叉叶类苏铁是苏铁属植物中最进化的种群

Cycas属植物羽状复叶上的小羽片,是从不开叉向二叉开裂逐步发展的,二叉开裂后,小羽片继续进一步发展,进化,在其开叉分裂的小羽片上再次二叉开裂,成为三回,四回,五回二叉开裂的裂片（小叶）,最后小羽片发展到多回开裂,成为Cycas属植物羽状复叶上最进化的一种小羽片类型,着生这种进化类型小羽片的叉叶类苏铁是Cycas属植物中最进化的种群。     

A phylogeny of Drosophilidae using the Amyrel gene: questioning the Drosophila melanogaster species group boundaries

In this study, the phylogenetic relationships of 164 species of the family Drosophilidae are discussed, using the Amyrel gene, a member of the α -amylase multigene family. This study focuses on numerous species groups in the subgenera Sophophora and Drosophila of the genus Drosophila but also includes other closely related genera. Nucleotide data were analysed by several methods: maximum parsimony, neighbour joining, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. Heterogeneity of base composition (mainly low GC contents in the species groups willistoni and saltans ) has been addressed. In all analyses, the genus Drosophila appeared paraphyletic. The subgenus Sophophora clearly appeared to be a monophyletic group, showing well-resolved clades, with the Neotropical groups arising in a basal position. Here, it is proposed to raise the species subgroups ananassae and montium to the rank of species group, and to restrict the melanogaster species group to the melanogaster subgroup plus the 'Oriental' subgroups, among which the suzukii subgroup is polyphyletic. Some related genera such as Zaprionus , Liodrosophila , Scaptomyza and Hirtodrosophila are clustered with, or inside the subgenus Drosophila , which is therefore paraphyletic and should be reviewed.     

The Electric Glass Knifefishes of the Eigenmannia trilineata species‐group (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae): monophyly and description of seven new species

Eigenmannia trilineata López and Castello, 1966 (Sternopygidae) was described from the Río de La Plata basin and subsequently cited from most South American river basins. Questions about the limits of this species raise the possibility of the occurrence of undescribed species misidentified as E. trilineata. Herein we propose the Eigenmannia trilineata species group for species that share the presence of the superior medial stripe on the flank. This group comprises: E igenmannia antonioi sp. nov. , from the Rio Anapu, Rio Amazonas basin; E igenmannia desantanai sp. nov. , from the Rio Cuiabá, Rio Paraguay basin; E igenmannia guairaca sp. nov. , from the Riacho Água do Ó, upper Rio Paraná basin; E igenmannia matintapereira sp. nov. , from the Rio Uneiuxi and Rio Urubaxi, Rio Negro basin; Eigenmannia microstoma (Reinhardt, 1852), from the Rio São Francisco basin; E igenmannia muirapinima sp. nov. , from small tributaries of the Rio Amazonas; E igenmannia pavulagem sp. nov. , from the tributaries of Rio Capim, Rio Guamá basin; E. trilineata, from the lower Rio Paraná basin and Río de La Plata basin; Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996, from São Vicente I and II caves, Rio Tocantins basin; and E igenmannia waiwai sp. nov. , from the Rio Trombetas basin. These species can be distinguished from each other by unique sets of meristics, morphometrics, osteological and colour pattern features. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London     

Two new species of Hedychrum Latreille from the Middle East and Pakistan (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)

Hedychrum zenobia sp. n. is described from Syria and Iraq, and H. linsenmaieri sp. n. from Pakistan. They belong to the H. cirtanum species group hereby established, which includes some of the largest Palaearctic Hedychrum species, characterised by a modified metascutellum projecting over the propodeum, a deep mid-tibial groove in the male and an apicomedial tooth on the third metasomal sternum in the female. Hedychrum cirtanum var. minusculum du Buysson, 1898 is transferred to the genus Hedychridium Abeille de Perrin, 1878 and elevated to species rank as Hedychridium minusculum (du Buysson, 1898) stat. n.

http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DE7B4BF7-3E4B-4664-8F3A-1FD480F72A41     

A revision of the Chinese Catops Paykull 1798 of the Catops fuscus species group (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae)

Five species of the Catops fuscus species group are reported from China. Three species are newly described: C. hlisnikovskyi n. sp. from the Beijing municipality and Jiangsu province, C. schuelkei n. sp. from Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, and C. smetanai n. sp. from Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. Female of C. sasajii Nishikawa 2007 is described and the species is reported from Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces for the first time. Catops nigricans (Spence 1813) is reported for the first time from China (Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region). Important morphological characters are illustrated and the distribution of all species in China is mapped. Preliminar phylogenetic analysis separates (C. hlisnikovskyi n. sp.+C. fuscus fuscus Panzer 1794) as a sister clade to C. nigricans+(C. sasajii+(C. schuelkei n. sp.+C. smetanai n. sp.)), with C. paramericanus Peck & Cook 2002 as outgroup.     

