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1.
E Nicholson B Collen A Barausse JL Blanchard BT Costelloe KM Sullivan FM Underwood RW Burn S Fritz JP Jones L McRae HP Possingham EJ Milner-Gulland 《PloS one》2012,7(7):e41128
In order to influence global policy effectively, conservation scientists need to be able to provide robust predictions of the impact of alternative policies on biodiversity and measure progress towards goals using reliable indicators. We present a framework for using biodiversity indicators predictively to inform policy choices at a global level. The approach is illustrated with two case studies in which we project forwards the impacts of feasible policies on trends in biodiversity and in relevant indicators. The policies are based on targets agreed at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Nagoya in October 2010. The first case study compares protected area policies for African mammals, assessed using the Red List Index; the second example uses the Living Planet Index to assess the impact of a complete halt, versus a reduction, in bottom trawling. In the protected areas example, we find that the indicator can aid in decision-making because it is able to differentiate between the impacts of the different policies. In the bottom trawling example, the indicator exhibits some counter-intuitive behaviour, due to over-representation of some taxonomic and functional groups in the indicator, and contrasting impacts of the policies on different groups caused by trophic interactions. Our results support the need for further research on how to use predictive models and indicators to credibly track trends and inform policy. To be useful and relevant, scientists must make testable predictions about the impact of global policy on biodiversity to ensure that targets such as those set at Nagoya catalyse effective and measurable change. 相似文献
2.
The conservation of Himalayan forests is big concern in view of global agenda. Many studies in this endeavor reported that
the rate of forests degradation is posing a severe threat to the landscape and existing biodiversity in the Himalayas. Currently
there many conservation approaches exists and of them four are widely recognized (1) Conservation through traditional religious
beliefs “traditional conserved forests” (TCF); (2) Conservation through governmental planning and schemes “government conserved
forests” (GCF); (3) Conservation through creation of protected areas (PAF); and (4) Conservation through community efforts
“community conserved forests” (CCF). Our hypothesis in this direction says that all the conservation approaches lead to same
results concerning to forest conservation. To testify our hypothesis we have studied the forests of each conservation regimes
and evaluated them based on the identified indicators. We have done empirical studies and following the cloud-free satellite
data were used for last three decades (such as Multi-Spectral Scanner, Linear Imaging and Self Scanning, and Enhanced Thematic
Mapper ) to study a change in vegetation dynamics of the mountain forests in multi-temporal dimension. Our research concluded
that community conservation approach have greater significance for biodiversity conservation and management in the Himalayan
region. Here we support the model of CCF for forest ecosystem conservation, alongside the sustainable livelihood of the mountain
societies. But every conservation regimes has its own importance in viewpoint of the particular objectives. Therefore, we
suggests advancement and revision of PAF and GCF however, some elements of CCF can be introduced in TCF for making up it more
sound in view of rapid socio-economic and cultural changes taking place in the communities.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
3.
Forestry is obliged to record as well as maintain and/or enhance biological diversity in forests due to national and international
agreements. Accordingly, it is necessary to work out methodological approaches for the assessment of biodiversity in forests.
In the study presented here, we focus on the total plant species pool (563 vascular plant and bryophyte species) of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in NE Germany to identify indicators for plant species richness. We distinguished several groups like “herb”,
“grass-like”, “woody”, “endangered”, and “exotic species”, for which we detected indicators for low (class #1), intermediate
(class #2), and high (class #3) species numbers. From a total of 84 species, which were identified by a three-step procedure,
most indicators were found for class #3. Only few indicators have been revealed for intermediate species numbers, i.e. class
#2. With help of Ellenberg’s ecological indicator values and information on the main occurrence in Central European vegetation
types and plant communities, respectively, we characterized the indicator species ecologically. The ecological site preferences
of the indicator species in general reflect the fact that species richness is highest in base-rich, light, and anthropogenically
disturbed pine forests. On the contrary, species-poor forests were revealed by indicators, which mainly occur on acidic sites.
