Production of tannase from Aspergillus ruber under solid-state fermentation using jamun (Syzygium cumini) leaves

Tannase producing fungal strains were isolated from different locations including garbages, forests and orchards, etc. The strain giving maximum enzyme yield was identified to be Aspergillus ruber. Enzyme production was studied under solid state fermentation using different tannin rich substrates like ber leaves (Zyzyphus mauritiana), jamun leaves (Syzygium cumini), amla leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) and jawar leaves (Sorghum vulgaris). Jamun leaves were found to be the best substrate for enzyme production under solid-state fermentation (SSF). In SSF with jamun leaves, the maximum production of tannase was found to be at 30 °C after 96 h of incubation. Tap water was found to be the best moistening agent, with pH 5.5 in ratio of 1:2 (w/v) with substrate. Addition of carbon and nitrogen sources to the medium did not increase tannase production. Under optimum conditions as standardized here, the enzyme production was 69 U/g dry substrate. This is the first report on production of tannase by A. ruber, giving higher yield under SSF with agro-waste as the substrate.     

基于多基因分析对我国红曲霉属Monascus真菌的系统发育研究

红曲霉属Monascus具有重要的经济和生态价值,但对该属的物种识别和系统发育学研究有限。本研究首先对红曲霉属红色组内物种开展ITS和LSU序列的测定并综合分析,结合GenBank中相关物种序列及菌株的形态学特征,探讨红曲霉属的系统发育关系,鉴定出红色组3个种,弗罗里达组7个种。其次采用红曲霉色素表型控制基因簇部分基因pksKS序列进行分析,以期解决ITS和LSU等基因序列分析无法有效区分红色红曲与紫色红曲不同形态种的问题。通过分子克隆测序与直接测序结果的比较,以及对3个血红红曲菌株单核苷酸多态性的分析,解析了血红红曲种内遗传差异,首次在红曲霉属真菌中发现疑似红色红曲血红自然杂交种。最后综合ITS、LSU、pksKS序列和形态学分析的结果,统一了红曲霉属内物种的系统发育关系,确认红色组包括3个种：红色红曲M. ruber、紫色红曲M. purpureus、血红红曲M. sanguineus;发现3个变种：红色红曲发白变种M. ruber var. albidulus、紫色红曲橙色变种M. purpureus var. aurantiacus及紫色红曲火红色变种M. purpureus var. rutilus;弗罗里达组包括7个种：弗罗里达红曲M. floridanus、苍白红曲M. pallens、新月红曲M. lunisporas、阿根廷红曲M. argentinensis、累西腓红曲M. recifensis、黄色红曲M. flavipigmentosum、蜂蜜红曲M. mellicola。另外,发现1个疑似杂交种：红色红曲血红杂种M. ruber × sanguineus。结果表明,红曲霉属具有丰富的物种多样性,而且通过多基因和形态学分析可以将相近种区分开来。     

Statistical optimization of lovastatin production by Omphalotus olearius (DC.) singer in submerged fermentation

In this study, culture conditions were optimized to improve lovastatin production by Omphalotus olearius, isolate OBCC 2002, using statistical experimental designs. The Plackett–Burman design was used to select important variables affecting lovastatin production. Accordingly, glucose, peptone, and agitation speed were determined as the variables that have influence on lovastatin production. In a further experiment, these variables were optimized with a Box–Behnken design and applied in a submerged process; this resulted in 12.51 mg/L lovastatin production on a medium containing glucose (10 g/L), peptone (5 g/L), thiamine (1 mg/L), and NaCl (0.4 g/L) under static conditions. This level of lovastatin production is eight times higher than that produced under unoptimized media and growth conditions by Omphalotus olearius. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to optimize submerged fermentation process for lovastatin production by Omphalotus olearius.     

