中国云南部分小兽体表吸虱昆虫群落相似性及群落分类研究(英文)

应用系统聚类分析方法对云南省境内24种主要小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表吸虱昆虫群落相似性及群落分类进行了研究。研究中将每一种小兽体表的所有吸虱昆虫定义为一个相应的吸虱群落单位。结果表明,小兽体表吸虱群落结构简单,物种多样性很低。多数小兽有固定的吸虱种类寄生,其吸虱的宿主特异性高。在动物分类上隶属同一个属的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中大多被归为一类。在动物分类上近缘的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似,优势虱种相同或相似,此情形尤其表现在鼠属、白腹鼠属、姬鼠属和绒鼠属。吸虱群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类地位上的近缘性高低呈现高度一致。从生态学角度来看,吸虱昆虫与其所寄生的小兽宿主动物之间存在密切的协同进化关系。     

SIMILARITY COMPARISON AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUCKING LOUSE COMMUNITIES ON SOME SMALL MAMMALS IN YUNNAN, CHINA

Abstract  The similarity and classification of sucking louse communities on 24 species of small mammals were studied in Yunnan Province, China, through a hierarchical cluster analysis. All the louse species on the body surface of a certain species of small mammals are regarded as a louse community unit. The results reveal that the community structure of sucking lice on small mammals is simple with low species diversity. Most small mammals usually have certain louse species on their body surface; there exists a high degree of host specificity. Most louse communities on the same genus of small mammals show a high similarity and are classified into the same group based on hierarchical cluster analysis. When the hosts have a close affinity in taxonomy, the louse communities on their body surface would tend to be similar with the same or similar dominant louse species (as observed in genus Rattus, Niviventer, Apodemus and Eothenomys ). The similarity of sucking louse communities is highly consistent with the affinity of small mammal hosts in taxonomy. The results suggest a close relationship of co-evolution between sucking lice and their hosts.     

Parasitic and phoretic arthropods of sylvatic and commensal white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in central Tennessee, with notes on Lyme disease

Sixteen species of parasitic or phoretic arthropods were collected from 56 white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, live-trapped in central Tennessee from April through November 1987. Arthropod infestation was compared for mice taken from sylvatic (woodland) versus commensal (household) habitats. Three species were recorded from hosts in both habitats: the sucking louse Hoplopleura hesperomydis, the flea Epitedia wenmanni, and the laelapid mite Androlaelaps casalis. Twelve of the 13 remaining arthropod species were taken only from mice trapped in woodland whereas the phoretic glycyphagid mite Glycyphagus hypudaei was collected only from commensal mice. Arthropod faunas on commensal hosts clearly were impoverished. The 12 additional arthropod species recorded from the woodland mice consisted of 1 nidicolous beetle, Leptinus orientamericanus; 1 bot, Cuterebra fontinella; 3 fleas, Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes, Orchopeas leucopus and Peromyscopsylla scotti; 1 tick, Dermacentor variabilis; 2 mesostigmatid mites, Androlaelaps fahrenholzi and Ornithonyssus bacoti; 3 chiggers, Comatacarus americanus, Euschoengastia peromysci, and Leptotrombidium peromysci; and 1 undescribed pygmephorid mite of the genus Pygmephorus. Two nymphal and 100 larval D. variabilis were examined for spirochetes and found to be uninfected.     

Sucking louse (Hoplopleura erratica: Insecta, Anoplura) exchange between individuals of a wild population of Eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus, in central Tennessee, U.S.A.

Adult Hoplopleura erratica sucking lice were labelled using a setal clipping technique. Host exchange for lice marked in this manner was monitored through a small population of dye-marked Eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus, the normal host of this ectoparasite, in a deciduous woodland in central Tennessee, U.S.A. This was accomplished by frequent host live-trapping, anaesthetization and pelage examinations. Louse transfer was most prevalent during the host summer mating period, presumably because of increased chipmunk contacts. At this time, 66·7% of marked adult lice within the host population transferred. Exchanges between opposite sex hosts were more common and adult males donated most lice; no juvenile chipmunks were recorded as louse donors. A greater proportion of male than female lice transferred. Using the exclusive boundary strip method, all exchanging chipmunks had overlapping ranges or shared at least one boundary line.     

Ectoparasites from fruit bats and rats on Niue Island

Examination of 3 species of mammals from Niue Island revealed the following host/ectoparasite associations. Rattus rattus (L.) : the mites Androlaelaps casalis, Laelaps echidninus, L. nuttalli, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Listrophoroides cucullatus, and Dermatophagoides pteronys‐sinus; and the louse Polyplax spinulosa. Rattus exulans (Peale) : L. echidninus, L. nuttali, and L. cucullatus; and the louse Hoplopleura pacifica. Pteropus t. tonganus Quoy & Gaimard: the mite Meristaspis calcarata. These new records for the island are discussed in relation to existing records from the Pacific region.     