It is concluded that a considerable set of indicators for species richness can help facilitate biodiversity assessments in
forestry and ecosystem restoration practice.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
4.
Yukihiro Morimoto John B. Njoroge Akihiro Nakamura Takeshi Sasaki Yutaka Chihara 《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》2006,2(2):119-127
The forest-restoration project of EXPO ’70 Commemorative Park, Japan, is an epoch-making attempt to restore a nature-oriented forest park in an urban area in which large-scale land reclamation had occurred. The objective of this paper is to review the concept, planning, and design, and the outcome so far, and discuss current aspects of creating a core natural habitat in the city of Osaka. Innovative planning policy and design methods have been used for construction of the forest-restoration project of EXPO Park. Unexpected troubles have occurred, however. After approximately 10 years severe effects of poor drainage and soil compaction on the establishment of the forest have been revealed by intensive monitoring. Partial redevelopment and soil-amendment work has therefore been conducted. These improvements seemed to have resulted in “a self-sustaining forest”, the original objective of the planning policy. After approximately 25 years, however, a second intensive monitoring program has revealed that the status of nature restoration is generally favorable in quantity but not in structure of forest communities or biodiversity. The major issues identified are excessive tree density with a single foliage layer caused by the single generation of immature forest stand, and ecological isolation from the source of nature. The EXPO forest is currently in the “Second Generation” stage; this involves management, including artificial gap regeneration, and soil seed bank introduction, with careful monitoring. The project is expected to be an ideal example of a core habitat of nature-oriented forest in urban areas achieved by adaptive management. 相似文献
5.
Yukihiro Morimoto 《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》2011,7(1):9-16
Kyoto is an old city blessed with beautiful natural and cultural landscapes. With the long history of the various events and
responses to them, Kyoto is expected to offer some insight into how to create a sustainable city with resilience relevant
to its historical inheritances and biodiversity. In this paper, we attempt to describe some concepts of developments and responses
that could mitigate the negative impact of urbanization on its biodiversity and ecosystem services. (1) Modern city planning
considering natural amenities as well as old Feng-shui geomancy theory could conserve the surrounding mountains. Down-zoning
and vistaed view preservation are examples. (2) Inside the city areas, the theory of island biogeography is applicable for
biodiversity planning, and the size of the isolated greenery is the most important factor for species richness of all taxonomic
groups. However, a single large patch is not always sufficient to conserve as many species as possible. Moreover, the heterogeneity
of the environment, which is formed by its design and management, plays an important role in species richness. Japanese gardens
and the created wildlife habitat park are good solutions for biodiversity. (3) The nature of rivers and wetland systems has
been severely degraded in the urbanization process. However, the excellent Katsura detached palace garden and Oguraike wetland
system, which were one-time national monuments with high biodiversity, suggest a smart adaptation to the increasing risk of
flooding by climate change: “Do you Kyoto”? 相似文献
6.
Roderic D. M. Page 《Organisms Diversity & Evolution》2010,10(4):343-349
In a 2003 essay E. O. Wilson outlined his vision for an “encyclopaedia of life” comprising “an electronic page for each species
of organism on Earth”, each page containing “the scientific name of the species, a pictorial or genomic presentation of the
primary type specimen on which its name is based, and a summary of its diagnostic traits.” Although biodiversity informatics
has generated numerous online resources, including some directly inspired by Wilson’s essay (e.g., iSpecies and EOL), we are
still some way from the goal of having available online all relevant information about a species, such as its taxonomy, evolutionary
history, genomics, morphology, ecology, and behaviour. While the biodiversity community has been developing a plethora of
databases, some with overlapping goals and duplicated content, Wikipedia has been slowly growing to the point where it now
has over 100,000 pages on biological taxa. My goal in this essay is to explore the idea that, largely independent of the aims
of biodiversity informatics and well-funded international efforts, Wikipedia has emerged as potentially the best platform
for fulfilling E. O. Wilson’s vision. 相似文献
7.
