大肠杆菌全局调控蛋白CsrA中抑制十字花科黑腐病菌胞外蛋白酶活性所必需的氨基酸残基的鉴定

CsrA/RsmA蛋白家族是细菌中一类重要的转录后全局调控因子,它们调控细菌的碳代谢、次生代谢、运动、生物被膜形成以及致病等过程。CsrA/RsmA蛋白家族通常由60~72个氨基酸基组成,其中第1至第52位氨基酸高度保守,而第53位以后的氨基酸则高度可变。目前人们认为其氨基酸高度保守性是不同种属细菌CsrA/RsmA功能和作用机理相似的基础,但是其高度可变区与不同种属CsrA/RsmA蛋白功能差异的关系尚不清楚。我们之前的研究显示,大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的CsrA(CsrAE.coli)蛋白的高度可变区(第53至第61位氨基酸残基)具有强烈的抑制十字花科黒腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris,简称Xcc)胞外蛋白酶活性的能力。本研究中,我们采用丙氨酸置换方法,确定了CsrAE. coli可变区中抑制Xcc胞外蛋白酶活性必需的氨基酸残基。结果显示,CsrAE. coli蛋白的第54位赖氨酸(K54)、第60位丝氨酸(S60)和第61位酪氨酸(Y61)置换成丙氨酸后,CsrAE. coli蛋白丧失了抑制Xcc胞外蛋白酶活性的能力;而其它位点的丙氨酸置换不影响其抑制Xcc胞外蛋白酶活性的能力。这个结果证明K54、S60和Y61是CsrAE. coli抑制Xcc胞外蛋白酶活性所必需的,为揭示大肠杆菌的CsrA E.coli蛋白抑制Xcc胞外蛋白酶活性的分子机理奠定基础。     

十字花科黑腐病菌全局转录后调控蛋白RsmA抑制胞外蛋白酶产生

胞外蛋白酶、胞外淀粉酶和胞外纤维素酶是十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)的重要致病因子,它们的表达受到严格的调控。本实验室之前的研究发现,在Xcc8004菌株中,编码全局转录后调控蛋白RsmA的基因rsmA缺失导致胞外淀粉酶和胞外纤维素酶产量显著下降,但不影响胞外蛋白酶的产量。因此认为,RsmA正向调控胞外淀粉酶和胞外纤维素酶的产生,而不调控胞外蛋白酶的产生。为了进一步明确RsmA是否参与胞外蛋白酶的表达调控,本研究构建了rsmA的过量表达株OErsmA,检测了其胞外蛋白酶产量,并和带有空的过表达载体的野生型菌株(WT/pB)的胞外蛋白酶产量进行了比较。结果发现,OErsmA的胞外蛋白酶产量比WT/pB的显著下降,证明RsmA具有抑制胞外蛋白酶产生的功能。Northern杂交结果显示,主胞外蛋白酶基因prtA的mRNA积累量在OErsmA和WT/pB中没有明显差异。而凝胶阻滞实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA)结果显示,(His)₆-RsmA能...     

十字花科黑腐病菌非编码RNA SR220与RsmA的相互作用关系及SR220剪切位点的初步鉴定

次生代谢抑制(Repression of secondary metabolism, Rsm)调控系统是一个由RNA结合蛋白RsmA以及非编码RNA组成的广泛存在于细菌中的全局转录后调控系统。RsmA蛋白是Rsm调控系统的核心,它通过与靶标mRNA结合来控制基因表达;而非编码RNA的作用是抑制RsmA蛋白的调控活性。研究表明,在一些细菌中,RsmA可以通过复杂的调控网络在转录水平正向调控这些抑制它的非编码RNA的表达。本实验室前期研究发现,在十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)中,SR220是抑制RsmA活性的非编码RNA,但RsmA是否调控SR220的表达目前还不清楚。本研究使用Northern杂交技术检测和比较了野生型菌株和rsmA缺失突变体中SR220的表达水平。结果发现,尽管在野生型菌株中SR220正常表达,但在rsmA缺失突变体中却检测不到SR220的信号,证明SR220的产生需要RsmA。更重要的是,进一步的实验发现,SR220的产生需要其与RsmA直接结合,说明RsmA是在转录后水平,而不是像其他细菌在转录水...     