云南省吸虱昆虫区系及物种多样性

吸虱是寄生于真兽类哺乳动物体表的专性吸血寄生虫,广布于世界各地。云南省已知吸虱昆虫9科13属44种,分别占中国已知吸虱科、属、种的81.82%,59.09%,45.83%。文章参考大量相关文献,从分类阶元、特有物种、动物地理区划和宿主动物4个方面分析云南省吸虱的物种多样性。云南省吸虱特有种有13种,占云南省已知吸虱种类的29.55%,27种为东洋种,15种为古北和东洋两界兼有种,广布种9种。吸虱在5个地理小区的分布,以横断山中部和横断山南部2个地理小区的吸虱物种多样性较高,其它3个区的物种多样性较低。相对于全国而言,云南省吸虱物种多样性较高,吸虱的宿主动物种类丰富。但蚤、恙螨和革螨等其它体表寄生虫相比较,兽类宿主动物体表吸虱的物种多样性明显低于其它体表寄生虫,1科(属)阶元的吸虱其宿主多为相对一致的1个科(属)动物阶元,反映了吸虱宿主特异性较高的事实,吸虱昆虫与其对应的宿主动物已经形成了比较稳定的"一对一"的寄生关系,这是吸虱昆虫与其宿主动物协同进化的生态学表现。     

Rodent louse diversity,phylogeny, and cospeciation in the Manu Biosphere Reserve,Peru

We investigated the diversity, cophylogenetic relationships, and biogeography of hoplopleurid sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) parasitizing rodents (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) in the Manu National Park and Biosphere Reserve. Our morphological and molecular studies reveal that 15 distinct louse species parasitize 19 rodent species. Three of these louse species are new to science, and all but two of the host associations were previously unknown. We find that hoplopleurid lice in South America parasitize multiple host species across a large geographic area, and that Peru represents a new geographic locality for almost all the louse species collected in the present study. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear data reveal that the louse family Hoplopleuridae and the genera Hoplopleura and Pterophthirus are not monophyletic, and lice do not appear to group by host tribe, collecting locality, or collection elevation. The lack of monophyly for these apparently natural groups (taxonomic, locality, and elevation) indicates that host switching with or without parasite speciation may be prevalent among hoplopleurid lice. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 95 , 598–610.     

吸虱昆虫群落数量分类及其与小兽宿主的协同进化关系

以云南省16种主要小兽宿主体表吸虱群落为分类单元,以基于共54个群落特征变量的各群落优势虱种的相对优势度D_r、染虱率R_L、虱指数I_L、总染虱率R_LT和总虱指数I_LT及各群落的结构参数（平均丰富度 、平均均匀度 、平均多样性指数 及平均优势度指数 ）来探讨云南省吸虱昆虫与其宿主协同进化的关系。运用SPSS12.0统计软件中的系统聚类分析,对16种主要小兽宿主体表吸虱群落进行数量分析。结果将16种小兽宿主体表吸虱群落分为8个类群。隶属同一个属的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中聚为一类; 大多数吸虱群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类上的近缘性高低呈高度一致。结果提示： 吸虱昆虫与其所寄生的小兽宿主存在同步进化的关系,特定的小兽宿主,其体表吸虱群落的构成比较稳定,宿主动物的近缘关系越近,其体表吸虱群落的相似性越高,这是吸虱昆虫与小兽宿主协同进化的一个重要生态学证据。     

基于太平洋甲胁虱裂化线粒体基因组推测甲胁虱属祖先线粒体核型

[目的]动物典型的单一染色体线粒体基因组在甲胁虱属Hoplopleura已裂化成多个线粒体微环染色体.本研究旨在通过测定太平洋甲胁虱Hoplopleura pacifica的线粒体基因组来推测甲胁虱属祖先线粒体核型.[方法]利用Illumina HiSeq X Ten高通量测序技术对太平洋甲胁虱裂化线粒体基因组进行测定...     

Fecundity of Hoplopleura scapteromydis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura, Hoplopleuridae), ectoparasite of Scapteromys aquaticus (Rodentia: Muridae) in Rio de La Plata marshlands, Argentina.