Revision of the Protohermes changningensis species group from China (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Corydalinae)

A new species group, the Protohermes changningensis group, of the dobsonfly genus Protohermes is established. Three species belonging to the new species group from China are described and illustrated, including one new species. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group and biogeography are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis using Hennig 86.     

Studies on the moss mites of Snowdonia (Acari: Oribatei). 2. The Cnicht

A faunal list of oribatid mites collected from the summit of the Cnicht, Snowdonia, at 2265 ft is given, together with critical notes on the taxonomy and distribution of several of the species. The list provides further evidence of the presence of arctic-alpine and European-alpine species of Oribatei on the mountain peaks of Britain. A comparison of the faunal list with lists of species recorded by the author on another peak in Snowdonia and on high ground in other parts of Britain (Peak District, Lake District) and by Block in Westmorland, provides evidence of a group of additional species which can be regarded as characteristic of upland areas in general of Britain and Europe.     

坡向对东祁连山高寒草甸群落物种功能群及其多样性的影响

为探究祁连山东缘地区不同坡向的高寒草甸群落物种功能群和多样性差异,该研究选择北坡(N坡)、西北坡(NW坡)、西坡(W坡)、东坡(E坡)、东北坡(NE坡)、西南坡(SW坡)和南坡(S坡)7个坡向类型,调查各坡向的植被特征(高度、盖度和频度),测定土壤因子,分析物种均匀度和多样性指数及其相关性等。结果发现：(1)研究区样地共有植物11科18属21种,主要有豆科(4属4种)、菊科(3属3科)、蔷薇科(1属3种)、莎草科(2属2种)、禾本科(2属2种)和蓼科(1属2种);不同坡向的植物科、属数量变化趋势与种相同,均为东北坡、西南坡、北坡(76.19%)>南坡(66.67%)>东坡(61.90%)>西坡、西北坡(19.05%)。(2)不同坡向的草地群落组成不同,其中东坡、南坡和东北坡主要以草本植物为主,西南坡和北坡为草本和灌丛交错区,西坡和西北坡主要以灌丛为主。(3)不同坡向的物种功能群不同,其中东坡、南坡、东北坡、北坡和西南坡的莎草类重要值最高,西坡和西北坡只有豆科和杂类草,且杂类草重要值最高。(4)不同坡向的优势功能群不同,其中：禾本科植物的重要值大小为阴坡(NE坡)>阳坡(S坡和SW坡)>半阳坡(E坡),莎草科植物重要值大小为半阳坡(E坡)>阳坡(S坡)>阴坡(NE坡和N坡),豆科植物重要值大小为阳坡(S坡)>阴坡(N坡、NW坡和NE坡)>半阳坡(E坡)>半阴坡(W坡),杂类草植物重要值大小为半阴坡(W坡)>阴坡(N坡和NE坡)>半阳坡(E坡)>阳坡(SW坡和S坡)。(5)随着坡向梯度变化,物种丰富度和香农 威纳多样性指数变化一致,其大小均表现为：阴坡>阳坡>半阳坡>半阴坡。(6)冗余分析发现,土壤含水量和碳氮比是影响灌丛植物［瑞香(Daphne odora)、金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)和头花杜鹃(Rhododendron capitatum)］重要值的重要因素。研究表明,不同坡向的土壤水分、养分和光照等的变化显著影响了高寒草甸植物群落物种功能群及其多样性。     

New record of the cockroach genus Pseudophoraspis (Blaberidae,Epilamprinae) from China with descriptions of three new species

The genus Pseudophoraspis Kirby, 1903 with three new species, Pseudophoraspis clavellata sp. n., Pseudophoraspis recurvata sp. n. and Pseudophoraspis incurvata sp. n., are reported from China for the first time. This extends the range of this genus northward from Vietnam. Species studied in the present paper are illustrated and described, and a key to these species based on males is provided.     

