attraction to both sexes. Decanal, undecanal, 2-decanone, 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone, as well as - and -pinene, were identified as attractive compounds.     

Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Col., Curculionidae) to Agave tequilana volatiles

Abstract:  The weevil Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal (Col., Curculionidae) is the most important insect pest of cultivated agaves in Mexico. The objective of this study was to search for potential attractants for this weevil species from the freshly cut fleshy leaves of healthy Agave tequilana Weber var. Blue plants. Combined gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAD) analysis of A. tequilana volatile extracts showed that seven peaks elicited antennal responses from males and females. Five of these peaks were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as o -xylene, α -pinene, 3-carene, γ -terpinene and linalool. Electroantennogram (EAG) records of both sexes to 1-, 10- and 100- μ g-stimulus load of these five compounds showed that there was a dose effect on the EAG responses for linalool, 3-carene and α -pinene, but not for γ -terpinene and o -xylene. There were no sexual differences between male and female EAG responses to any of the compounds tested. Y-tube olfactometer bioassays of the compounds showed that males and females were attracted to α -pinene, 3-carene, γ -terpinene and/or linalool at doses of 1 and 10  μ g, while weevils were repelled by linalool at a dose of 100  μ g.     

星天牛对青皮垂柳挥发物的电生理及行为反应

【目的】考察星天牛Anoplophora chinensis对不同生理状态青皮垂柳Salix ohsidare挥发物的选择偏好性,深入探究星天牛对虫害青皮垂柳与健康青皮垂柳行为选择差异的原因。【方法】利用动态顶空吸附法,分别收集虫害和健康两种生理状态下的青皮垂柳枝条挥发物,通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对收集的挥发物样品进行鉴定与分析,采用触角电位仪(EAG)和Y型嗅觉仪分别分析星天牛对挥发物样品中鉴定的主要化合物的标准化合物的电生理以及行为反应,通过大笼行为实验和林间诱捕试验分析单一挥发性化合物及其双组分和三组分配方对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果。【结果】健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共鉴定出3种主要化合物,包括α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和樟脑,而虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中鉴定出5种主要化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、β-罗勒烯和樟脑。另外虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的樟脑含量显著高于健康青皮垂柳枝条中的,3-蒈烯在两种挥发物中含量差异不显著,而健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的α-蒎烯含量显著高于虫害青皮垂柳枝条中的。EAG实验表明,星天牛成虫对α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯3种化合物的EAG反应相对值较高,并且随这3个化合物浓度的升高而逐渐增大;星天牛成虫对β-蒎烯和樟脑的EAG反应相对值差异不大,且这2个化合物浓度变化对EAG反应相对值无明显影响。Y型嗅觉仪实验表明,在1 mg/mL浓度下,α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯吸引星天牛雄成虫数量均显著高于对照组（石蜡油）,β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛雌成虫数量显著高于对照组;在10 mg/mL浓度下,3-蒈烯吸引的星天牛雄成虫数量显著高于对照组。大笼行为实验表明,三组分虫害配方D(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯∶β-罗勒烯=42∶30∶103)、α-蒎烯和β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛成虫数量最多,显著高于双组分健康配方H(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯=105∶38)和3-蒈烯吸引的成虫数量。林间诱捕试验表明,α-蒎烯和虫害配方D对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果最好,诱捕的成虫数显著高于β-罗勒烯和健康配方H诱捕的成虫数,而3-蒈烯和空白对照组没有诱捕到星天牛成虫。【结论】虫害和健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共有的α-蒎烯和虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中特有的β-罗勒烯是对星天牛成虫具有引诱作用的两种重要寄主植物挥发性化合物,而3-蒈烯抑制了α-蒎烯对星天牛成虫的引诱作用。我们推测,虫害青皮垂柳挥发物中特有的β 罗勒烯是造成虫害青皮垂柳比健康青皮垂柳更容易受到星天牛危害的原因之一。     

Monoterpenes emitted by the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) feeding on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L.

