大鳞副泥鳅鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

对大鳞副泥鳅的鳞片作了扫描电镜观察。结果表明,大鳞副泥鳅具圆鳞;基区、侧区和顶区均具有辐射沟及环沟,二者交织成网状,将鳞片分割成块状,可增加鳞片的柔软度;次级辐射沟发出部位可作为确定年轮的主要依据。     

低龄草鱼鳞片环纹的增长及幼轮和年轮特征的初步研究

幼草鱼鳞片环纹,以孵出后第二个月生长最快,往后生长减慢,冬季停止生长。幼鱼体长一般在47—70毫米形成幼轮。鳞片的“切割相”是区别年轮和幼轮的标志。幼鱼在饥饿时,环片不仅不增长,反而出现环片被吸收的现象。鳞片上各种副轮标记的形成与摄食条件的变化有关。计算了体长与鳞径、环纹数以及鳞径与环纹数的迴归方程,它们之间都呈直线正相关,相关显著性均在99%以上。       

大麻哈鱼的年龄与生长

通过对2010和2011年采捕到乌苏里江大麻哈鱼洄游群体571个样本的鳞片观察和基础生物学测定,研究了大麻哈鱼的年龄判定和生长模拟。大麻哈鱼鳞片属于典型圆鳞,有明显的年轮特征,为一年一个周期,年轮特征表现为疏密型。部分鳞片有明显幼轮,幼轮和年轮根据鳞径大小能够区分。采集样本的雌雄组都分为2+,3+,4+三个年龄组,也都以3+龄组数量最多。采用特殊Von Bertalanffy、Logistic、Gompertz和幂指数生长方程分别模拟了大麻哈鱼1—4龄间的生长,通过最大似然法估计各模型的参数。采用残差平方和(Analysis of the residual sum of squares,ARSS)分析得出大麻哈鱼雌雄个体间生长无显著差异(P>0.05),故将雌雄个体放一起进行生长模拟。AIC和BIC检验结果显示特殊VBGF方程为最适生长模型,公式为:Lt=90.04×[1 e 0.3(ti+0.27)]。大麻哈鱼的生长速度随着年龄增长逐年降低,且性成熟年龄小的个体生长速度大于性成熟年龄大的个体。应对大麻哈鱼年龄与生长进行长期监测,为增殖放流等渔业资源管理措施提供基础资料。     

刀鲚的年龄和生长

鉴定刀鲚年龄的方法很多。本文以鳞片为主,对照耳石、胸鳍鳍条等方面的材料,做了比较全面的研究。发现它们都有明显的年龄标志,但各有优缺点。其中以鳞片取材最容易,观察最方便,缺点是年轮标志比较复杂,有时还有副轮和幼轮等。再生鳞也比较多。刀鲚鱼苗和幼鱼在生长过程中,体长增加较快,至11月份,幼鱼最大个体可达200毫米左右。成鱼体长增加速度逐渐减慢,最大个体只410毫米。但随着年龄的变化,其体重却有显著增加。刀鲚鳞片的生长和体长的增加基本上成正比关系。刀鲚寿命不长,一般只有4—5冬龄,最大个体不超过6冬龄。     

刀鲚的年龄和生长

鉴定刀鲚年龄的方法很多。本文以鳞片为主,对照耳石、胸鳍鳍条等方面的材料,做了比较全面的研究。发现它们都有明显的年龄标志,但各有优缺点。其中以鳞片取材最容易,观察最方便,缺点是年轮标志比较复杂,有时还有副轮和幼轮等。再生鳞也比较多。刀鲚鱼苗和幼鱼在生长过程中,体长增加较快,至11月份,幼鱼最大个体可达200毫米左右。成鱼体长增加速度逐渐减慢,最大个体只410毫米。但随着年龄的变化,其体重却有显著增加。刀鲚鳞片的生长和体长的增加基本上成正比关系。刀鲚寿命不长,一般只有4-5冬龄,最大个体不超过6冬龄。       

多齿蛇鲻鳞片表面结构的扫描电镜观察

本文对多齿蛇鲻鳞片表面结构进行扫描电镜观祭,描述了鳞纹、年轮形式、齿状粒突、辐射沟、伸缩缝、后区隆突和小棘。鳞纹嵴顶上的齿状粒突,其形态特征和排列方式可作为辅助鉴别疑难种类的依据。鳞纹和后区隆突上的伸缩缝,作者认为对鳞片的伸缩起着柔软缓冲作用。     