Götz Schroth Deborah Faria Marcelo Araujo Lucio Bede Sunshine A. Van Bael Camila R. Cassano Leonardo C. Oliveira Jacques H. C. Delabie 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2011,20(8):1635-1654
A recent debate has contrasted two conservation strategies in agricultural landscapes; either “land sparing” farm development
combining intensive production practices with forest set-asides, or “wildlife-friendly” farming with greater on-farm habitat
value but lower yields. We argue that in established mosaic landscapes including old cacao production regions where natural
forest has already been reduced to relatively small fragments, a combination of both strategies is needed to conserve biodiversity.
After reviewing the evidence for the insufficiency of either strategy alone if applied to such landscapes, the paper focuses
on the cacao production landscape of southern Bahia, Brazil, once the world’s second largest cacao producer. Here, small remaining
areas of Atlantic Forest are embedded in a matrix dominated by traditional cacao agroforests, resulting in a landscape mosaic
that has proven favorable to the conservation of the region’s high biodiversity. We show that current land use dynamics and
public policies pose threats but also offer opportunities to conservation and describe a three-pronged landscape conservation
strategy, consisting of (i) expansion of the protected areas system, (ii) promotion of productive yet biodiversity-friendly
cacao farming practices, and (iii) assistance to land users to implement legally mandated on-farm reserves and voluntary private
reserves. We discuss recent experiences concerning the implementation of this strategy, discuss likely future scenarios, and
reflect on the applicability of the Bahian experience to biodiversity rich cacao production regions elsewhere in the tropics. 相似文献
8.
The remarkable geological and evolutionary history of peninsular India has generated much interest in the patterns and processes
that might have shaped the current distributions of its endemic biota. In this regard the “Out-of-India” hypothesis, which
proposes that rafting peninsular India carried Gondwanan forms to Asia after the break-up of Gondwana super continent, has
gained prominence. Here we have reviewed molecular studies undertaken on a range of taxa of supposedly Gondwanan origin to
better understand the Out-of-India scenario. This re-evaluation of published molecular studies indicates that there is mounting
evidence supporting Out-of-India scenario for various Asian taxa. Nevertheless, in many studies the evidence is inconclusive
due to lack of information on the age of relevant nodes. Studies also indicate that not all Gondwanan forms of peninsular
India dispersed out of India. Many of these ancient lineages are confined to peninsular India and therefore are relict Gondwanan
lineages. Additionally, for some taxa an “Into India” rather than “Out-of-India” scenario better explains their current distribution.
To identify the “Out-of-India” component of Asian biota it is imperative that we understand the complex biogeographical history
of India. To this end, we propose three oversimplified yet explicit phylogenetic predictions. These predictions can be tested
through the use of molecular phylogenetic tools in conjunction with palaeontological and geological data. 相似文献
9.
Sikorski J 《Archives of microbiology》2008,189(1):1-5
Understanding the evolution of biodiversity and the function of biological systems are burning and linked questions in biology.
Evolution of biodiversity begins at the level of microevolution, with the differentiation of individuals in populations. The
study of this process splits into two conceptually different approaches (1) the concept of functional biology of testing hypothesis
by precisely controlled and forward-directed experiments (digital and experimental evolution), and (2) the concept of a theory-based
historical narrative (testing hypothesis on events in the past for their suitability to best explain the present). Here, I discuss and emphasize
the benefits of the study of natural bacterial populations for a deeper understanding of prokaryotic biology. Also, I adress
current problems in taxonomy at the ‘species’ level which obviously need discussion and clarification. I exemplify this with
a natural model population for such studies, Bacillus simplex from “Evolution Canyon”, Israel. 相似文献
10.