黄海山东海域春、秋季鱼类群落多样性

根据2006年春季(5月)和秋季(10月)黄海山东海域疏目变水层双拖网调查数据,作者对该海域鱼类群落多样性、空间分布及长度谱特征进行了研究。调查共捕获鱼类61种,其中鲈形目种类最多(27种),其次为鲱形目(8种)和鲉形目(7种);按摄食类型可分为浮游动物食性、浮游动物/底栖动物食性、底栖动物食性、底栖动物/游泳动物食性、游泳动物食性、杂食性、碎屑食性7个类群,其中浮游动物食性占渔获物重量组成的82.5%。春、秋季鱼类群落均主要由小型种类占优势,春季优势种有3种,为玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)和方氏锦鳚(Pholis fangi),秋季优势种有5种,分别是鳀、青鳞小沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)、玉筋鱼、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis)。丰富度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)、均匀度指数(J’)的空间异质性明显,表现出近岸海域(尤其是青岛-乳山南部近岸海域)较高,深水区较低的态势,但多样性指数的季节间差异不显著。资源量与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)、均匀度指数(J’)、功能团多样性指数(FD)均呈负相关关系,与种类丰富度指数(D)则无相关关系。春、秋季鱼类群落长度谱曲线斜率均小于-0.2,而截距均大于10,与该海域1985年及2000年的研究结果相比,长度谱斜率显著降低、截距显著增加,这与小型个体种类占优势密切相关。与历史资料相比,黄海山东海域鱼类群落多样性下降,小型个体比例上升,资源呈衰退趋势。     

Drosophila subpulchrella, a new species of the Drosophila suzukii species subgroup from Japan and China (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Drosophila (Sophophora) subpulchrella Takamori and Watabe, sp. nov., of the D. suzukii subgroup in the D. melanogaster species group, is described from Japan and southern China, and compared with its sibling species, D. pulchrella Tan et al. distributed in the Yun‐Gui Highland, south‐western China. The results of cross‐experiments show a complete pre‐mating isolation between D. subpulchrella and D. pulchrella.     

Revision of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nepalomyia pallipilosa</Emphasis> species group (diptera,dolichopodidae, Peloropeodinae)

The genus Nepalomyia is the largest genus in the subfamily Peloropeodinae, with 47 described species. In the present paper the Nepalomyia pallipilosa species group is established for the following three described species and seven new species: Nepalomyia biseta sp. n., N. emeiensis sp. n., N. guangxiensis Zhang et Yang, N. liui sp. n., N. pallipilosa (Yang et Saigusa), N. ruiliensis Wang et Yang, N. sichuanensis sp. n., N. ventralis sp. n., N. yangi sp. n. and N. zengchengensis sp. n. Information on their distribution is also given or updated.     

New or little-known species of the genus Amphimenes Bates, 1873 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiinae) from Vietnam

Twelve new species of the genus Amphimenes Bates, 1873 are described from Vietnam: Amphimenes maculatussp. n., Amphimenes bidoupensissp. n., Amphimenes gracilissp. n., Amphimenes montanussp. n., Amphimenes giganteussp. n., Amphimenes mediussp. n., Amphimenes minutussp. n., Amphimenes rufipessp. n., Amphimenes reflexicollissp. n., Amphimenes planicollissp. n., Amphimenes nitidussp. n., and Amphimenes kabakovisp. n.. Amphimenes rugulipennis Bates, 1892, comb. n., is transferred from the genus Brachichila Chaudoir, 1869 and is redescribed from fresh material. A key to all congeners is provided, these being arranged into five new species-groups. Adults of the rugulipennis- and piceolus-groups show subcortical habits, while those of the medius-, rufipes- and planicollis- groupsare herpetobiotic, resulting in such morphological adaptations as partly reduced eyes, missing wings and adnate elytra.     

Revision of the Chaetocnema picipes species-group (Coleoptera,Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae,Alticini) in China,with descriptions of three new species

The Chinese Chaetocnema picipes species-group is revised. It contains 5 species including 3 new species: C. cheni sp. n., C. constricta sp. n. and C. kingpinensis sp. n. The lectotype of C. fortecostata is designated. A key to all known species of this group from China and the illustrations of habitus and genitalia are provided. A distribution map of species is given.     

