利用抑制性扣除杂交技术克隆水稻磷饥饿诱导基因

磷素是植物生长所必需的重要元素.在缺磷环境中,植物能够调节自身的形态、生理生化和基因表达水平来适应环境的变化.为研究水稻(Oryza sativa L.)耐低磷胁迫的分子机理,采用抑制性扣除杂交技术(SSH)构建磷饥饿诱导的水稻根系扣除cDNA文库.通过文库筛选和测序获得18个已知基因和47个功能未知基因.这些基因参与了不同的代谢过程,包括磷吸收和转运、信号传导、蛋白质合成和降解、碳水化合物代谢和胁迫反应.Northern杂交结果表明,在磷饥饿胁迫下这些基因呈现不同的表达模式,并且不同代谢过程中的基因对磷饥饿有着不同的反应.     

低磷胁迫水稻根部基因表达谱研究

磷是植物体内重要的营养元素．土壤中含磷总量丰富,但能被植物直接吸收利用的可溶性磷含量却很低,这成为制约农作物产量的重要因素．本研究利用水稻寡核苷酸芯片分析了水稻根部在正常营养条件和低磷胁迫6,24,72h3个时间点的全基因组表达谱．和正常营养条件下相比,低磷胁迫水稻根部共发现795个差异表达基因．差异表达基因功能分析发现：（1）磷酸盐转运蛋白、酸性磷酸酶、RNA酶等基因上升表达;（2）糖酵解等与能量代谢相关基因先上升后下降表达;（3）氮吸收和脂代谢相关基因改变其表达;（4）蛋白质降解、细胞衰老相关基因上升表达;（5）部分跨膜转运蛋白基因表达上调．研究结果为进一步揭示植物低磷胁迫反应机制,改善作物对磷吸收利用效率提供了有用的信息．     

磷有效性对大豆根冠中碳分配的影响

在水培条件下,研究不同浓度磷影响大豆根冠中碳分配的结果表明：磷有效性对大豆根冠中碳分配的影响依赖于磷浓度与胁迫时间。磷浓度高于0．125mmol．L^-1或低磷胁迫7d以内,大豆根冠中碳分配受到的影响不显著。低磷胁迫14d的大豆的净光合速率和根呼吸速率均显著下降,根冠比显著提高。这显示长期低磷胁迫下大豆碳同化总量和根呼吸消耗的碳量虽然减少,但根系生长的碳消耗则增加,光合碳同化形成的碳水化合物向根部的分配是受到促进的。     

水分胁迫和复水对石灰岩地区柏木幼苗根系生长的影响

利用适生植物自身的抗旱能力来进行石灰岩地区植被的恢复和重建是石灰岩生态研究中的重要问题.为了解石灰岩山地适生物种柏木对水分胁迫的适应机制,以柏木实生苗为材料,通过盆栽水分受控实验,研究了其根系生长特性及复水后的修复能力.结果表明:在水分胁迫程度不大、历时不长的情况下,水分胁迫有诱导根系下扎的趋势,复水后,根长在原有的基础上进一步伸长.随着胁迫的加剧和胁迫时间的延长,柏木幼苗的根长、根平均直径、根表面积和根体积等根系大小参数均呈降低趋势,以采取小根系来增强竞争力.复水后,除重度干旱外,其余处理组根系大小参数都能恢复到对照水平,补偿作用与胁迫程度有关.一定程度的水分胁迫对柏木幼苗的茎叶生长没有产生影响,而对根的抑制作用明显,根冠比降低,但胁迫程度加剧和历时延长后,柏木幼苗的根冠比有增大的趋势.柏木幼苗在水分胁迫较轻时把较多的碳水化合物分配到茎叶中,而胁迫严重时把较多的碳水化合物分配到根部.复水促进根、冠干物质的积累,但不同的胁迫程度和胁迫时间促进作用不同.     