软刺裸裂尻鱼的年龄鉴定

检测并比较了软刺裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis malacanthus）鳞片、耳石、脊椎骨和背鳍条的年轮特征。结果表明,这4种材料上均具有年轮特征,以耳石最明显,且易于识别,为最好的年龄鉴定材料;鳞片上的年轮也较明显,但高龄鱼外围的年轮常挤在一起,使鉴定结果偏低;背鳍条上的环纹清晰,但边缘出现轮纹的重叠,影响年龄准确判读;脊椎骨上通常只能观察到比较有限的环纹,不适合用作年龄鉴定。     

再论鲢鳙鳞片年轮和幼轮的鉴别

鲢鳙鳞片上年轮和幼轮的形成机制无本质区别。在水库人工放养鲢鳙鱼种的条件下,体长10厘米以下形成的年轮和体长6厘米以上形成的幼轮,其形态常常极为相似。根据鳞片逆算体长,从放养到一龄,一龄到二龄,二龄到三龄的体长相对生长率是鉴别年轮与幼轮的重要依据。     

再论鲢鳙鳞片年轮和幼轮

鲢鳙鳞片上年轮和幼轮的形成机制无本质区别。在水库人工放养鲢鳙鱼种的条件下，体长10厘米以下形成的年轮和体长6厘米以上形成的幼轮，其形态常常极为相似。根据鳞片逆算体长，从放养到一龄，一龄到二龄，二龄到三龄的体长相对生长率是鉴别年轮与幼轮的重要依据。     

牙鲆、大黄鱼和小黄鱼不同部位鳞片类型的比较

真骨鱼类的骨鳞有圆鳞和栉鳞两种类型,观察了大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)成体的鳞片类型,发现同一个体同时存在圆鳞和栉鳞,有典型的圆鳞和栉鳞结构,也有两者的过渡型形态。而对100日龄和成体牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)不同部位鳞片类型的观察发现,100日龄牙鲆眼侧存在圆鳞向栉鳞过渡的Ⅲ型鳞片、Ⅳ型初始栉鳞和Ⅴ型典型栉鳞,而成体牙鲆有眼侧仅覆盖Ⅴ型典型栉鳞,推测栉鳞和圆鳞可能存在发育上的联系。通过统计大黄鱼和小黄鱼不同部位的圆鳞和栉鳞数量,发现二者体表栉鳞数量均为从头部到尾部依次减少,而背部与腹部之间没有明显差异。     

体色异常褐牙鲆皮肤色素及鳞片发育的形态学研究

本文观察比较了体色正常及体色异常褐牙鲆 (Paralichthysolivaceus)皮肤中黑色素胞和鳞片的发生及演变过程。结果显示仔鱼鱼体两侧皮肤中最先出现星状幼体型黑色素胞 ,随着变态发育 ,有眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞逐渐替代幼体型黑色素胞 ;而无眼侧皮肤中 ,幼体型黑色素胞逐渐退化崩解 ,成体型黑色素胞不出现 ,无眼侧皮肤逐渐失去色素变为白色。体色异常现象出现于变态后期 ,白化和黑化现象几乎同时发生。白化个体有眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞不能正常替代幼体型黑色素胞 ,逐渐失去色素形成白色斑块。黑化个体无眼侧皮肤中成体型黑色素胞则非正常地出现 ,逐渐替代幼体黑色素胞形成黑斑。约 30日龄变态完成时 ,体色异常现象已经显著 ,已能明显区分体色正常和异常个体。 6 0日龄左右 ,幼鱼皮肤开始长出形态较为原始的圆鳞。体色正常个体有眼侧皮肤上的圆鳞会逐渐发育成栉鳞 ,无眼侧则维持圆鳞。对比分析体色异常个体的鳞片形态 ,发现有眼侧白化部位的鳞片仍为圆鳞 ,而无眼侧黑化部位的鳞片则发育为栉鳞。同时 ,通过对体色正在恢复中的白化牙鲆的鳞片观察表明 ,伴随着白化部位色素的恢复 ,该部位的圆鳞会逐渐转变为栉鳞。由此推断色素的发生与鳞片的发育密切相关     

Sexual dimorphism in scales of marbled flounder Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae (Pleuronectiformes: Pleuronectidae), with comments on the relevance to their spawning behaviour

Variation of scales on the blind side of Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae in relation to sex, maturity and body size was examined. Immature males often have cycloid scales, while mature males have mostly ctenoid scales. Large females also often have ctenoid scales (but with fewer spines compared with males), and small females have mostly cycloid scales. The number of spines (ctenii) on the blind‐side scale increases with body size in both sexes, indicating an ontogenetic change in scale morphology. As P. yokohamae spawn demersal eggs with males positioning themselves above the females on the ocular side, it is hypothesized that ctenoid scales on the blind side in mature males function for maintaining contact with females during spawning.     

