谷氨酰胺供应水平对离体培养小麦穗籽粒淀粉和蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

选用籽粒蛋白质含量不同的小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种,运用离体穗培养技术,研究了谷氨酰胺供应水平对小麦穗籽粒重、淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响.实验结果表明,随着培养基中谷氨酰胺供应水平的提高,粒重、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累量均呈单峰曲线,在6 g·L-1谷氨酰胺水平时达到最大值;籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量随谷氨酰胺浓度的提高呈上升趋势,而淀粉含量呈下降趋势.籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量的变化与总蛋白质含量变化趋势一致,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量在2～6 g·L-1谷氨酰胺浓度范围内呈上升趋势,此后则无明显变化.     

两种冠温型冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态

 于2001～2003年对河南省主要推广的3个冬小麦 (Triticum aestivum)品种冠温特征、籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态进行了研究。结果表明：‘豫麦50’在灌浆后期冠层温度明显降低,表现为冷尾型,而‘豫麦34’、‘豫麦70’冠层温度有上升的趋势,表现为暖尾型 ,在灌浆末期冷尾型与暖尾型小麦冠层温度相差超过2.5 ℃。不同冠温小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分积累动态表现出差异：暖尾型小麦清蛋白、球蛋白积累量在灌浆后期显著高于冷尾型品种,最终醇溶蛋白积累量品种间差异不显著,麦谷蛋白积累量在花后15 d以前差异不显著,但开花 20 d后暖尾型小麦麦谷蛋白积累量增大,与冷尾型小麦差异达到1%显著水平,最终麦谷蛋白与总蛋白质含量比例亦表现出同样的趋势,麦谷蛋白含量与灌浆中、后期冠层温度和整个灌浆期平均冠层温度均达到显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.7781、0.865、0.968 7;不同冠温型 小麦淀粉组分积累量与直/支差异不大,但淀粉糊化特性表现出明显的差异,除稀懈值外, 暖尾型小麦与冷尾型小麦峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、糊化时间、糊化温度和反弹值差异分别达到1%显著水平。     

氮素对不同类型玉米籽粒氨基酸、蛋白质含量及其组分变化的影响

以普通玉米掖单22和高油玉米高油115为材料,研究了不同供氮条件下玉米籽粒中蛋白质及其组分的含量、清蛋白和球蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量、籽粒氨基酸总鼍以及氨基酸组分含量的品种差异。结果表明。氮素供应水平对两种类型玉米灌浆期间籽粒蛋白质含量变化作用相同,前期逐渐下降,至成熟期略有升高;籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和符蛋白含量变化动态各处理基本一致,两种类型玉米籽粒清蛋白含量随时间的推移逐渐降低。球蛋门含量的变化动态旱单峰曲线,峰值出现在授粉后30d。醇溶蛋白含量均呈“V”型变化,以授粉30d后最低。谷蛋白的含量则均呈上升趋势。氮素供应水平对两种类型玉米籽粒中各蛋白质组分禽量的变化的影响作用有所不同。对高油115籽粒中球蛋白含量的影响较小;施氮水平并不改变两种类型玉米籽粒氨基酸总量的变化趋势。但两种类型玉米籽粒中氨基酸组分的含量变化较大。     