Indicators for biodiversity and ecosystem services: towards an improved framework for ecosystems assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christian K. Feld José Paulo Sousa Pedro Martins da Silva Terence P. Dawson 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2010,19(10):2895-2919
Ecosystem assessment and monitoring requires the development and application of suitable indicators, i.e. they need to be
(i) reliable and capable of simplifying complex relationships, (ii) quantifiable and transparent in order to enable an easy
communication, and (iii) fit for the purpose of indication. These requirements are scarcely fulfilled in current ecosystem
assessment and monitoring efforts to address the requirements of international biodiversity conventions. Here we present and
test a set of seven criteria towards an improved framework for ecosystems indication with particular emphasis on the indication
of biodiversity and ecosystem services: purpose of indication, indicator type according to the EEA’s Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response
scheme, direct/indirect linkages to biodiversity and ecosystem services, spatial scale and scalability across scales, applicability
of benchmarks/reference values, availability of data and protocols, and applicability of remote sensing. The criteria are
tested using 24 indicators of ecosystem assessment and monitoring at the global, continental and regional scale. Based on
the general trends revealed by our evaluation, we present recommendations to streamline and improve ecosystem indication with
respect to international biodiversity conventions. The implementation of our recommendations does require concerted international
effort, comparable, for instance, to the implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Europe. 相似文献
11.
The role of trade-offs in biodiversity conservation planning: Linking local management, regional planning and global conservation efforts 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Biodiversity conservation planning requires trade-offs, given the realities of limited resources and the competing demands
of society. If net benefits for society are important, biodiversity assessment cannot occur without other sectoral factors
“on the table”. In trade-offs approaches, the biodiversity value of a given area is expressed in terms of the species or other
components of biodiversity that it has that are additional to the components protected elsewhere. That “marginal gain” is
called thecomplementarity value of the area. A recent whole-country planning study for Papua New Guinea illustrates the importance of complementarity-based
tradeoffs in determining priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and for designing economic instruments such as biodiversity
levies and offsets. Two international biodiversity programs provide important new opportunities for biodiversity trade-offs
taking complementarity into account. Both the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Critical Ecosystems or “hotspots” programs
can benefit from an explicit framework that incorporates tradeoffs, in which a balance is achieved not only by land-use allocation
among areas, but also by the crediting of partial protection of biodiversity provided by sympathetic management within areas.
For both international programs, our trade-offs framework can provide a natural linkage between local, regional and global
planning levels. 相似文献
12.
Niche division and abundance: an evolutionary perspective 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In recent years, biodiversity has become an issue of broad academic interest, and its assessment and maintenance are now
recognized as an important area of ecological research. While the concept of biodiversity encompasses, first and foremost,
the total number of species co-occurring in a locality, it has increasingly been realized that information on the relative
abundances of co-occurring species is also required for a better understanding of the patterns and dynamics of biodiversity.
In many areas of ecological research, “abundance” constitutes a key variable that characterizes populations and communities.
The relative abundances of species in natural communities reflect evolutionary and contemporary processes occurring on different
spatiotemporal scales. The idea of niche apportionment has been developed to provide an integrated conceptual framework for
the study of species abundance patterns in communities. This article reviews a number of important issues surrounding the
concept of niche apportionment, including some aspects that have received very little or no consideration in previous ecological
literature. The main emphasis here is on possible evolutionary implications and backgrounds. Further, as a universal factor
which affects species abundance in one way or another, body size is highlighted and its relationship with abundance (“density–body-size
relation”) is considered, referring in particular to a recent comprehensive analysis of freshwater benthic data. Consideration
of this and other studies has led to the formulation of the biomass equivalence rule, that suggests the independence of the
biomass measure of abundance from body size, which strengthens the logical basis of niche apportionment models. It is suggested
that, compared with Hubbell's neutral theory of biodiversity, niche apportionment with the biomass equivalence rule represents
a conceptually more sound and widely applicable approach to elucidating species abundance patterns.
Received: February 4, 2002 / Accepted: October 25, 2002
Correspondence to:M. Tokeshi 相似文献
13.