A new species of the fish genusIdiastion (Pisces: Scorpaenidae) from the Kyushu-Palau Ridge,western Pacific

Idiastion pacificum is described as a new, and second, species of the genusIdiastion. This species is the first of the genus from the Indo-Pacific region. It is characterized by having 25 rather than 24 vertebrae, branched pectoral rays, humpbacked body outline, no occipital pit, a small slit behind the fourth gill arch, a swimbladder, teeth on the palatines and well developed spines on head. It is distinguished fromI. kyphos Eschmeyer recorded from Atlantic by having ctenoid scales on nape and maxilla, and cycloid scales on isthmus, breast, anterior part of belly and membranes of anal, lower part of pectoral and pelvic fins.     

Scale morphological variation across the flank in four Tonguefishes species collected from the Gulf of Oman (Pleuronectiforms; Cynoglossidae)

The scale morphology of pleuronectiforms in the Gulf of Oman remains insufficiently known. This study used light microscopy and morphological analysis to examine scale variation across the flank of four Tonguefishes species; Cynoglossus arel, C. bilineatus, C. lingua, and C. puncticeps. Scales were extracted from six flank regions, three on the eyed and blind sides, respectively. The most differentiated species was C. arel, which showed significant differences in four size variables in five regions. In Cynoglossus arel and C. lingua, the scales of the eyed side were ctenoid, and those scales from the blind side were cycloid; C. puncticeps have ctenoid scales on both flank sides and C. bilineatus has cycloid scales on both sides. All species' scales on the blind side have fewer ctenial spines (except in C. bilineatus). This study indicated that scale morphology demonstrated considerable variation among the flank regions of the examined species. As a result, the scales from the head and the trunk regions of the eyed side and the scales from the head region of the blind side have a good power of species separation in this family.     

A new Early Miocene genus of the family Sciaenidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) from the eastern Paratethys

A new genus of sciaenid fish Caucasisciaena is erected to accommodate the Early Miocene eastern Paratethys species Perca ignota Smirnov, 1936, which, subsequently, was variously attributed to the modern genera, either Larimus or Otolithoides. The materials examined include 32 specimens from four Caucasian and Crimean localities of Sakaraulian age (Lower Burdigalian). The new genus is based on a unique combination of features, including: parasphenoid with a dorsal rounded bony flange; basisphenoid present; premaxilla with short ascending process forming obtuse angle with alveolar process and ascending/alveolar process ratio about 0.17; anterior premaxillary teeth enlarged; posttemporal with few robust spines along its posterior margin; presence of 25 vertebrae; presence of three tiny supraneurals; dorsal fin with 11 spines plus 22–24 soft rays; anal fin with two spines and 7–8 soft rays; second anal-fin spine long and massive; pectoral fin elongate; scales ctenoid on body and cycloid on head (except for one or two rows of ctenoid scales on the cheek). Paleoecological considerations suggest that Caucasisciaena probably was a predatory fish that inhabited the coastal waters of the eastern sector of the Paratethyan basin.     

A new species of the genus Acropoma (Perciformes: Acropomatidae) from the Philippines

Acropoma boholensis sp. nov. is described on the basis of two specimens collected from Dumaguete city market, Negros Island, Philippines. It is distinguished from other species of Acropoma by the following combination of characters: anus situated closer to the origin of pelvic fin than to that of anal fin; luminous gland extending from isthmus to anal fin base; scales cycloid except weakly ctenoid scales around anterior part of lateral line and on ventral side of body; proximal radial of first anal fin pterygiophore lacking trough or hollow; body depth 31%–33% SL; head length 40%–42% SL; length of orbit 13%–14% SL. Received: November 14, 2000 / Revised: September 12, 2001 / Accepted: October 10, 2001     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sebastapistes taeniophrys</Emphasis> (Fowler 1943): a valid scorpionfish (Scorpaenidae) from the Philippines

The poorly known scorpionfish, Scorpaena taeniophrys, originally described from two specimens from the Philippines, is redescribed as a valid species of Sebastapistes. Sebastapistes taeniophrys differs from all other congeners in having a combination of 15 pectoral-fin rays, 31–33 scale rows in longitudinal series, 11–14 pored lateral-line scales, 3 predorsal scale rows, 12 gill rakers, 3 suborbital spines, absence of coronal spines, lower opercular spine with a median ridge and not covered with scales, ctenoid body scales, several dark transverse bands on ventral surface of mandible, a distinct elongate black blotch distally between the second or third and seventh dorsal-fin spines, and no black blotch on the nape.