假定蛋白基因XC2038与十字花科黑腐病菌致病相关

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是研究植物病原细菌和寄主互作的模式细菌,鉴定其致病相关基因对于控制作物病害有重要的意义。XC2038在Xcc 8004中注释为功能未知的假定蛋白基因。本研究利用实验室前期构建的XC2038基因的Tn5gus A5插入突变体164H09,并构建了该突变体的互补菌株C164H09,随后对各菌株的致病性及相关表型进行了检测。结果表明,164H09影响Xcc 8004胞外多糖、泳动性及生物被膜的形成,影响在寄主满身红萝卜上的致病性,而突变体的互补菌株能将以上表型恢复至野生型水平。综上可知,假定蛋白基因XC2038与十字花科黑腐病菌致病相关。     

十字花科黑腐病菌中一个与趋化性相关基因的突变分析

十字花科作物黑腐病,又称为野油菜黄单胞菌野油菜变种(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,简称Xcc),该细菌是引起十字花科作物等植物发生黑腐病的病原菌,同时该细菌也是人们研究寄主与病原微生物相互作用的具体分子机理的模式菌之一。在Xcc 8004菌株基因组中,XC_2304编码的产物为一个趋化性蛋白。由于细菌的趋化性在病原学方面的意义是非常重要的,为评估XC_2304的功能,本研究利用p K18mob Sac B对XC_2304进行缺失突变,获得缺失突变体DM2304。植株试验发现,突变体DM2304对寄主植物的致病力下降约30%,其互补菌株CDM2304的致病力基本恢复至野生型水平,这表明XC_2304与Xcc致病力有关。利用毛细管法检测DM2304对18种物质的趋化性,结果表明突变体对木糖、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、蔗糖以及核糖的趋化性比野生型弱。运动性分析发现,DM2304在含有0.3%、0.6%琼脂的NYGA板的游动性稍微降低,表明XC_2304与游动性有关。而DM2304的胞外纤维素酶、胞外蛋白酶、胞外淀粉酶、EPS产量、HR与野生型菌株相比均没有明显差异。本研究为十字花科黑腐病菌中其它与趋化性相关基因提供实验思路,对病原菌如何趋利避害的机制的研究具有一定的意义。     

十字花科黑腐病菌中转录因子HpaR1与Clp调控一个糖苷水解酶基因表达的分析

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是一种维管束致病菌,能够引起寄主的黑腐病,是研究植物病原细菌与植物互作的一种重要模式菌株.在Xcc中,GntR家族的全局性转录调控因子HpaR1参与调控Xcc的运动、胞外多糖和胞外酶的合成等许多细胞过程,并与Xcc的过敏...     

十字花科黑腐病菌的XC1193基因与致病相关

十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)是一种重要植物病原细菌,在全球范围内侵染十字花科植物引起黑腐病,其σ因子在基因表达中起到重要调节作用。XC1193基因在Xcc 8004菌株编码一个σ~70因子,为进一步研究该σ因子在Xcc中的调控作用,利用自杀质粒p K18mobsac B构建了XC1193基因的缺失突变体DM1193。与野生型菌株的比较发现,XC1193基因突变不影响菌体在丰富培养基和基本培养基上的生长;突变体的胞外蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶等生化表型也与野生型一致;植株实验表明XC1193突变不影响过敏反应。采用剪叶接种法进行致病性检测,突变体致病力与野生型一致。而采用喷雾接种法,突变体致病力显著降低,互补菌株致病力恢复至野生型水平。结果表明,该σ因子在十字花科黑腐病菌致病过程中发挥作用,并与Xcc侵染寄主的早期事件有关。     

细菌全局性调控因子CsrA的结构与功能

碳存储调控因子A (carbon storage regulator, CsrA) 是一种RNA结合蛋白,在细菌的碳代谢、生物被膜形成、运动性、病原菌毒力、群体感应、环二鸟苷酸信号合成、应激感应等多种生理过程中具有重要调节功能,是全局性调控蛋白.它通过与靶标mRNA的特异结合,抑制其翻译或增强其稳定性来调控下游基因的表达,属于转录后调控因子的范畴.CsrA蛋白的表达与活性受碳存储调控(Csr)系统本身多个自主调节回路的精密控制：　一些小的非编码RNA (snmRNAs,如CsrB/C）作为拮抗因子与CsrA二聚体结合并抑制其活性;而这些snmRNAs在体内又可在CsrD的辅助下被核糖核酸内切酶E和多核苷酸磷酸化酶降解,释放CsrA的活性.当前,对于Csr系统的调节作用、调控通路与机制的研究是细菌学研究的热点,本文综述了该蛋白及Csr系统的结构、功能和作用机制的最新研究进展.     