Density and age structure of lice collected from captured Scapteromys aquaticus rodents were studied to estimate the fecundity of Hoplopleura scapteromydis. The number of eggs with a visible embryo inside (E), nymphs (N), adult males (AM), and adult females (AF) were recorded for each rodent. For the ith rodent, the fecundity of H. scapteromydis, F(i), was estimated as F(i) = [[E(i) + N(i)]/2]/AF(i)/T, where T represents the period of preimaginal development (unknown and arbitrarily considered as T = 1), and the sex ratio of the preimaginal stages was supposed to be 1:1. In order to look for density-dependent effects, F(i) was plotted against AM(i), this being an independent estimation of infrapopulation density. The number of rodents suitable for AF and AM calculations was 38 (57% of the parasitized animals). Almost 95% had a low-to-moderate louse burden (1 < AM < 30) and were captured every season, whereas only 3% had a heavy (61 < AM < 70, captured in winter) or very heavy (AM > 80, captured in summer) louse burden. The extreme values of F were 0.63 and 18 (1.3 and 36 if both sexes were considered). High-to-moderate F-values (F > 5) were estimated in only 5 rodents that exhibited low louse density, whereas low F-values (F < 5) were found at all louse densities. Notwithstanding the tendency toward an inverse relationship between fecundity and infrapopulation density, the correlation was not significantly different from 0.     

Evolutionary history of mammalian sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)

Background  

Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are obligate, permanent ectoparasites of eutherian mammals, parasitizing members of 12 of the 29 recognized mammalian orders and approximately 20% of all mammalian species. These host specific, blood-sucking insects are morphologically adapted for life on mammals: they are wingless, dorso-ventrally flattened, possess tibio-tarsal claws for clinging to host hair, and have piercing mouthparts for feeding. Although there are more than 540 described species of Anoplura and despite the potential economical and medical implications of sucking louse infestations, this study represents the first attempt to examine higher-level anopluran relationships using molecular data. In this study, we use molecular data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of 65 sucking louse taxa with phylogenetic analyses and compare the results to findings based on morphological data. We also estimate divergence times among anopluran taxa and compare our results to host (mammal) relationships.     

Arthropod symbiotes of Laonastes aenigmamus (Rodentia:Diatomyidae)

Arthropod symbiotes of the Laotian rock-rat, Laonastes aenigmamus (Rodentia:Diatomyidae), from Laos are examined. This host is a member of Diatomyidae previously thought to have gone extinct >10 million yr ago. Permanent symbiotes are represented by 2 species, a new species of sucking louse, Polyplax sp., near rhizomydis (Phthiraptera:Polyplacidae), and a new species of fur mite, Afrolistrophorus sp., near maculatus (Acariformes:Listrophoridae). The temporary parasites are represented by 18 species, i.e., 1 mesostigmatan species, i.e., a new species of Androlaelaps near casalis (Parasitiformes:Laelapidae); immature stages of 2 tick species, Ixodes granulatus and Haemaphysalis sp. (Parasitiformes:Ixodidae); and a rich fauna of chiggers (Acariformes:Trombiculidae) comprising 8 genera and 15 species. It is hypothesized that this host completely lost its initial fauna of ectosymbiotes and that ancestors of the recorded symbiotes switched to this host from rodents of the superfamily Muroidea.     

The spiny rat louse, Polyplax spinulosa, as a parasite of the rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, in North America

The spiny rat louse, Polyplax spinulosa, was collected, as adults and embryonated ova from the rice rat, Oryzomys palustris, a cricetid rodent, in Davidson Co., Tennessee. This sucking louse is typically parasitic on domestic rats, which are murid rodents. Because most sucking lice are normally host specific, such cross-familial host infestation is noteworthy.     

Enderleinellus tamiasis Fahrenholz, 1916 (Anoplura: Enderleinellidae), an introduced species, and a new sucking louse for the French fauna

A new sucking louse is recorded for the French Anopluran fauna, Enderleinellus tomiasis found on the introduced Sciurid Tamias sibiricus. This observation highlights the maintenance of parasites when introduced with their hosts and when their hosts settle into a novel environments. It suggests a common origin for two out of four populations of Siberian chipmunks examined. The authors describe the morphological criteria that allow the distinction between the two species of Enderleinellus and each infecting a sciurid host found in our country.     

Ectoparasites of the blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra).

Fifty-two free-ranging blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra) from Texas were examined for ectoparasites. Two species of sucking lice (Anoplura), one species of chewing louse (Mallophaga), one species of louse fly (Diptera), and three species of ticks (Acari) were found. This is the first report of the anoplurans Linognathus cervicaprae and L. pithodes from the Western Hemisphere. The southern deer ked (Lipoptena mazamae), the winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus), and the rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) are reported from blackbuck for the first time. The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the mallophagan (Damalinia cornuta cornuta) were reported previously from blackbuck in Texas, the latter species under the name Tricholipeurus balanicus balanicus.     