模拟酸雨对小麦产量及籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量及组分的影响

以宁麦13和徐麦31两种小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同pH值酸雨对小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明:模拟酸雨抑制了小麦的生长,减少了生物量的积累。pH值2.0酸雨处理后宁麦13的单穗粒数和单茎产量分别较对照下降了48.6%和56.7%,徐麦31则分别下降了31.2%和39.7%,差异显著。小麦籽粒主要营养成分对酸雨胁迫响应不同,酸雨处理提高了籽粒氨基酸、蛋白质含量,pH值2.0酸雨处理后,宁麦13和徐麦31小麦籽粒中氨基酸含量分别比对照高36.6%和30.9%,总蛋白含量分别比对照高20.6%和15.1%,均与对照差异显著。而小麦可溶性糖、淀粉和脂肪含量较对照降低,且总体表现为酸度增强变化幅度增大。不同蛋白组分也对酸雨胁迫反应不同,酸雨处理提高了籽粒中清蛋白和球蛋白含量,而降低了谷蛋白含量和谷/醇。pH值2.0的酸雨处理后,宁麦13和徐麦31的清蛋白含量较对照分别增加了13.1%和23.9%,但与对照差异不显著。酸雨胁迫降低了总淀粉和支链淀粉含量,宁麦13和徐麦31的pH值2.0酸雨处理总淀粉含量分别较对照下降了11.8%和20.2%,与对照差异显著,但对直链淀粉含量影响不明显。可见酸雨不仅影响小麦的产量,而且对品质也有明显影响。酸雨处理尽管提高了籽粒总蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白和谷/醇,降低了其加工品质。     

水氮互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响

以两个不同品质类型的小麦品种（强筋品种豫麦34、弱筋品种豫麦50）为材料,在大田条件下,研究了3个灌水处理（W₁：拔节水;W₂：拔节水+花后15 d灌浆水;W₃：拔节水+灌浆水+花后28 d麦黄水）和3个氮肥水平（0、150、270 kg·hm^-2）对籽粒蛋白质、淀粉含量及其组分的影响.结果表明：270 kg·hm^-2的施氮量有利于提高强筋小麦（豫麦34）籽粒蛋白质含量,籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量明显提高,谷/醇增大;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高,直/支下降;籽粒产量增加.弱筋小麦（豫麦50）在150 kg·hm^-2 的施氮量下,清蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量增加,球蛋白和谷蛋白含量下降,谷/醇降低;支链淀粉和总淀粉含量提高;不施氮肥或氮肥施用过多（270 kg·hm^-2）均影响籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的积累,使产量下降.W₂处理促进了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,W₁或W₃处理均不利于籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,且导致籽粒产量下降.水、氮互作效应中,强筋和弱筋小麦分别以全生育期270 kg·hm^-2和150 kg·hm^-2施氮量配合拔节水+灌浆水（W₂）为比较理想的水氮运筹方式.     

土壤肥力对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量及加工品质的影响

研究了基础土壤肥力对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量变化及加工品质的影响。结果表明,高肥力土壤栽培的小麦比低肥力土壤栽培的小麦,其籽粒蛋白质及各组分含量都显著提高,但清蛋白和球蛋白占总蛋白含量的比例为低肥力土壤高于高肥力土壤,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白为高肥力土壤高低肥力土壤;低肥力土壤栽培的小麦籽粒醇溶蛋白开始形成的时间比高肥力的早,高肥力土壤栽培小麦的籽粒醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量的提高主要源于灌浆后期合成的快,高肥力土壤垢小麦湿面筋含量,沉降值,吸水率,面团形成时间,稳定时间,断裂时间和评价值均显著或极显著高于或长于低肥力的。     

灌浆期高温和水分逆境对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响

灌浆期高温和水分逆境是影响小麦籽粒产量和品质的关键气候因子。以扬麦9号、徐州26和豫麦34三个小麦品种为材料,利用人工气候室模拟灌浆期高温和水分胁迫环境,研究了花后高温及温度和水分互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉形成的影响。结果表明,高温显著提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白含量,导致麦谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比值降低。高温显著降低了籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉含量及支／直比。籽粒蛋白质和淀粉及其组分形成所需的适宜昼夜温差随小麦品质类型而异,但温度水平对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的影响较温差大。在高温和水分逆境下,温度对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响较水分逆境大,且存在显著的互作效应。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量均表现为干旱〉对照〉渍水,以高温干旱最高,适温渍水最低;淀粉含量为对照〉干旱〉渍水,以适温对照最高,而高温渍水最低。高温和水分逆境显著提高了籽粒醇溶蛋白含量而降低了谷蛋白含量及支链淀粉含量,使蛋白质谷／醇比和淀粉支／直比降低,以高温渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分的影响最为显著。不同品种之间,高蛋白小麦籽粒蛋白质和组分的形成受高温和水分逆境的影响更大,而低蛋白品种籽粒淀粉形成显著受温度和水分逆境的调节。分析表明,在高温和水分逆境下籽粒蛋白质含量与清蛋白和醇溶蛋白显著正相关,籽粒淀粉含量与谷蛋白、支链淀粉含量及支／直比显著正相关。     