古尼虫草胞内多糖高产培养基优化研究

以古尼虫草Cordyceps gunnii胞内多糖产量为目标,利用单因素法筛选古尼虫草产胞内多糖的最适碳源、氮源和无机盐,运用正交试验筛选最佳培养基组合,用最佳培养基研究古尼虫草产胞内多糖的发酵动力学。结果表明：古尼虫草产胞内多糖最佳培养基为葡萄糖35g/L、蛋白胨15g/L、硫酸锌1g/L、KH₂PO₄ 1g/L、K₂HPO₄ 0.5g/L,用最佳培养基获得胞内多糖（5.169±0.274）g/L,产量是优化前的1.81倍;动力学研究表明,144h是古尼虫草胞内多糖最佳培养时间,此时产量最高为（6.794±0.221）g/L,是目前报道古尼虫草胞内多糖的最高产量。     

Biochemical properties of Hsp70 chaperone system from Meiothermus ruber

The guanidine-hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) and thermally induced unfolding of Hsp70 from Meiothermus ruber (Mru.Hsp70) were analysed using tryptophan fluorescence and 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) binding. The ANS binding to Mru.Hsp70 showed both the increase in fluorescence intensity and a shift in emission maximum. Analysis of the unfolding profile of Mru.Hsp70 indicated that Gdn-HCl induced unfolding of Mru.Hsp70 occurred through intermediate species. The tryptophan and ANS fluorescence emission spectra revealed that ATP induced conformational change increased the thermal stability of Mru.Hsp70. The data obtained are similar to those of Escherichia coli DnaK. The ATP-ase activity of chaperones is fundamental for their biological activity. It this paper we demonstrate that, in contrast to Thermus thermophilus, both Mru.Hsp40 and Mru.Hsp22 co-chaperones affect the ATP-ase activity of Mru.Hsp70. The use of truncated Mru.Hsp40 proteins showed that full-length Mru.Hsp40 is required for stimulation of ATP-ase activity of Mru.Hsp70. E. coli GrpE could act as nucleotide exchange factor the in thermophilic Hsp70 ATP hydrolysis reaction. However, the role of E. coli DnaJ in the M. ruber ATP cycle needs further analysis. We selected the new substrate laccA suitable for determination of refolding activity of thermophilic chaperones.     

落叶松锈迷孔菌产多糖液体培养基的优化及其体外抗氧化活性

本研究通过响应面设计优化了落叶松锈迷孔菌产胞外多糖的液体培养基,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行了分析。结果显示,以落叶松锈迷孔菌胞外多糖产量为响应值,采用Plackett-Burman设计、最陡爬坡设计和Box-Behnken设计建立数学模型,获得落叶松锈迷孔菌产胞外多糖的最适培养基为：去皮马铃薯415.70g/L、蛋白胨10.80g/L、葡萄糖20.0g/L、吐温80 7.27mL/L、KH₂PO₄ 1.0g/L、MgSO₄?7H₂O 0.5g/L、CaCO₃ 0.57g/L、FeSO₄?7H₂O 0.3g/L、ZnSO₄?7H₂O 0.3g/L、维生素B₁ 0.01g/L、芦丁6.09g/L。在此优化条件下得到的多糖产量为3.07g/L,与理论值3.06g/L相近,相比于优化前提高了2.87倍,说明响应面法对于优化落叶松锈迷孔菌的液体培养基以提高多糖产量行之有效。此外,经过醇沉、透析和去蛋白等获得初步纯化的多糖可有效清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基和2,2?-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)[2,2?-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid),ABTS]自由基。     

卵孢小奥德蘑驯化栽培、营养成分及抗氧化活性

卵孢小奥德蘑是一种珍贵的食药用真菌。本研究选用果渣、酒糟与菌糠为部分替代料,采用正交试验优化了野生卵孢小奥德蘑的母种、原种及栽培料配方,并测定了栽培子实体的含水量、蛋白质、总糖、维生素C、多酚含量及醇提物对DPPH、ABTs⁺及羟基自由基的清除能力。结果表明,最佳母种培养基配方为麦麸35 g/L、葡萄糖20 g/L、磷酸氢二钾3.5 g/L、硫酸镁2 g/L和琼脂20 g/L,确定了葡萄糖与磷酸氢二钾是影响菌丝生长的重要因素;最优原种培养基配方为果渣45%、豆秸20%、麦麸15%、石灰3%、石膏1%和刺芹侧耳菌糠16%,在培养基中添加果渣能够显著促进卵孢小奥德蘑原种菌丝的生长;最佳栽培料配方为酒糟35%、棉籽壳30%、麦麸20%、石灰1%、石膏1%和玉米芯13%,酒糟对子实体产量的影响达到了显著水平;卵孢小奥德蘑的营养成分显示其富含蛋白质、糖类、维生素C及多酚,由9种配方栽培出的子实体中最高含量可分别达到42.78 g/100 g、23.54 g/100 g、4.02 mg/100 g及4.19 mg/g,且栽培料的不同组分及用量对其营养物质的含量具有显著差异。此外,卵孢小奥德蘑的醇提物具有较强的抗氧化能力且随着用量的增加抗氧化活性增强,当用量为150、40和250 μL时配方Z1对DPPH和ABTs⁺及配方Z2对羟基自由基的清除能力可分别达到88.64%、99.81%和93.48%,本研究结果为卵孢小奥德蘑的栽培、生理活性、药理研究及进一步的开发利用提供理论依据。     