Protoxenidae fam. nov. (Insecta, Strepsiptera) from Baltic amber — a 'missing link' in strepsipteran phylogeny

A male specimen of a new strepsipteran genus and species ( Protoxenos janzeni gen. et sp. nov.) and family (Protoxenidae fam. nov.) found in Baltic amber is described and illustrated. It shows features which are apparently more plesiomorphic than in hitherto known strepsipterans, such as laterally inserted eight-segmented antennae, very robust mandibles with a broad base, a prominent galea, a comparatively short, transverse metapostnotum, hindwings that are feebly extended in a rostrocaudal direction, and equally sclerotized abdominal tergites and sternites. Based on a cladistic analysis of 46 characters of males of 11 genera and three outgroup taxa, P. janzeni is the sister group of all other known strepsipterans, and Mengea the sister group of Strepsiptera s.s . Eoxenos is the sister group of the remaining extant strepsipterans and Mengenillidae is therefore paraphyletic. Newly established groundplan features of Strepsiptera will facilitate the clarification of the systematic position of the Order in future studies.     

Ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths of southern flying squirrels in southeast Georgia

Southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) from southeastern Georgia were examined for ectoparasites and gastrointestinal helminths. Ten species of ectoparasites were recovered, including 3 species of sucking lice (Hoplopleura trispinosa, Microphthirus uncinatus, and Neohaematopinus sciuropteri), 1 species of flea (Orchopeas howardi), 2 species of ticks (Amblyomma maculatum and Ixodes scapularis), 3 species of mesostigmatid mites (Androlaelaps casalis, A. fahrenholzi, and Haemogamasus ambulans), and 1 species of chigger (Leptotrombidium peromysci). Only the sucking lice and fleas were common on this host. M. uncinatus is reported for the first time from eastern North America. The 2 most commonly collected ectoparasites, N. sciuropteri (prevalence = 63%) and O. howardi (prevalence = 47%), have previously been shown to be vectors of the rickettsial zoonotic agent that causes sporadic epidemic typhus. Also, 3 nematodes (Citellinema bifurcatum, Strongyloides robusius, and Syphacia thompsoni), 1 unidentified cestode, and 1 acanthocephalan (Moniliformis clarki) were found in flying squirrel gastrointestinal tracts. With the exception of S. thompsoni, which was common and relatively abundant in the cecum (prevalence = 94%, intensity = 51+/-12), both the prevalence and intensity of helminth parasites were low. The nematode S. thompsoni and the acanthocephalan M. clarki are new state records for tree squirrels in Georgia.     

Abrocomaphthirus hoplai, a new genus and species of sucking louse from Chile and its relevance to zoogeography

Both sexes of Abrocomaphthirus hoplai, new genus and new species (Anoplura: Polyplacidae), are described and illustrated. The endemic Chilean chinchilla rat Abrocoma bennetti Waterhouse (Rodentia: Abrocomidae) is the type host. The definition of the family Polyplacidae is amended to accommodate the new genus. Polyplax longa (Werneck), also referred to in the literature as Neohaematopinus longus Werneck, is reassigned to Abrocomaphthirus. The host of A. longus comb.n., is Abrocoma cinerea Thomas, another chinchilla rat, which inhabits parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. The erection of Abrocomaphthirus as a distinct genus has important zoogeographical and evolutionary implications. The tenuous anomaly of P. longa being the sole native representative of the genus Polyplax in South America, possibly with African affinities, is now refuted. Instead, partial colonization of the neotropics by native species of both Polyplax and Neohaematopinus appears to have been relatively recent and from North America. The phylogenetic affinities of Abrocomaphthirus are unknown, but it appears to be closely related to other, more ancient, native South American polyplacid louse genera, such as Cuyana, Eulinognathus, Galeophthirus, and Lagidiophthirus. Arguments are presented in support of an ancestral zoogeographical link to Africa for these louse genera.     

Host specificity and genealogy of the louse Polyplax serrata on field mice, Apodemus species: a case of parasite duplication or colonisation?

The genealogy, population structure and population dynamics of the sucking louse Polyplax serrata were analysed across four host species of the genus Apodemus. An analysis of 126 sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I using phylogenetic approaches and haplotype networking revealed a clear structure of European samples, forming three distinct and genetically distant clades with different host specificities. Although a clear connection was detected between the host and parasite genealogies/phylogenies, a uniform pattern of co-speciation was not found. For example, a dramatic shift in the degree of host specificity was demonstrated for two related louse lineages living in sympatry and sharing one of their host species. While one of the louse lineages frequently parasitised two different host taxa (Apodemus sylvaticus and Apodemus flavicollis), the other louse lineage was strictly specific to A. flavicollis. The estimate of divergence time between the two louse lineages indicates that they may have arisen due to parasite duplication on A. flavicollis.