灌浆期不同阶段遮光对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量和加工品质的影响

选用强筋小麦济麦20、中筋小麦泰山23和弱筋小麦宁麦9号3个小麦品种,设置了灌浆期不同阶段遮光处理:开花后不遮光(S0)、0～11 d遮光(S1)、12 ～23 d遮光(S2)、24～35 d遮光(S3),研究了其对不同小麦品种籽粒蛋白质组分含量和加工品质的影响.结果表明:3个小麦品种的籽粒清蛋白+球蛋白含量遮光处理间无显著差异;遮光均显著提高了济麦20和泰山23的高分子量谷蛋白亚基、低分子量谷蛋白亚基、谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白和总蛋白含量,其中灌浆中期遮光(S2)处理提高幅度高于其他处理;灌浆中期(S2)和后期(S3)遮光处理显著提高了宁麦9号各蛋白质组分含量.遮光显著降低了小麦籽粒产量,提高了籽粒面团形成时间、面团稳定时间和沉降值,其中灌浆中期遮光处理更为显著,表明籽粒品质的形成与灌浆中期的光照条件更为密切.总体上灌浆期遮光对3个小麦品种籽粒产量、蛋白质组分含量及加工品质指标的调节幅度为济麦20＞泰山23＞宁麦9号.     

玉米幼穗离体培养体细胞胚高频发生的研究

以玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）幼穗为材料,ＭＳ主基本培养基,诱导体细胞且状体。筛选出了胚状体高频发生的品种;同时实验结果表明：玉米遗传型与胚状体形成有一定的相关性;诱导期２,４－Ｄ浓度对且状体产生十分重要,ＫＴ和６－ＢＡ影响且状体的发生。组织切片观察表明：多数胚状体起源于愈伤组织表层,少数产生于里层;愈伤组织产生且状体是不同步的。     

不同浓度糖氮对离体穗培养小麦粒重和叶片膜脂过氧化作用的影响

在相同浓度配比的蔗糖和谷氨酰胺培养液中培养小麦品种扬麦9号和徐州26号的离体穗,检测不同水平的糖氮对小麦粒重及叶片膜脂过氧化作用的影响.结果表明,在一定浓度范围内,提高培养液中蔗糖和谷氨酰胺供应水平后,单粒重、叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(sOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性提高,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量降低;培养液中糖氮水平过高,叶片的sOD和CAT活性则下降,MDA含量升高,籽粒单粒重下降.     

Regulation of Starch and Protein Synthesis in Wheat Grains by Feeding Sucrose and Glutamine to Detached Ears Cultured in vitro

Three experiments of in vitro ear culture were conducted to evaluate how the substrates of C (carbon) and N (nitrogen) supply in liquid medium regulate the grain growth and synthesis of protein and starch in two winter wheat cultivars. Increasing glutamine supply with constant sucrose concentration increased the contents of total protein and protein components of albumin and globulin in grain, and the activity of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) across most treatments, while markedly reducing the contents of total starch and components of amylose and amylopectin as well as the activities of soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule bounded starch synthase (GBSS). The opposite patterns were observed in the experiment of increasing sucrose supply at constant glutamine concentration. When simultaneously increasing sucrose and glutamine supply at constant ratio, the contents of total protein, albumin and globulin in grain were slowly enhanced, whereas the contents of total starch, amylose and amylopectin and the activities of SSS, GBSS and GPT increased only to a certain extent and then decreased. Negative correlations were found between the contents of protein or protein components in grains and the relative ratio of sucrose to glutamine concentrations in the culture medium, while positive correlations were seen between the contents of total starch or starch components and the ratio of sucrose to glutamine. These results implied that the composition of protein and starch in wheat grain could be readily manipulated by varying the concentrations of sucrose and glutamine and their ratio in the culture medium.     