植物水淹适应与碳水化合物的相关性

水淹会对陆生植物存活造成本质影响, 特别是完全水淹对陆生植物的影响更为明显。水淹对陆生植物最为主要的影响是氧气不足, 这主要是由氧气在水中的扩散速率较低引起的。同时, 在水淹胁迫下植物对光和CO₂的获取都会受到限制。所有这些因素都将引起植物生物量减少, 最终导致受淹植物死亡。碳水化合物是植物的能量来源, 与植物在水淹胁迫下存活与否有着密切联系。植物水淹适应性与碳水化合物的相关性主要体现在两大方面: 在生理形态层面, 植物通过伸长生长或抑制伸长生长、地上和地下部分碳水化合物的分配比例不同来应对水淹胁迫; 在另一个层面, 植物通过改变激素、酶和基因的表达, 调整碳水化合物的代谢方式, 从而适应水淹环境。该文结合国内外研究现状, 通过对植物在水淹胁迫下生理形态、激素、酶及基因表达诸方面的变化来认识水淹耐受性与碳水化合物的关系, 并就今后的研究方向提出几点建议。     

植物磷稳态的调控机制

磷是植物必需的重要营养元素之一,是生物大分子的重要组成部分,在植物生命过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用.维持体内磷稳态对于植物的生长发育和环境应答至关重要.多种信号分子参与调控植物对磷的吸收和转运.植物维持磷稳态主要包括土壤磷的活化、磷的吸收、转运、存储和再利用等过程,涉及磷胁迫响应、转录因子调节、miRNA调节、菌根共生、...     

利用抑制性扣除杂交技术克隆水稻磷饥饿诱导基因

磷素是植物生长所必需的重要元素。在缺磷环境中,植物能够调节自身的形态、生理生化和基因表达水平来适应环境的变化。为研究水稻(Oryzn sativa L.)耐低磷胁迫的分子机理,采用抑制性扣除杂交技术(SSH)构建磷饥饿诱导的水稻根系扣除cDNA文库。通过文库筛选和测序获得18个已知基因和47个功能未知基因。这些基因参与了不同的代谢过程,包括磷吸收和转运、信号传导、蛋白质合成和降解、碳水化合物代谢和胁迫反应。Northern杂交结果表明,在磷饥饿胁迫下这些基因呈现不同的表达模式,并且不同代谢过程中的基因对磷饥饿有着不同的反应。     

植物根系耐盐机制的研究进展

植物根系能够摄取土壤环境中的养分与水分,在植物的生长发育中起重要的作用。植物根系由于直接与土壤环境相接触会受到非生物胁迫较大的影响。盐胁迫是主要的非生物胁迫之一,对植物根系会产生较大的伤害。综述根系在组织形态和细胞水平上对盐胁迫的应答,以及根系响应盐胁迫的信号传导途径、转录因子与基因,对植物根部耐盐机制的解析和植物耐盐基因工程工具基因的挖掘具有重要意义。     

植物干旱胁迫下水分代谢、碳饥饿与死亡机理

植物在生长发育过程中受众多环境因子共同作用。随着全球气候变化,气温升高、降水量下降等问题频繁出现。目前气象学家一致预测未来环境变暖会使干旱更加频繁剧烈,这一环境改变使植物死亡更加严重。植物在水分胁迫、特别是干旱胁迫条件下,体内水分代谢与碳代谢会发生失衡现象:光合速率降低、蒸腾速率降低,带来生长降低;为维持植物新陈代谢,植物呼吸作用必然下调。在长期干旱胁迫条件下植物体内碳水化合物储存发生失衡现象,这种失衡使植物陷入碳饥饿现象。另外,由于水分失衡而出现的木质部栓塞和空穴会进一步加剧水分运输障碍,而修复空穴则需要大量非结构性碳水化合物(NSC),这使植物陷入两难选择。总结了植物干旱胁迫下,碳饥饿与水分代谢、植物死亡关系的相关研究,对未来的研究方向和重点提出建议,以期对未来的植物死亡研究提供帮助。     

