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1.
Allocation in Life Cycle Inventory Analysis for Joint Production 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Allocation in joint production is still one of the unresolved and often discussed methodological issues in Life Cycle Inventory
Analysis. Using the many years of experience of man agement sciences, a new classification scheme is proposed. It is postulated
that companies perform allocation in joint production in view of optimising the products’ performance (economic and/ or environmental),
which helps them to maximise their profits. Therefrom it is derived that value judgements and negotiations are inevitable.
The proposed classification scheme differentiates between the number of decision-makers involved, and the type of markets
for joint products. Several decision-makers have to find fair allocation factors for their commonly operated joint production,
whereas individual decision-makers may choose allocation factors considering the (economic and/ or environmental) competitiveness
of their joint products. Applied on the case of a small-scale gas-fuelled combined heat and power plant, the methodology proposed
shows a strong dependency on the disutility function, i.e., private costs, environmental damage costs or a combination of
the two.
Presentation and Introduction of this set of articles see Int. J. LCA 4 (3) 175–179 (1999) 相似文献
2.
Luis Bárzaga-Castellanos Ronald Neufert Gernot Kayser Bernd Markert 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1999,4(6):329-339
The overall reduction of the environmental impact by the use of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxide emissions
in power plants was determined by strict application of ISO 14040 and ISO/DIS 14041. Special emphasis was placed on the implementation
of the total product life cycle (PLC) of ammonium molybdate as a key input material. The environmental impact was generated
by application of the life cycle assessment (LCA) concept of “ecoscarcity” and integrated in the life cycle inventory analysis
(LCI) of SCR systems. The LCI was used to generate the life cycle impact assessment (LC1A) by use of different quantitative
valuation methods. Under consideration of the overall LCIA results and the environmental protection costs of the SCR variants,
the Ecological Effectiveness of the SCR alternatives was determined. The results enable plausible conclusions with regard
to the ecological advantages of the use of deNOx catalysts in the SCR used in hard-coal fired power plants. 相似文献
3.
Michael Röhrlich Mark Mistry Per N. Martens Stefan Buntenbach Martin Ruhrberg Matthias Dienhart Sebastian Briem Rainer Quinkertz Zeynel Alkan Kurt Kugeler 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(6):369-373
For the utilisation of an energy carrier such as lignite, the whole life cycle including necessary energy supply processes
have to be considered. Therefore using the ‘Cumulative Energy Demand’ (CED) is especially suited to determine and compare
the energy intensity of processes.
The goal of the CED is to calculate the total primary energy input for the generation of a product, taking into account the
pertinent front-end process chains. So the CED is in many steps similar to the LCA, especially in the ‘inventory analysis
step’.
The statements of the CED for energy supply-systems are concerned with the (primary) energy-efficiency of the energy supply
and pointing out the life cycle steps with high energy-resources demand. Due to the great environmental impacts of energy
supply and use which have to be laboriously assessed in LCA, the CED provides a useful, additional, energy-related ‘screening-indicator’
to LCA.
This case study analyses the extraction of lignite in an opencast mine in West-Germany as the first step of energy carrier
provision. Our data for the inventory analysis arise from a measuring campaign about the period of one year. The results underline
the great energy demand of lignite extraction in West-Germany.
With reference to the energy contents of lignite, the fraction of primary energy demands for its’ mining amounts to about
6.2%. This accounts to 93.8 % of the lignite energy content being available as usable energy for further processes, which
is obviously worse than other studies have shown. 相似文献
4.
Rolf Frischknecht Reinout Heijungs Patrick Hofstetter 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(5):266-272
The role and meaning of accounting for energy, including feedstock energy, is reviewed in connection to Einstein’s special
theory of relativity. It is argued that there is only one unambiguous interpretation of the term energy-content: The one that
corresponds tome The implications for life cycle inventories is that all discussions concerning upper heating value, lower heating value,
feedstock energy, etc. are pointless as long as the motivation for choosing one or the other is not specified in relation
to the safeguard subjects defined for a particular analysis (LCA or energy analysis). The subjective aspects of energy accounting
schemes, even though based on mere thermodynamics, are highlighted. In inventory analysis, it is recommended that energy carriers
should be accounted separately and in mass terms.
For illustrative purposes, energy statistics and energy assessment are discussed in view of the safeguard subjects underlying
the accounting procedures. Based on a set of theses, one possible energy accounting scheme as an indicator of the “consumption
of non-renewable energy resources” within the impact assessment of LCA is sketched. It is emphasised that energy accounting
schemes do not reflect environmental impacts caused by the energy sources, and the characteristics of the indicator “consumption
of non-renewable energy resources” introduced here are highlighted.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
5.
Günter Fleischer Karin Gerner Heiko Kunst Kerstin Lichtenvort Gerald Rebitzer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2001,6(3):149-156
Intention, Goal and Scope: Dealing with data gaps, data asymmetries, and inconsistencies in life cycle inventories (LCI) is
a general prohlem in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies. An approach to deal with these difficulties is the simplification
of LCA. A methodology that lowers the requirements for data quality (accuracy) for process emissions within a simplified LCA
is introduced in this article. Background: Simplification is essential for applying LCA in the context of design for environment
(DfE). The tool euroMat is a comprehensive DfE software tool that is based on a specific, simplified LCA approach, the Iterative
Screening LCA (IS-LCA). Within the scope of the IS-LCA, there is a quantitative assessment of energy-related processes, as
well as a semi-quantitative assessment of non-energy related emissions which supplement each other. Objectives: The semi-quantitative
assessment, which is in the focus of this article, aims at lowering the requirements for the quality of non-energy related
emissions data through combined use of qualitative and quantitative inventory data. Methods: Potential environmental impacts
are assessed based on ABC-categories for qualities (harmfulness) of emissions and XYZ-categories for quantities of emitted
substances. Employing statistical methods assignment rules for the ABC/XYZ-categories were derived from literature data and
databases on emissions to air, water, and soil. Statistical tests as well as a DfE case study (comparing the materials aluminum
and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy for a lightweight container to be used in an aerospace application) were conducted in order
to evaluate the level of confidence and practicality of the proposed, simplified impact assessment. Results: Statistical and
technical consistency checks show that the method bears a high level of confidence. Results obtained by the simplified assessment
correlate to those of a detailed quantitative LCA. Conclusions: Therefore, the application of the ABC/XYZ-categories (together
with the cumulative energy demand) can be considered a practical and consistent approach for determining the environmental
significance of products when only incomplete emission data is available. Future Prospects: The statistical base of the method
is expanded continuously since it is an integral part of the DfE software tool euroMat, which is currently being further developed.
That should foster the application of the method. Outside DfE, the method should also be capable of facilitating simplified
LCAs in general. 相似文献
6.
This paper describes the incorporation of an independent review process into a life-cycle inventory (LCI) study. The peer
review process was the first application of the three-stage review of an LCI. The three stages are: Review of the Goal and
Scope Definition, performed when the study plan has been established; Review of the Data-Gathering Methodology, performed
after the data have been collected; and Review of the Final Report, performed after the draft report has been written. The
purpose, process, and benefits of the review are discussed. Examples of benefits include the incorporation of a process to
select ancillary materials for inclusion in the study, and a sensitivity analysis rationale. 相似文献