Lovastatin and (+)‐geodin production by Aspergillus terreus from crude glycerol

The use of pure substrate represents a significant proportion of the cost of manufacturing a drug such as lovastatin. This study explores the production of lovastatin and (+)‐geodin by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 using biodiesel‐derived crude glycerol (CG) as a feedstock. Shake flask experiments showed reduced lovastatin production and glycerol consumption in the presence of 10–50 g/L CG with respect to pure glycerol controls. At 50 g/L, lovastatin and (+)‐geodin production was significantly reduced by 82 and 73%, respectively. The lowest lovastatin inhibition was detected in 30 g/L of CG (48%), which was accompanied by a significant rise in (+)‐geodin production (338%). Further investigation was performed on three major impurities found in CG, namely methanol (MeOH), sodium chloride (NaCl), and fatty acids (oleic acid and palmitic acid (PA), soap). None was particularly inhibitory for lovastatin, except soap and PAs, which reduced its production by more than 50% at all concentrations tested. In contrast, (+)‐geodin was inhibited in the presence of MeOH and PA by up to 46 and 91%, respectively. These observations indicate that partial purification of CG would be potentially useful in improving production of lovastatin and (+)‐geodin by A. terreus.     

复合有机氮源对灵芝三萜液态深层发酵的影响

以灵芝为材料,在前期研究基础上,以不同酵母粉作为氮源,研究复合有机氮源对灵芝三萜液态深层发酵的影响。首先,由单因素实验考察3种不同的酵母粉对灵芝菌丝体合成灵芝三萜的影响,确定酵母粉的最适宜浓度范围。在此基础上,根据中心组合实验设计,对3种酵母粉分别采用2种复合和3种复合的方式,优化复合有机氮源的最佳组合配比。结果表明：当基础培养基中添加6.6g/L的酵母粉N-1与6.6g/L的酵母粉N-2时,灵芝三萜产量可达0.478g/L（理论产量为0.485g/L）,比添加单一酵母粉N-1、N-2、N-3分别提高了21%、139%、103%,其氮源用量为两种组合时最低。当基础培养基中酵母粉N-1、N-2与N-3添加量分别为5.07g/L、3.78g/L、7.63g/L时,灵芝三萜产量达0.514g/L（理论产量为0.510g/L）,比单因素对照组分别提高了30%、157%和74%。本研究优化的复合氮源添加方式可明显提高灵芝菌丝体液态深层发酵生产灵芝三萜的产量,为其规模化液态深层发酵的生产提供科学数据。     

响应面法优化荷叶离褶伞菌丝体产漆酶条件

为了对荷叶离褶伞产漆酶条件进行优化,在单因素实验基础上,通过最陡爬坡实验(PB)对培养基8因素进行筛选,获得影响产漆酶的3个显著性因素:葡萄糖,pH和KH₂PO₄;通过中心组合(CCD)设计及响应面分析确定了最优发酵条件:葡萄糖20.09g/L,酪蛋白1.5g/L,酵母提取物1.5g/L,MgSO₄ 3g/L,CuSO₄ 3.75mg/L,KH₂PO₄ 3.97g/L,pH 4.98,VB₁ 0.1g/L,愈创木酚12mg/L,该条件下,漆酶酶活为829.83U/mL,较未优化对照提高46.6%.     

高雄山虫草生物学特性及人工驯化条件优化

高雄山虫草Cordyceps tenuipes是一种重要的珍稀野生虫草,无性型为细脚棒束孢Isaria tenuipes.对采集的野生无性型高雄山虫草生物学特性进行了研究,采用小麦和大米为栽培基质,通过添加不同营养成分进行人工驯化和栽培条件优化,对后续提高其孢梗束产量和商业化栽培具有重要意义.试验结果表明,该虫草菌丝在...     