MicroRNA在植物营养胁迫中的作用

microRNA是具有重要功能的一类非编码小RNA,不仅在植物生长发育过程中具有重要的调控作用,而且在植物营养胁迫中发挥作用。本文综述了microRNA在3种大量元素——氮、磷、硫胁迫中的作用。     

Natural Occurrence of Enantiomers of Organic Compounds Versus Phytoremediations: Should Research on Phytoremediations Be Revisited? A Mini‐review

Decontamination of polluted soils using plants is based on the ability of plant species (including transgenic plants) to enhance bioavailability of pollutants in the rhizosphere and support growth of pollutant‐degrading microorganisms via root exudation and plant species‐specific composition of the exudates. In this work, we review current knowledge of enantiomers of low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) organic compounds with emphasis on their use in phytoremediation. Many research studies have been performed to search for plants suitable for decontamination of polluted soils. Nevertheless, the natural occurrence of L‐ versus D‐enantiomers of dominant compounds of plant root exudates which play different roles in the complexation of heavy metals, chemoattraction, and support of pollutant‐degrading microorganisms were not included in these studies. D‐enantiomers of aliphatic organic acids and amino acids or L‐enantiomers of carbohydrates occur in high concentrations in root exudates of some plant species, especially under stress, and are less stimulatory for plants to extract heavy metals or for rhizosphere microflora to degrade pollutants compared with L‐enantiomers (organic acids and amino acids) or D‐carbohydrates. Determining the ratio of L‐ versus D‐enantiomers of organic compounds as a criterion of plant suitability for decontamination of polluted soils and development of other types of bioremediation technologies need to be subjects of future research. Chirality 26:1–20, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

黄土高原草地根系生物量沿环境梯度变化规律

草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,根系生物量是研究草地生态系统的重要参数之一,研究草地根系生物量沿环境梯度的变化规律对当地的植被建设和恢复具有重要意义。以黄土高原3种不同草地类型（森林草原、典型草原和荒漠草原）为研究对象,沿环境梯度从东到西选择10个样地,每个样地内设置8个1 m×1 m样方进行根系生物量的调查,旨在分析不同草地类型根系生物量的垂直分布规律,并探讨了根系生物量沿环境梯度的变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）黄土高原3种草地类型根系生物量有显著差别（P<0.05）,其中森林草原的根系生物量最大,典型草原最小;（2）3种不同草地类型根系生物量垂直分布均呈"T"型,土壤表层（0-10 cm）占55%以上的根系生物量,且荒漠草原根系有更多比例的生物量分布在土壤表层;（3）黄土高原草地根系生物量沿经度从东到西呈现先减少后缓慢增加的趋势,但浅层生物量与深层生物量比例（浅深比）没有表现出明显的经度格局;（4）总根系生物量的变化主要受年均温（MAT）影响（P<0.01）,随MAT增大而增大;深层生物量同时受气候和土壤养分含量的影响（P<0.01）;浅深比则与样点平均土壤全磷含量、深层土壤全磷含量有显著负相关性（P<0.05）;（5）气候和土壤因素能解释根系生物量5.12%-39.36%的变异,独立作用中,气候因子对根生物量的解释度最大,可达到2.77%-9.12%的解释度。     

Comparative water relations of adjacent california shrub and grassland communities

Summary Much of the coastal mountains and foothills of central and southern California are covered by a mosaic of grassland, coastal sage scrub, and evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs (chaparral). In many cases, the borders between adjacent plant communities are stable. The cause of this stability is unknown. The purpose of our study was to examine the water use patterns of representative grasses, herbs, and shrubs across a grassland/chaparrel ecotone and determine the extent to which patterns of water use contribute to ecotone stability. In addition, we examined the effects of seed dispersal and animal herbivory. We found during spring months, when water was not limited, grassland species had a much higher leaf conductance to water vapor diffusion than chaparral plants. As the summer drought progressed, grassland species depleted available soil moisture first, bare zone plants second, and chaparral third, with one chaparral species (Quercus durata) showing no evidence of water stress. Soil moisture depletion patterns with depth and time corresponded to plant water status and root depth. Rabbit herbivory was highest in the chaparral and bare zone as indicated by high densities of rabbit pellets. Dispersal of grassland seeds into the chaparral and bare zone was low. Our results support the hypothesis that grassland species deplete soil moisture in the upper soil horizon early in the drought, preventing the establishment of chaparral seedlings or bare zone herbs. Also, grassland plants are prevented from invading the chaparral because of low seed dispersability and high animal herbivory in these regions.     