Sarah S. Richardson 《Biology & philosophy》2010,25(5):823-841
This paper describes, analyzes, and critiques the construction of separate “male” and “female” genomes in current human genome
research. Comparative genomic work on human sex differences conceives of the sexes as like different species, with different
genomes. I argue that this construct is empirically unsound, distortive to research, and ethically questionable. I propose
a conceptual model of biological sex that clarifies the distinction between species and sexes as genetic classes. The dynamic
interdependence of the sexes makes them “dyadic kinds” that are not like species, which are “individual kinds.” The concept
of sex as a “dyadic kind” may be fruitful as a remedy to the tendency to conceive of the sexes as distinct, binary classes
in biological research on sex more generally. 相似文献
14.
15.
The intentional introduction of exotic species can increase the level of local biodiversity, enrich people’s material lives,
and bring significant social and economic benefits that are also the symbols of human progress. However, along with the frequent
intercourse among countries and regions, the frequency of uncontrolled crossregional migration of species is increased and
there is a lack of scientific management strategy for the intentional introduction of exotic species. Exotic species invasion,
which is behind habitat fragmentation, has become the second largest threatening factor to the maintenance of the global-scale
level of biological diversity. Exotic species invasion can destroy the structure of an ecosystem, disturb the economic life
of a society, and do harm to human health. In this paper, the authors review some of the ecological explanations for issues
such as “what causes or mechanisms have led to the successful invasion of exotic species”, including the “ideal weeds characteristics”,
“biodiversity resistance hypothesis”, “enemies release hypothesis”, “evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis”,
“niche opportunity hypothesis”, and “novel weapon hypothesis”. The authors also analyze and evaluate the background and theoretical
basis of the hypotheses, providing explanations for some phenomena, as well as the deficiencies of these explanations. 相似文献
16.
On the occasion of the first international workshop on systems radiation biology we review the role of cell renewal systems
in maintaining the integrity of the mammalian organism after irradiation. First, 11 radiation emergencies characterized by
chronic or protracted exposure of the human beings to ionizing irradiation were “revisited”. The data provide evidence to
suggest that at a daily exposure of about 10–100 mSv, humans are capable of coping with the excess cell loss for weeks or
even many months without hematopoietic organ failure. Below 10 mSv/day, the organisms show some cellular or subcellular indicators
of response. At dose rates above 100 mSv/day, a progressive shortening of the life span of the irradiated organism is observed.
To elucidate the mechanisms relevant to tolerance or failure, the Megakaryocyte–thrombocyte cell renewal system was investigated.
A biomathematical model of this system was developed to simulate the development of thrombocyte concentration as a function
of time after onset of chronic radiation exposure. The hematological data were taken from experimental chronic irradiation
studies with dogs at the Argonne National Laboratory, USA. The results of thrombocyte response patterns are compatible with
the notion of an “excess cell loss” (compared to the steady-state) in all proliferative cell compartments, including the stem
cell pool. The “excess cell loss” is a function of the daily irradiation dose rate. Once the stem cell pool is approaching
an exhaustion level, a “turbulence region” is reached. Then it takes a very little additional stress for the system to fail.
We conclude that in mammalian radiation biology (including radiation medicine), it is important to understand the physiology
and pathophysiology of cell renewal systems in order to allow predicting the development of radiation induced lesions. 相似文献
17.
K. Michael Bessey 《Ecosystems》2002,5(4):360-375
Ecosystems and city systems often form hierarchically structured landscapes whose spatial pattern is scale dependent. While
trends in the upper tail of national city-size distributions leave the impression that fractal-scaling laws such as Zipf's
law or the rank-size rule truly represent the essence of the system, the linearity depicted at aggregate scale actually obscures
variation and discontinuity in the urban size-density function, including multimodalities evident in regional data sets. Tracing
individual city trajectories through these hierarchical patterns reveals structural resilience at macroscopic scale, the punctuated
growth of individual cities of differing sizes, the persistence and self-reinforcing character of spatial agglomeration, and
a general need for further empirical investigation of the relationship between city size and growth. It also raises questions
for future exploration, including the meaning of persistent departures from the power laws of traditional urban systems theory.