蝙蝠蛾拟青霉液体发酵工艺优化及菌丝体腺苷含量的检测

通过摇瓶液体培养的方法,以菌丝体生物量为主要考察指标,筛选蝙蝠蛾拟青霉PH-2菌株液体发酵的培养基成分和条件。进一步采用正交试验,以菌丝体生物量和腺苷含量为联合指标,确定PH-2菌株液体发酵高产菌丝体和腺苷的培养基配方。通过试验获得的最佳配方为：玉米淀粉40g/L,葡萄糖5g/L,玉米浆25g/L,硫酸镁·7H₂O 1g/L,磷酸二氢钾1g/L,硫酸锌1.5g/L,维生素B1 25mg/L;培养条件为：初始pH 6.0,装液量150mL/500mL,接种量8%（V/V）,温度26℃,转速120r/min,培养7d。在该工艺下,菌丝体生物量达到25.2g/L。应用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法,检测到菌丝体中腺苷含量为2.76mg/g。该方法简便、快速、准确,可作为蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体或其相关产品中腺苷的检测手段。本工艺的优化试验获得了较高的菌丝体收率,菌丝体质量良好。     

高产洛伐他汀棒曲霉菌株的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

从不同生境(食品、土壤、空气、有机质等)收集到的自然发酵样品中分离得到150株曲霉属菌株.用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测发酵液中洛伐他汀(Lovastatin)含量,筛选获得1株稳定高产Lovastatin的曲霉菌株(编号:Ac-32).根据菌落形态特征并结合18 S rDNA测序,鉴定其为棒曲霉(Aspergillus clavatus).通过摇瓶发酵单因素实验优化了碳氮源种类、碳氮源含量、碳氮比(C/N)、发酵温度、初始pH、转速、种龄和接种量,确定了棒曲霉菌株Ac-32摇瓶发酵产Lovastatin的适宜条件为:乳糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、碳源含量为100 g/L、氮源含量为12 g/L、碳氮比(C/N)为15:1.8、温度28℃、转速180 r/min、初始pH 5.2、种龄4 d、接种量6%.采用Minitab 17软件的P-B实验设计法,筛选对Lovastatin产量有显著影响的因素为:温度、pH、碳源含量和氮源含量.根据P-B实验结果,运用响应面法分析,确定棒曲霉菌株Ac-32产Lovastatin的最优条件为:碳源含量100 g/L,氮源含量11.8 g/L,温度28℃,pH 5.2.在此条件下,Lovastatin最高产量为236.221μg/mL.     

一株高产洛伐他汀红曲霉的筛选与液态发酵条件优化

【背景】洛伐他汀(lovastatin)是红曲霉的次生代谢产物,是重要的临床用降血脂药物。在液态发酵条件下,红曲霉的洛伐他汀产量较低,难以满足工业化生产的要求。【目的】筛选获得一株高产洛伐他汀的红曲霉株,并通过优化液态发酵条件提高洛伐他汀的产量。【方法】从红曲米中筛选获得一株高产洛伐他汀的红曲霉株,依据形态学特征、生理生化特性及18S rRNA基因序列分析对分离菌株进行鉴定;通过响应面法对其产洛伐他汀的液态发酵条件进行优化。【结果】获得一株产洛伐他汀的紫红曲霉(Monascus purpureus M4),该菌在甘油57.80g/L、酵母浸粉5.52 g/L、接种量为6.90%条件下,洛伐他汀产量(173.60 mg/L)较优化前提高了4.8倍。【结论】菌株M4产洛伐他汀最优液态发酵条件的建立,为洛伐他汀的大规模生产及该菌株的工业化应用提供了技术支撑。     