The influence of nematodes on below-ground processes in grassland ecosystems

This review summarises recent information on beneficial roles that soil nematodes play in the cycling of carbon and other plant nutrients in grassland ecosystems. In particular, we focus on the role of the two dominant functional groups of nematodes, namely the microbial- and root-feeders, and how their activities may enhance soil ecosystem-level processes of nutrient cycling and, ultimately, plant productivity in managed and unmanaged grassland ecosystems. We report recent experiments which show that low amounts of root herbivory by nematodes can increase the allocation of photoassimilate carbon to roots, leading to increased root exudation and microbial activity in the rhizosphere. The effects of these interactions on soil nutrient cycling and plant productivity are discussed. Evidence is presented to show that the feeding activities of microbial-feeding nematodes can enhance nutrient mineralization and plant nutrient uptake in grasslands, but that these responses are highly species-specific and appear to be strongly regulated by higher trophic groups of fauna (top-down regulation). We recommend that future studies of the roles of nematodes in grasslands ecosystems should consider these more complex trophic interactions and also the effects of species diversity of nematodes on soil ecosystem-level processes. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

星毛委陵菜根系构型对草原退化的生态适应

对轻度、中度、重度和极度退化的草原群落中星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)根系构型参数及相应的土壤水分、容重和硬度等指标进行了分析, 以研究星毛委陵菜根系构型对草原退化的生态适应性。结果表明: 1)在以大针茅(Stipa grandis)为建群种的典型草原中, 随着退化程度的加剧, 星毛委陵菜在群落中的作用逐渐增强, 其根幅、根深、一级垂向根数、分蘖子株数和水平分蘖根长度显著增加; 2)根表面积、二级侧根长度、总根长和根分叉数4个根系构型参数是解释星毛委陵菜根系构型对草原退化生态适应的首选指标, 解释力依次减小, 累计贡献率为92.34%; 3)直径2 mm以下的根系对单株系星毛委陵菜的根表面积和总根长影响显著; 4)阔腰倒锥体三维根系构型是星毛委陵菜适应草原退化并使之成为建群种的优势构型。     

Root colonization and spore abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in distinct successional stages from an Atlantic rainforest biome in southern Brazil

The influence of plant functional groups and moderate seasonality on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal status (root colonization and spore density) was investigated during 13 consecutive months in a chronosequence of succession in southern Brazil, consisting of grassland field, scrub vegetation, secondary forest and mature forest, in a region of transition from tropical to subtropical zones. AM root colonization and spore density decreased with advancing succession and were highest in early successional sites with grassland and scrub vegetation, intermediary in the secondary forest and lowest in the mature forest. They were little influenced by soil properties, but were sufficiently influenced by the fine root nutrient status and fine root traits among different functional plant groups. AM root colonization and spore density were higher during the favourable plant growth season (spring and summer) than during the less favourable plant growth season (autumn and winter). Spore density displayed significant seasonal variation at all sites, whilst root colonization displayed significant seasonal variation in grassland, scrub and secondary forest, but not in mature forest. The data suggest that (1) different plant functional groups display different relationships with AM fungi, influencing their abundance differentially; (2) plant species from early successional phases are more susceptible to AM root colonization and maintain higher AM sporulation than late successional species; (3) fine root traits and nutrient status influence these AM fungal attributes; and (4) higher AM spore production and root colonization is associated with the season of higher light incidence and temperature, abundant water in soil and higher plant metabolic activity.     

