草菇菌丝体与原基差异表达基因分析

采用Solexa测序技术,对草菇菌丝体和原基进行了数字基因表达谱(DGE)测序,在菌丝体和原基文库中分别得到5701781个和5659262个高质量测序标签(cleantags),对应的标签种数(distinct clean tags)分别为85626和95363。将所有高质量测序标签与参考基因库进行比对,在菌丝体和原基文库中,占标签种数的43.32%和52.57%的标签可以唯一定位(map)到参考序列上,占标签种数的21.65%和21.47%的标签可以被定位到基因组序列上。最终,被菌丝体和原基标签唯一定位的基因数(unambiguous tag-mapped genes)分别为14794和15534。差异基因分析显示,两个文库中共有显著性差异表达的基因4163个,其中在原基中上调、下调的基因数分别为2486和1677,只在原基中表达的基因321个。经过Blastnr比对,在原基中特异表达的基因,涉及蛋白质(氨基酸)合成与代谢、糖代谢、脂类代谢和抗逆反应等多个代谢途径。GO功能富集分析结果表明,葡萄糖、己糖和乙醇等代谢途径大部分基因下调表达。Pathway功能富集分析结果表明,合成核糖体蛋白的基因均下调表达,表明原基形成时细胞代谢减弱,蛋白质合成量减小。     

Lignocellulolytic Enzymes Produced by Volvariella volvacea, the Edible Straw Mushroom

Volvariella volvacea, commonly known as the straw or paddy mushroom, had the following growth characteristics: minimum temperature, 25°C; optimal temperature, 37°C; maximal temperature, 40°C; pH optimum 6.0. Optimal pH for cellulase production was 5.5. The optimal initial pH for cellulase production and mycelial growth was found to be 6.0. The pH and temperature optima for cellulolytic activity were 5.0 and 50°C, respectively. Maximal cellulolytic activity was obtained within 5 days in shake-flask culture. The cellulases were found to be partly cell free and partly cell bound during growth on microcrystalline cellulose. The endoglucanase activity was primarily extracellular, and β-glucosidase activity was found exclusively extracellularly. Weak cellulase activity was detected when cells were grown on cellobiose and lactose. V. volvacea could not digest the lignin portion of newspaper in shake-flask cultivation. Phenol oxidase, an important enzyme in lignin biodegradation, also was lacking in the cell-free filtrate. However, the organism oxidized phenolic compounds when it was cultured on agar plates containing commercial lignin.     

Highly efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Volvariella volvacea

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) was successfully applied to the edible straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea. Mycelium pellets were transformed to cold stress resistance using the afp gene as both a selective marker and a reporter gene, under the control of a heterologous Lentinula edodes gpd promoter. The efficiency of transformation is over 100 times higher than that previously reported in V. volvacea. Stable integration of the afp gene with 1-4 copy numbers was confirmed in all 10 randomly selected transgenic events by Southern blot analysis. The mitotic stability of the transformants was demonstrated after five successive transfers on PDA medium without selection pressure and the PCR analysis of basidiospores harvested from transformants.     

Factors Affecting Spore Germination of Volvariella volvacea

Environmental factors affecting basidiospore germination were studied with Volvariella volvacea, the edible straw mushroom which is common in South East Asia. A relatively mild heal shock is necessary for spore germination. The spores give best germination at 40°C although early hyphal growth is better at 35°C the germination of spores is affected by temperature. pH. a presoaking treatment and spore density. Higher pH supports more germination but seems unfavourable for early mycelial growth. Presoaking treatment in phosphate buffer solution or distilled water also stimulates germination markedly.     

草菇基因组中的tRNA分析

草菇(V olvariella volvacea),又名中国蘑菇,是一种生长于中国和东南亚的重要经济食用菌。本文基于本实验室的草菇基因组测序结果,分析了草菇基因组中的tRNA情况。草菇基因组的302个框架中,共发现了177个tRNA基因,其中有7个可能的假基因,有2个携带硒代半胱氨酸,一个抑制性tRNA基因和一个未知的异型结构tRNA。除了上述11个特殊的tRNA基因外,166个tRNA可按反密码子类型分成47类。与其它5种担子菌的基因组tRNA比较,草菇的tRNA数量处于第4位,少于鬼伞、裂褶菌、灵芝,多于双孢蘑菇和平菇。通过比较分析草菇及这5种大型真菌的基因组tRNA编码情况,首次报道了几种食用菌tRNA遵守修正的摆动假说的情况。另外,草菇的同功受体tRNA非编码子序列也具有差异性,对tRNA的分析将有助于进一步研究草菇的进化。     