三叶半夏种质资源扩繁及保存研究*

目的:通过对三叶半夏扩繁和保存方法的研究,为三叶半夏种质资源的保育和开发利用提供技术支撑。方法: 首先,通过灭菌条件筛选、愈伤诱导及丛生芽诱导等进行扩繁条件探索;其次,通过设置不同基本培养基、蔗糖浓度、不同温度和光照强度等条件探索合适的种质保存条件;最后,探索了休眠块茎唤醒方式和丛生芽再诱导方法,为种质资源再扩繁提供基础。结果: 以叶柄为外植体,升汞灭菌12 min后,接种至添加2,4-D的培养基中可诱导疏松愈伤组织。外植体接种至MS+2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.1 mg/L NAA+蔗糖30 g/L +琼脂6.0 g/L,pH 5.8中可进行丛生芽诱导。合适的种质保存基本培养基为MS和N6培养基;合适的蔗糖浓度为30 g/L,过低或过高均不利于种质保存;在丛生块茎诱导时需要提供足够的温度和光照,低温及避光条件不利于种质保存。待丛生芽自然倒苗休眠后可进行长达1~2年的离体保存。对休眠块茎进行唤醒诱导时可采用切割块茎后再接种的方式。萌发出来的叶柄直接进行丛生芽诱导增殖,而块茎则接种至MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6.5 g/L,pH 5.8中进行再分化诱导丛生芽。诱导出来的丛生芽进行规模化扩繁或继续进行离体保存。结论: 通过对三叶半夏的种质扩繁,筛选合适的条件得到休眠丛生块茎,可对三叶半夏进行长时间的离体保存,而后唤醒和再次诱导的相关研究,为其种质资源保存、利用提供技术基础。     

Use of deciduous woody species as a diet supplement for goats grazing Mediterranean shrublands during the dry season

Nutritional stress during the dry summer period is considered as a primary factor limiting goat production in the Mediterranean region. This study was conducted to determine if the browse of deciduous woody fodder plants is useful as a supplement for goats grazing kermes oak shrublands during July and September. Browses used were of Amorpha fruticosa L., Carpinus orientalis Mill., Colutea arborescens L., Fraxinus ornus L., Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. and Robinia pseudoacacia L.. Treatments included: (1)–(6) kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) shrubland plus fresh branches (2 kg/animal/day) of one of the above fodder plants as browse supplement, (7) kermes oak shrubland plus 0.25 (July) or 0.5 (September) kg alfalfa pellets/animal/day and (8) grazing in kermes oak shrubland as a control. Fodder plants produced high amounts of grazable material during summer whose quality ranged from medium (Carpinus, Fraxinus, Ostrya) to high (Amorpha, Colutea and Robinia). Goats ingested higher (p ≤ 0.05) browse of Fraxinus (268 g DM) and Ostrya (285 g DM) than the remaining browses (22–177 g DM) and alfalfa pellets (170 g DM) during July, but of Robinia and alfalfa (469 and 434 g DM, respectively) in September. During September, intake of all supplement feeds increased compared to July except for Ostrya, which remained constant. Goats supplemented by alfalfa pellets and browse supplements gained weight in both these periods in contrast to the animals grazing only kermes oak shrubland, except for Amorpha and Colutea in July. It is concluded that during summer, when the forage quality of kermes oak shrubland declines, browse supplement with certain deciduous woody fodder plants allows weight gains similar to those of alfalfa pellets; thereby, improving grazing animal performance.     

Optimization of date syrup as a novel medium for lovastatin production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus terreus</Emphasis> ATCC 20542 and analyzing assimilation kinetic of carbohydrates

Lovastatin is a statin drug, which lowers cholesterol level in blood due to inhibition of (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Date syrup is a rich medium for microbial growth and metabolite production. The main carbohydrates present in the date syrup are glucose and fructose. In this study, date syrup was used as a complex and bioresource medium for lovastatin production by Aspergillus terreus in the submerged cultivation. Optimization of the date syrup medium in order to achieve the highest titers of lovastatin and biomass was carried out. Four factors were studied by response surface methodology including concentration of date syrup carbohydrates, yeast extract concentration, pH, and rotation speed of the shaker. Optimal conditions for these factors found were as follows: concentration of date syrup carbohydrates, 64 g/l; yeast extract concentration, 15 g/l; pH, 6.5; and agitation speed, 150 rpm. It gave lovastatin concentration of 105.6 mg/l. Next, batch cultures in the optimal conditions were performed in a 2.5-l working volume bioreactor and led to the lovastatin titer of 241.1 mg/l during 12 days. Aspergillus terreus showed diauxic growth in the optimized medium with a shift from glucose to fructose assimilation during the run. Glucose and fructose assimilation kinetic parameters revealed that more lovastatin is produced during glucose assimilation, while more biomass was formed during fructose assimilation.     