Effect of Post-anthesis Drought on Cell Division and Starch Accumulation in Developing Wheat Grains

Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Warigal) were subjectedto 20 d of water deficit during the period of endosperm celldivision. Drought accentuated the differences in final grainweight between spikelets and between grains within spikelets.The distal grains of top spikelets were most affected by drought.The maximum number of endosperm cells was, respectively, 30and 40 per cent lower in basal grains and distal grains of draughtedplants. In basal grains of middle spikelets, the number of largestarch granules per cell was unaffected but the number of smallstarch granules per cell was 45 per cent lower in grains ofdraughted plants. The initiation of small starch granules wasmore affected than cell division because severe water deficitoccurred earlier during the former process than the latter.Final dry weight appeared to correlate well with the maximumnumber of endosperm cells, but depended also on the number ofstarch granules per cell. Consequently, the amount of dry matterper cell was not constant in both treatments. The concentration of sucrose per endosperm cell was lower onlyin the droughted distal grains of top spikelets. The supplyof sucrose to endosperm cells did not regulate the initiationof small starch granules. Triticum aestivum L., wheat, drought, grain growth, cell division, starch     

小麦蛋白质组分含量的配合力和遗传力分析

利用5个小麦亲本,按Griffing方法4组配一套完全双列杂交,研究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的配合力和遗传力。结果表明,同一性状不同亲本的一般配合力效应和不同组合间的特殊配合力效应差异都较大。球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的遗传主要受加性基因控制,清蛋白含量的遗传不存在加性基因作用,以显性基因作用为主。 Abstract：　A set of diallel crosses involving 5 wheat parents, according to the random model of Griffing Method 4, was made to study the combining ability and heritability of grain protein components in wheat. The results indicated that GCA effects of different parents for the same trait varied significantly. And SCA effects of different combination studied varied obviously. The inheritance of globulin, gliadin and glutenin contents were mainly controlled by additive genes. Dominant genes functioned mainly on albumin content without additive gene.     

小麦蛋白质组分含量的配合力和遗传力分析

利用5个小麦亲本,按Griffing方法4组配一套完全双列杂交,研究小麦籽粒蛋白质组分的配合力和遗传力。结果表明,同一性状不同亲本的一般配合力效应和不同组合间的特殊配合力效应差异都较大。球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的遗传主要受加性基因控制,清蛋白含量的遗传不存在加性基因作用,以显性基因作用为主。 Abstract：　A set of diallel crosses involving 5 wheat parents, according to the random model of Griffing Method 4, was made to study the combining ability and heritability of grain protein components in wheat. The results indicated that GCA effects of different parents for the same trait varied significantly. And SCA effects of different combination studied varied obviously. The inheritance of globulin, gliadin and glutenin contents were mainly controlled by additive genes. Dominant genes functioned mainly on albumin content without additive gene.     

小麦地方品种淀粉颗粒结合蛋白及淀粉含量差异研究

淀粉颗粒结合蛋白包含了多种淀粉生物合成的关键酶,对作物淀粉品质有重要影响。本研究利用1D-SDS-PAGE,分离了74份四川、西藏及云南毗邻地区小麦的淀粉颗粒结合蛋白,对突变材料进行了分子标记检测,对总淀粉和直链淀粉含量差异进行了比较。发现供试材料中,在分子量57～130 kDa区域共有9种不同的蛋白条带。其中,2个条带可能为新的淀粉颗粒结合蛋白;存在12份Wx-B1缺失的自然突变体和3份稀有的SGP-B1缺失突变体;筛选到直链淀粉含量超过30%的材料2份,直链淀粉含量为15%左右的材料10份。这些材料为小麦淀粉品质改良及淀粉生化合成机理研究提供了基础。     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对强筋小麦籽粒淀粉合成及品质的影响