草菇密码子偏好性分析

以草菇全基因组编码序列为研究对象,利用软件CodonW1.4.2分析草菇基因组密码子使用模式,确定了草菇的24个最优密码子。利用Create a condon usage table(CUSP)程序分析计算草菇密码子使用频率,并将它与人、酵母、拟南芥、小鼠、斑马鱼、果蝇6个代表性物种及灰盖鬼伞、双孢蘑菇、香菇、平菇4个食用菌进行比较。结果显示草菇密码子偏好性与人、酵母、拟南芥、小鼠、斑马鱼、果蝇和平菇都有较大的差异,与灰盖鬼伞、双孢蘑菇、香菇的密码子偏好性差异较小。利用软件SPSS16.0聚类分析表明密码子偏好性差异大小在一定程度上反映物种间的进化关系,可作为研究物种进化关系的参考。首次以食用菌全基因组为分析对象,解析草菇的密码子偏好性,并将其与其他生物进行比较,这些将为不同来源的外源基因在草菇中的异源表达提供重要参考。     

Selection and characterization of crystalviolet-and malachite-green-resistant mutants in Volvariella volvacea

Volvariella volvacea, the straw mushroom, has long been considered as a primary homothallic species. However, great variations in monosporous isolates have ralsed a considerable debate on the sexuality pattern of this edible Basidiomycete fungus. Because clamp connection is absent in V. volvacea, the production of genetically marked strains offers a possible means of resolving this problem. In this study, ultraviolet irradiation of basidiospores and mycellal fragments was used to induce crystal-violet- and malachite-green-resistant mutants. Cross-resistance to crystal violet and malachite green occurred between both classes of mutant. The difficulties of inducing mutants in this multinucleate fungus and the significance of mutant markers are discussed.The authors are with the Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.     

Development of Molecular and Biochemical Markers for Selecting a Potential High Yielding Strain of Paddy Straw Mushroom (Volvariella volvacea)

Twelve ‘normal type’ strains of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) varied in their mycelial growth characteristics, and the fast growing strains, OE-215, OE-209 and OE-212 exhibited higher activity of cellulases, but not of laccase and polyphenol oxidase. In protein profiles, out of twelve, two strains, OE-210 and OE-273 varied only at one protein band with respect to its intensity. The four strains, OE-272, OE-140, OE-209 and OE-55 with higher activity of endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, xylanase and laccase, were also recorded to have higher protein content in their mycelial cultures. The RAPID profiles obtained with 5 OPB series primers varied in different strains and the combined phylogenetic analysis of the RAPID profiles revealed 5 distinct phylogenetic clusters, where in the strains with common origin showed 85% to 95% similarity. The strain, OE-210, with a low intensity protein band in its protein profile also varied in mycelial growth rate on two different media, possessed highest activity of endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, laccase and polyphenol oxidase and also showed highest dissimilarity of 28% with other strains in phylogenetic analysis. The present study thus, reveals that strains with faster mycelial growth rate, forming aerial mycelia and chlamydospores, also exhibited higher activities of xylanase, exoglucanase, endoglucanase or β-glucosidase, while simply higher activity of an individual enzyme was not found sufficient to support the mycelial growth and mushroom yield. A relationship between origin of the strains and their phylogenetic belongingness was also recorded, as the strains from different origins formed different clusters in combined phylogenetic analysis.     

担子菌草菇总RNA的快速抽提方法

针对高等真菌草菇(Volvariella volvacea),提供一种改进的简易抽提总RNA的方法。纯化的RNA可直接作如下的各种应用,如RT-PCR、poly A-RNA的富集、差异显示、Northem杂交、引物延伸、eDNA合成、基因表达谱芯片和基因表达谱芯片分析。我们用此方法成功地从草菇中抽提到总RNA,A260,A。为1．7—2．0,A260/A230大于2．0,数值显示RNA的纯度是足够高的(RNA没有被蛋白或苯酚等污染)。电泳图上28S：18S比例约为2：1,显示RNA没有被降解。     

Induction of laccase activity in the edible straw mushroom,Volvariella volvacea

Volvariella volvacea, strain V14, produces multiple forms of extracellular laccase when grown in submerged culture in a defined medium with glucose as sole carbon source, and on cotton waste 'compost' representative of the conditions used for industrial-scale mushroom cultivation. In liquid culture, enzyme synthesis is associated with the onset of secondary growth, and is positively regulated by copper (up to 200 microM CuSO(4)) and by various aromatic compounds. In solid-state systems, only low levels of laccase are detectable during the vegetative growth phase but enzyme activity increases sharply at the onset of fruiting and during sporophore development.     