Patterns in nonstructural carbohydrate contents at the tree organ level in response to drought duration

Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) facilitate the adaptation of trees to drought stress. There have been a large number of studies exploring NSC changes in individual plant species and individual organ under drought and showed different trends; however, an understanding of the universal pattern of the plant NSCs responses to drought, particularly to drought duration, is still lacking. Here, we compiled data from 47 experimental studies on 52 tree species and conducted a meta‐analysis to evaluate the responses of soluble sugars, starch, and TNSC (total nonstructural carbohydrates including both soluble sugars and starch) concentrations in different tree organs (leaf, stem, and root) to drought intensity and duration. We found that starch in all organs decreased and soluble sugars in leaf increased with prolonged experiment time, and the changes in soluble sugars in all organs were stronger under severe drought than under slight‐to‐moderate drought. Under slight‐to‐moderate drought, the NSC content of each organ varied with time, while with the extension of the drought duration, the NSCs gradually approached the control value (no drought stress); this trend remained in the late drought, which means that trees activated physiological regulation processes to increase carbon storage and reduce the risks of carbon starvation. In contrast, long‐term severe drought could lead to a net loss of carbohydrates, especially in the root, implying that prolonged severe drought could lead to NSC depletion in the whole plant. As prolonged drought duration has occurred in and is projected for many regions, this paper could shed light into studies on how trees respond and adapt extending drought duration through nonstructural carbon production, transportation, and reallocation.     

Fungal root colonization responses in natural grasslands after long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2

Arbuscular mycorrhizae, ubiquitous mutualistic symbioses between plant roots and fungi in the order Glomales, are believed to be important controllers of plant responses to global change, in particular to elevated atmospheric CO₂. In order to test if any effects on the symbiosis can persist after long-term treatment, we examined root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and other fungi of several plant species from two grassland communities after continuous exposure to elevated atmospheric CO₂ for six growing seasons in the field. For plant species from both a sandstone and a serpentine annual grassland there was evidence for changes in fungal root colonization, with changes occurring as a function of plant host species. We documented decreases in percentage nonmycorrhizal fungal root colonization in elevated CO₂ for several plant species. Total AM root colonization (%) only increased significantly for one out of the five plant species in each grassland. However, when dividing AM fungal hyphae into two groups of hyphae (fine endophyte and coarse endophyte), we could document significant responses of AM fungi that were hidden when only total percentage colonization was measured. We also documented changes in elevated CO₂ in the percentage of root colonized by both AM hyphal types simultaneously. Our results demonstrate that changes in fungal root colonization can occur after long-term CO₂ enrichment, and that the level of resolution of the study of AM fungal responses may have to be increased to uncover significant changes to the CO₂ treatment. This study is also one of the first to document compositional changes in the AM fungi colonizing roots of plants grown in elevated CO₂. Although it is difficult to relate the structural data directly to functional changes, possible implications of the observed changes for plant communities are discussed.     

草地植物生产力主要影响因素研究综述

草地是全球分布面积最大的陆地生态系统,植物初级生产力是反映草地功能的重要指标。从植物种多样性、资源有效性、放牧、退化草地恢复和气候变化等方面较系统综述了影响草地植物生产力的关键要素和驱动力。大量研究表明,植物多样性与生产力的关系尚未有一致的结论,依据试验地点、起始状态甚至度量指标不同而不同;特别是资源有效性调节着生产力水平并对植物多样性和生产力关系产生显著影响;放牧改变了植物群落特征和养分有效性进而影响生产力的形成过程,也改变了资源有效性-植物多样性-生产力之间的关系;对于退化生态系统,在退化草地恢复过程中植物与土壤资源有效性的互作效应对植物生产力的变化起着关键作用;而在未来气候变化特别是增温对植物生产力的影响因地点和生态系统的不同而异,但多数研究结果显示增温提高了草地植物生产力。与国外其它草地分布区相比,国内的相关研究不仅在数量上明显不足,更重要是欠缺机理上的深入研究。在放牧和未来气候变化背景下如何维持和提高草地生产力,如何加速退化草地生态系统的恢复,进而实现生态安全建设和经济社会协调发展,是我国当前急需解决的理论和实践问题。