以强筋小麦品种'济麦20'为材料,在防雨池栽培条件下研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对强筋小麦籽粒淀粉合成及其品质的影响,以明确强筋小麦获得高产优质的花后适宜土壤含水量及施氮量.结果表明:在同一施氮量下,适宜的花后土壤含水量(60%～70%)籽粒游离态淀粉合成酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性在籽粒发育过程中一直最高,有利于直链淀粉、支链淀粉的积累和支链淀粉/直链淀粉比的提高,提高峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度和衰减值;花后土壤含水量过高(80%～90%)或过低(40%～50%)均导致籽粒SSS和GBSS活性降低,从而使直链淀粉、支链淀粉的积累量降低,减小支链淀粉/直链淀粉比,使峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度降低.(2)在同一土壤含水量下,增施氮肥不利于灌浆前期SSS和GBSS活性和直链淀粉、支链淀粉积累量的提高,并且随着土壤含水量增加增施氮肥该趋势加重;适量增施氮肥能提高支链淀粉/直链淀粉比和峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度,过多或过少施氮则降低支/直比和峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度.研究认为,在本试验条件下,适量增施氮肥(纯氮225 kg/hm2)或适宜的花后土壤含水量(60%～70%)可促进强筋小麦籽粒淀粉的合成,有效改善其淀粉品质.     

花后土壤水分状况对小麦籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累关键调控酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,以2个不同蛋白质含量的冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L．)品种皖麦38和扬麦9为材料,研究了花后第4天开始的土壤干旱(SRWC=45％～50％)和渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累关键调控酶活性的影响。小麦叶片和籽粒的测定结果均表明,小麦源库器官中籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的关键调控酶活性变化趋势在2个品种间基本一致。与对照(SRWC=75％～80％)相比,干旱和渍水均明显降低了花后旗叶中蔗糖含量和磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性,而氨基酸含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性略有下降。干旱和渍水均降低了籽粒库蔗糖合成酶(SS)和结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性,可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性降低尤甚。其中干旱处理下SS的下降比渍水更为明显。与对照相比,渍水明显降低了籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和GS活性,而干旱的影响较小。相关性分析结果表明籽粒淀粉产量和含量与SPS,SSS和GBSS活性的关系比与SS活性的关系更为密切,籽粒蛋白质产量和含量与叶中GS和籽粒中GPT活性的关系比与籽粒中GS关系活性更为密切。这些结果表明小麦源库器官中调控籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累的关键酶活性变化是花后不同水分状况影响籽粒淀粉和蛋白质特性的重要因素。     

Manipulation Through Liquid Culture in the Contents of Sucrose and Glutamine and Their Transformation to Starch and Protein in Wheat Grain

Detached ears of wheat were cultured in liquid medium manipulated for sucrose and glutamine contents, and the accumulation of starch and protein in relation to the activities of sucrose cleaving—, ammonia assimilating—, and transaminating enzymes was studied in the grain. With an increase in the concentrations of sucrose from 44 to 176 mM and glutamine from 6.4 to 25.7 mM (keeping their ratio at a constant value of 7:1), the contents of starch and protein increased in the grains. However, when the grains were cultured in the medium containing 8.5 to 34 mM glutamine and a fixed concentration of 117 mM sucrose, there was a gradual increase in protein and decrease in starch content in the grain. By such manipulation in the liquid medium, the content of free amino acids also increased in the grain up to 12 days culturing. Amongst sucrose cleaving enzymes, the activities of sucrose-UDP glucosyl transferase and soluble alkaline invertase were much lower than the activity of soluble acid invertase. At high concentration (34 mM) of glutamine in the medium, containing 117 mM sucrose, there was drastic decrease in the activities of soluble acid invertase and UDPG pyrophosphorylase but the activities of ADPG pyrophosphorylase, alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase increased in the grain with increase in glutamine concentration in the culture medium. Evidently, an increase in the level of amino nitrogen, coupled with an optimum sucrose concentration in the grain raised through liquid culturing enhances the conversion of sucrose to protein at the cost of starch accumulation in wheat.