草菇9715液体菌种培养过程的生理变化及培养终点

【背景】草菇是最具中国特色的食用菌品种之一,其消费量逐年增加,产业发展潜力巨大。液体菌种应用于草菇栽培是其工厂化生产的发展趋势,目前关于草菇液体菌种的研究主要集中在优化配方和生长条件,有关草菇液体菌种培养过程中菌丝活性的研究较少。【目的】研究草菇液体菌种培养过程中的生理活性变化,并确定其培养终点。【方法】对草菇液体菌种培养过程中菌丝体干重、蛋白含量、培养液pH值、糖度、还原糖含量、酶活性等进行测定与分析。【结果】草菇液体菌种在培养84h后,菌丝干重增长减缓,pH值、糖度、还原糖含量逐渐减少,纤维素酶和半纤维素酶活性逐渐降低,培养96 h后,菌丝体蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,培养液蛋白含量则呈上升趋势。【结论】草菇9715液体菌种培养终点应控制在84-96h,研究结果可为9715液体菌种应用于草菇工厂化生产提供重要参考。     

Cellobiose dehydrogenase from Volvariella volvacea and its effect on the saccharification of cellulose

A gene encoding cellobiose dehydrogenase (VvCDH) from Volvariella volvacea was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris with codon optimization using its native signal sequence. VvCDH had optimum pH and temperature at 5.5 and 60 °C respectively and showed a broad range of pH stability between 5 and 8. Kinetic analysis showed that the best substrate is cellobiose and that the K_m for celloolgosaccharides increases with substrate length. Moreover, lactose is also efficiently oxidized, but glucose and maltose are poor substrates. A large amount of gluconic acid was generated and the overall hydrolysis yield was increased when adding VvCDH to Trichoderma reesei D-86271 enzymatic cocktail during hydrolysis of cellulose substrates, indicating VvCDH involved in the enzymatic cellulose saccharification. VvCDH shows some different enzymatic properties from basidiomycetous CDHs and can be supplemented to T. reesei cellulase cocktail for commercial application.     

D-核糖生产菌的原生质体诱变及其发酵培养

目的:筛选出莽草酸、转酮醇酶双重营养缺陷型的D-核糖生产菌枯草芽胞杆菌,以提高D-核糖的产量。方法:采用化学诱变剂乙基磺酸甲烷(EMS)对野生型D-核糖生产菌的原生质体进行诱变,并从D-核糖合成途径对发酵培养基进行优化设计。结果:摇瓶发酵D-核糖平均产量为52.2g/L;获得的B.sems-10菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性,D-核糖产量高达67.5g/L。结论:通过对D-核糖生产菌原生质体的EMS诱变,筛选出了高产、遗传性状稳定的营养缺陷型B.sems-10菌株,为进一步提高产量奠定了基础。     

草菇GH61家族基因的生物信息学分析及金属离子对其表达水平的影响

在前期工作中发现草菇含有30个GH61家族基因同源物（Vv_gh61_1至Vv_gh61_30）,进一步分析了这些基因的结构特点以及其编码蛋白基本性质和系统进化关系,并研究了Cu2+和Mn2+对基因表达水平的影响。分析表明有17个草菇GH61基因串联成6个基因簇,存在明显的串联重复现象,系统发育树与基因外显子位置分析表明串联重复基因分布在同一进化分枝上并具有相似的基因结构,串联重复基因编码序列一致性在71%–94%之间。草菇GH61编码蛋白的氨基酸数目在217–442aa之间,分子量和等电点分别介于22.4–45.4kDa和5.2–9.3之间,绝大多数都含有信号肽并定位在细胞外,都含有Glyco_hydro_61功能域以及CBM1、peroxidase等多样化的功能域,系统进化树表明草菇GH61家族基因具有3个主要进化分枝,与灰盖鬼伞等的GH61基因有较近的进化关系。金属离子诱导作用显示,Mn2+对草菇GH61家族基因的表达水平存在诱导作用而Cu2+的诱导作用不明显。