Interpretation of such departures in the context of questions of jurisdictional scale in environmental management and “smart
growth” policy adds a practical dimension to the research agenda.
Received 14 November 2000; accepted 5 September 2001. 相似文献
18.
Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity 总被引:68,自引:0,他引:68
Michael A. Huston 《Oecologia》1997,110(4):449-460
Interactions between biotic and abiotic processes complicate the design and interpretation of ecological experiments. Separating
causality from simple correlation requires distinguishing among experimental treatments, experimental responses, and the many
processes and properties that are correlated with either the treatments or the responses, or both. When an experimental manipulation
has multiple components, but only one of them is identified as the experimental treatment, erroneous conclusions about cause
and effect relationships are likely because the actual cause of any observed response may be ignored in the interpretation
of the experimental results. This unrecognized cause of an observed response can be considered a “hidden treatment.” Three
types of hidden treatments are potential problems in biodiversity experiments: (1) abiotic conditions, such as resource levels,
or biotic conditions, such as predation, which are intentionally or unintentionally altered in order to create differences
in species numbers for “diversity” treatments; (2) non-random selection of species with particular attributes that produce
treatment differences that exceed those due to “diversity” alone; and (3) the increased statistical probability of including
a species with a dominant negative or positive effect (e.g., dense shade, or nitrogen fixation) in randomly selected groups
of species of increasing number or “diversity.” In each of these cases, treatment responses that are actually the result of
the “hidden treatment” may be inadvertently attributed to variation in species diversity. Case studies re-evaluating three
different types of biodiversity experiments demonstrate that the increases found in such ecosystem properties as productivity,
nutrient use efficiency, and stability (all of which were attributed to higher levels of species diversity) were actually
caused by “hidden treatments” that altered plant biomass and productivity.
Received: 16 December 1996 / Accepted: 2 March 1997 相似文献
19.
Biotope Use and Trends of European Butterflies 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
Europe has undergone substantial biotope loss and change over the last century and data are needed urgently on the rate of
decline in different wildlife groups in order to identify and target conservation measures. However, pan-European data are
available for very few taxonomic groups, notably birds. We present here the first overview of trends for an insect group within
different biotopes across Europe, based on data from the Red Data Book of European Butterflies. The most important biotopes
for Europe’s 576 butterfly species, including threatened species, are man-made or man-influenced, notably types of grassland
or heath/scrub communities. Our results show that butterflies are declining substantially across Europe, with a decline in
distribution of −11% over the last 25 years. The distributions of the 25 most “generalist” species are declining only slowly
(−1%) compared to specialist butterflies of grassland (−19%), wetlands (−15%), and forests (−14%). On average, grassland butterflies
have declined somewhat slower than farmland birds (annual decrease −0.8% compared to −1.5%), but woodland butterflies have
decreased more rapidly (−0.01% to −0.6%) than woodland birds, which are more or less stable. The sensitivity of butterflies
to environmental changes and the availability of data across Europe suggest that they are very good candidates to build biodiversity
indicators and, along with other major groups such as birds, suitable to monitor progress towards the EU target of halting
biodiversity loss by 2010.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
20.
E. A. Zaburdaeva P. V. Bedova V. N. Maksimov 《Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin》2010,65(2):61-65
The dataset on benthic fauna diversity obtained by ecological monitoring of lakes (Mari El Republic) was analyzed for applicability
in water quality biological benchmark. The effect of several parameters on biodiversity were tested: (1) calculation errors
in species number definition, (2) application of certain evaluation method of rank distribution parameters, (3) adequacy degree
of distribution model, (4) evenness: diversity ratio, (5) hydrochemical parameters of lake, and (6) “sampling site effect”
(natural reserve area impact). The biodiversity characteristics were suggested, which highly correlated to obtained data.
The critical level for each characteristic was proposed to define favorable and adverse conditions of benthic communities.
Practical recommendations were given for using studied parameters in the evaluation of the water quality biological benchmark
in Mari El Republic. 相似文献