裂褶菌菌株G18对孔雀石绿染料的脱色优化

通过对兔眼蓝莓幼果组织中分离得到的内生真菌G18进行形态特征、ITS序列和系统进化分析鉴定菌株G18为裂褶菌Schizophyllum commune。同时,对菌株G18产生的3种木质素降解酶进行监测,发现G18菌株可以分泌漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶。为明确裂褶菌G18对染料的脱色能力,利用裂褶菌G18对固体条件下8种染料进行脱色能力的检测,筛选出较易脱色的染料后,对该染料的脱色条件进行优化。结果表明,裂褶菌G18对8种染料均可以脱色,对孔雀石绿染料的脱色效果最好。裂褶菌G18对孔雀石绿的脱色优化结果为pH 7.0、20.0g/L淀粉、1.0g/L尿素、1.0g/L硫酸锌、接菌量9片（d=5.0mm）。     

多叶斑叶兰繁殖体系建立及基于转录组的发育调控途径功能基因研究

多叶斑叶兰,是兰科斑叶兰属濒危野生植物、国家二级保护植物,具有极高的观赏和药用价值。多叶斑叶兰由于分布种群小,传播扩散能力弱,自然繁殖受到极大限制。以野生多叶斑叶兰茎段作为外植体,建立高效直接的植株再生体系。结合高通量转录组测序技术与生物信息学分析技术,深入挖掘参与多叶斑叶兰器官发育过程的功能基因。结果表明, Morel+2.0 mg/L 6-BA +0.5 mg/LKT+1.0 mg/LNAA+1g/L蛋白胨+25g/L 蔗糖+7.0 g/L Agar+1.0 g/L活性炭+30 g/L 香蕉+50 g/L土豆为最佳的芽诱导培养基;Morel+3 mg/L 6-BA+0.5mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/LKT+0.01 mg/L TDZ+2g/L蛋白胨+25g/L 蔗糖+7.0 g/L Agar+1.0 g/L活性炭30g/L 香蕉+50g/L 土豆为最佳芽增殖培养基;1/2 Morel+1.0 mg/L IBA+0.1 mg/L NAA+1 g/L+花宝2 号+25g/L 蔗糖+7.0g/L Agar +1.0 g/L活性炭+1g·L-1蛋白胨为最佳的生根培养基。转录组测序分析组装获得170688个Unigene,平均长度为584 bp, N50为833 bp。17352个Unigene比对注释到NR、Swiss-Prot、KOG、GO、KEGG数据库。野生苗与组培苗差异表达Unigene GO与KEGG功能富集分析显示, Unigene主要参与调控植物激素信号转导、植物形态发育、次生代谢过程以及能量代谢过程等生物学功能。进一步分析获得511个参与植物器官发育调控相关的转录因子。成功建立了多叶斑叶兰种质资源保存与高效离体再生体系,结合高通量转录组学技术,获得全面完整的多叶斑叶兰转录组信息特征,为后期多叶斑叶兰快速扩繁、遗传转化以及功能基因鉴定、遗传发育及其调控机制研究奠定基础。     

Simultaneous biosynthesis of (+)-geodin by a lovastatin-producing fungus Aspergillus terreus

The simultaneous biosynthesis of lovastatin (mevinolinic acid) and (+)-geodin by Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 with regard to the medium composition, i.e. the concentrations of carbon and nitrogen source, was described in this paper. A. terreus is a lovastatin producer but the formation of lovastatin was accompanied by the significant amounts of (+)-geodin, when the elevated concentration of carbon source (lactose) was still present in the medium in the idiophase and nitrogen source (yeast extract) was deficient. It was observed for runs, in which the higher (above 20 g l(-1)) initial lactose concentration was applied or when the nitrogen deficiency led to the decrease of biomass content in the system. In contrast to lovastatin, there was not optimum initial concentration of yeast extract, as its lowest tested initial concentration (2 g l(-1)) led to the highest (+)-geodin volumetric formation rates and final yield. What is more, even higher final (+)-geodin concentrations were achieved at elevated initial lactose concentration (40 g l(-1)) and in the lactose-fed fed-batch run. In the fed-batch run lovastatin concentration increased significantly too, as this metabolite formation is also carbon source dependent. Finally, (+)-geodin occurred to be a metabolite, whose formation, in contrast to lovastatin, is non-growth associated.