神农架南坡小叶青冈+曼青冈常绿阔叶林主要木本植物生态位与种间联结

为揭示神农架南坡代表性常绿阔叶林主要木本植物的种间生态联系及群落演替趋势,以小叶青冈+曼青冈群系20个主要木本植物的190组种对为研究对象,通过生态位测定并区分生态位特化种和生态位泛化种以及种间联结性检验,分析该群落主要物种生态位与种间联结特征。主要结果:(1)该常绿阔叶林群落物种丰富,群落组成复杂,小叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia)的重要值(11.13%)和生态位宽度(58.3)均最大,占绝对优势,生态位宽度排序和重要值排序不一致,分布频度对生态位宽度影响较大。(2)将20种主要木本植物划分为生态位特化种(6种)、生态位泛化种(3种)、中性类群(11种),生态位分化程度较高,资源利用差异以及生境适应性是影响生态位分化的主要因素。(3)生态位宽度大的物种其生态位重叠和相似度较高,生态位重叠指数总体略低,大部分物种对环境或资源需求相似,但相似度不高,种间竞争较弱,种间关系比较稳定。(4)主要木本植物总体正联结显著(P ＜ 0.05),χ²检验、联结系数AC、Spearman秩相关检验结果均显示种间正联结作用占优势,但大多数种对联结不显著,物种趋于独立分布。(5)通过聚类分析,将20种主要木本植物划分三大生态种组:建群种组,共生种组和边缘种组。研究表明,神农架南坡小叶青冈+曼青冈常绿阔叶林目前正处于相对稳定的演替中后期阶段,群落发育较成熟,生态位分化、生境选择以及资源需求互补或互利是影响该群落物种共存的主要原因。研究阐明了神农架南坡代表性常绿阔叶林主要物种之间实际相互作用以及群落特征,为深入理解群落物种共存原因以及群落演替规律提供依据。     

中国铜脚异丽金龟组及其分类问题讨论(鞘翅目:丽金龟科)(英)

新设的铜脚异丽金龟组包括中国异丽金龟属已知的大型、绿色种类,绝大多数为常见种,彼此形态十分近似。它们是:铜脚异丽金龟(新纪录)Anomala cupripes Hope new record,红脚异丽金龟(新种)A. rubripes sp. nov., 绿脚异丽金龟(新亚种)A. rubripes virescens ssp. nov., 彤脚异丽金龟(新种)A. ignipes sp. nov., 川直异丽金龟A. truncata Bates,滇直异丽金龟(新等级)A. truncata chlorochelys Arrow, stat, nov., 宽角异丽金龟A. expansa Bates,大绿异丽金龟(新种)A. virens sp. nov., 砂尾异丽金龟(新种)A. granuliformis sp. nov. 和檐角异丽金龟(新种)A. planicorna sp. nov.。其中红脚异丽金龟和绿脚异丽金龟是我国南部和台湾的重要害虫,国内外文献中长期误作铜脚异丽金龟引用至今。     

中国云南果蝇属暗果蝇种组的核型分化

观察了新近发现于我国云南的果蝇属暗果蝇种组(Drosophila obscura species group)种类D．luguensis、D．dianensis和D．limingi的有丝分裂中期核型,并将3个种的核型与各自的近缘种类进行了比较。D．luguensis具2n=12条染色体,包括3对中央着丝粒(V形)染色体、2对近端着丝粒(棒状)染色体以及1对微小(点状)染色体。其中X和Y染色体均为中央着丝粒染色体。D．dianensis和D．limingi具2n=10条染色体,包括1对大的V形常染色体,1对小的V形常染色体,2对J形(亚中着丝粒型)常染色体和1对点状染色体。其中X染色体为J形,Y染色体为短棒状。基于核型比较的结果以及D．sinobscura亚组地理分布的资料,结合种间系统发育关系研究结果,认为D．luguensis可能保留了该亚组祖先种类的核型。D．sinobscum的核型(2n=12：2V,1J,2R,1D)可能由一个pre-“sinobscura-hubeiensis”谱系的一个分支通过臂间倒位演化而来,而D．hubeiensis的核型(2n=10：4V,1D)可能由该谱系的另一分支通过着丝粒融合(2对近端着丝粒常染色体的融合)而形成。推测在D．dianensis和近缘欧洲种D．subsilvestris(2n=12：3V,2R,1D)间、D．limingi和东亚近缘种D．tsukubaensis(2n=12：3V,2R,1D)间的物种分化过程中,可能有相似的染色体变异类型发生。