Abstract. Attraction of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to pine logs was enhanced by the presence of weevils already on the logs. We investigated the volatiles emitted by insects feeding on host trees to determine the mechanism of the attraction. Chemical analyses of the collected volatiles showed large amounts of monoterpenes. There were no qualitative differences in the collections, between Scots pine alone and pine plus feeding weevils, nor between males and females, mated or virgin. Strong quantitative differences in monoterpenes existed that were correlated to the surface of cut bark. Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded on male and female antennae stimulated by increasing doses of collected volatiles. EAGs for pine alone and pine plus weevils at the same stimulus loading in (a + P)-pinene gave superimposable curves. EAGs of male and female volatiles were also identical. These results suggest an attraction mediated by host plant allelochemicals rather than by an aggregation pheromone.     

Evaluation of attractants and traps for monitoring small banded pine weevil Pissodes castaneus

This study aimed to develop a semiochemical‐baited trapping system to monitor the populations of small banded pine weevil, Pissodes castaneus, a serious pest in Pinus sylvestris young stands that are weakened by biotic and abiotic factors. The scope of the work included the development of a dispenser for compounds (ethanol and α‐pinene) emitted by P. sylvestris and the pheromones of P. castaneus: grandisol and grandisal. Additionally, the effectiveness of beetle catches in different types of traps (unitrap, cross‐unitrap and long and short pipe traps) baited with a dispenser was assessed. The olfactometric studies showed that most of the newly hatched beetles that had not fed were attracted by a mixture of grandisol and grandisal. However, in the group of feeding beetles, half were attracted by a mixture of ethanol and α‐pinene. These results indicated that both pheromones and α‐pinene plus ethanol should be useful for capturing P. castaneus beetles. In the field trials, the highest efficiency was found in baited unitraps that caught up to several hundred P. castaneus beetles, while the baited cross‐unitraps caught up to a few dozen beetles. No insects were found in either type of baited pipe trap or in any of the unbaited control traps. The baited unitraps and cross‐unitraps also collected, with varied intensity, Hylobius abietis beetles, a serious pest of reforestations. These results indicate the possibility of using a unitrap baited with a 4‐component attractant for monitoring P. castaneus in integrated pest management for the protection of young forests.     

Pheromones of Dendroctonus: Origin of α-pinene oxidation products present in emergent adults

Experiments showed that larvae and adults of the bark beetles Dendroctonus terebrans and Dendroctonus frontalis are capable of metabolizing α-pinene, a component of the oleoresin of their host Pinus taeda, to produce large quantities of oxidation products such as trans-verbenol, whereas the pupae do not. The results suggest that the pupae conjugate some form of the terpene molecule with an unknown compound and this conjugate is later metabolized by the young adult to yield the previously identified oxidation products found in emergent beetles. Only adult males of D. frontalis produced large quantities of the ketone verbenone. This compound was not detectable in the hindguts until after the adult maturation period and its production by emergent males could be related to the exposure of the pupae to α-pinene vapours. D. frontalis males are also capable of producing verbenone from α-pinene taken up in the adult stage. It is suggested that the production of verbenone by the males represents a specialization in the evolution of chemical communication in bark beetles. On the basis of this and earlier work, it is considered likely that other terpenes are metabolized in the same manner and that the same or a very similar system of terpene metabolism exists in other Dendroctonus species and closely related genera.     

Volatile constituents of male and female boll weevils and their frass

The volatile constituents of male and female boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis, and their frass were analysed by GLC-MS. The 4 previously identified components of the male pheromone were present only in the male volatile oil (3·9%) and in the male frass volatile oil (38·9%). The compounds found in one or both sexes and their frass include 26 carbonyls, 23 hydrocarbons, 12 alcohols, 6 phenols, 4 esters, 3 furans, 1 ether, and 1 lactone. Also found were 2 compounds containing nitrogen, 1 halogen, and 1 sulphur. There were 33 terpenes and 24 aromatic compounds. 3,7-Dimethyl-1-octanol comprised 15·6 per cent of the male frass oil. Carvone was found only in females (5·4%) and in female frass (6·8%). A series of monoterpene aldehydes (M⁺ 152) were found only in the female frass oil. A pheromone rôle for these components was suggested.