十字花科黑腐病菌中甲基趋化受体蛋白的研究

趋化性是有运动能力的细菌对环境中的刺激物产生的趋向或离避行为。在细菌的趋化系统中,能够感应环境中化学物质浓度梯度的化学受体称为趋化受体。十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xcc)是重要的植物病原菌,也是一种研究微生物与宿主互作机理的重要模式菌,然而关于Xcc中趋化受体的研究还较少。本研究利用生物信息学技术对Xcc8004中的21个甲基受体趋化蛋白(methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, MCPs)进行功能域分析并构建了系统进化树。结果表明,Xcc中MCP具有比较高的保守性。利用同源双交换法构建了MCP编码基因的缺失突变体,对这些突变体的生物学功能分析表明:21个MCP编码基因突变后,皆影响Xcc对糖类、氨基酸等趋化物的趋化性;大多数突变不影响细菌的运动性,但XC_2311、XC_2304、XC_1937、XC_2223分别突变后,影响细菌的游动性和泳动性。     

野油菜黄单胞菌中3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水酶FabZ的生理功能

【背景】野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xcc)引起十字花科植物黑腐病,在全球范围内造成经济损失,亟须深入研究其致病机理,开发新的黑腐病防控措施。细菌脂肪酸合成系统不仅为细胞膜合成提供原料,其中间代谢产物还是许多生物活性分子合成的底物,具有重要的生理功能,也是抗菌药物筛选的重要靶标。【目的】研究XccfabZ对扩散信号分子(diffusible signal factor, DSF)类信号产量、致病力、胞外酶、胞外多糖和运动性等方面的影响。【方法】利用报告菌株检测法分析了不同替换突变株的DSF类群体感应信号产量。利用同源重组原理,在DSF类信号高产菌株中获得替换突变株,利用高效液相色谱(highperformanceliquid chromatography, HPLC)法测定DSF类信号产量。利用剪叶法检测替换突变株对寄主植物甘蓝的致病力,并分析了不同菌株的胞外多糖、胞外酶和运动性差异。【结果】报告菌株检测法和HPLC法都证明大肠杆菌fabZ替换突变株(XccΔfabZ/pSRK-EcfabZ)中DSF类信号产量显著下降。...     

Transformation of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris with plasmid DNA

Procedures for the introduction of plasmid DNA into Gram-negative bacteria have been adapted and optimized to permit transformation of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris with the cloning vector pKT230 and other broad-host-range plasmids. The technique involves CaCl2-induced competence and heat shock and is similar to that routinely used for Escherichia coli. Wild-type X. c. campestris strains appear to restrict incoming unmodified DNA, so that plasmid DNA for transformation must be prepared from X. c. campestris (into which it has previously been introduced by conjugation). To overcome this disadvantage a restriction-deficient mutant has been isolated.     

DsbB is required for the pathogenesis process of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

The DsbA/DsbB oxidation pathway is one of the two pathways that catalyze disulfide bond formation of proteins in the periplasm of gram-negative bacteria. It has been demonstrated that DsbA is essential for multiple virulence factors of several animal bacterial pathogens. In this article, we present genetic evidence to show that the open reading frame XC_3314 encodes a DsbB protein that is involved in disulfide bond formation in periplasm of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causative agent of crucifer black rot disease. The dsbB mutant of X. campestris pv. campestris exhibited attenuation in virulence, hypersensitive response, cell motility, and bacterial growth in planta. Furthermore, mutation in the dsbB gene resulted in ineffective type II and type III secretion systems as well as flagellar assembly. These findings reveal that DsbB is required for the pathogenesis process of X. campestris pv. campestris.     

Function-Related Positioning of the Type II Secretion ATPase of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Gram-negative bacteria use the type II secretion (T2S) system to secrete exoproteins for attacking animal or plant cells or to obtain nutrients from the environment. The system is unique in helping folded proteins traverse the outer membrane. The secretion machine comprises multiple proteins spanning the cell envelope and a cytoplasmic ATPase. Activity of the ATPase, when copurified with the cytoplasmic domain of an interactive ATPase partner, is stimulated by an acidic phospholipid, suggesting the membrane-associated ATPase is actively engaged in secretion. How the stimulated ATPase activity is terminated when secretion is complete is unclear. We fused the T2S ATPase of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the causal agent of black rot in the crucifers, with fluorescent protein and found that the ATPase in secretion-proficient cells was mainly diffused in cytoplasm. Focal spots at the cell periphery were detectable only in a few cells. The discrete foci were augmented in abundance and intensity when the secretion channel was depleted and the exoprotein overproduced. The foci abundance was inversely related to secretion efficiency of the secretion channel. Restored function of the secretion channel paralleled reduced ATPase foci abundance. The ATPase foci colocalized with the secretion channel. The ATPase may be transiently associated with the T2S machine by alternating between a cytoplasmic and a machine-associated state in a secretion-dependent manner. This provides a logical means for terminating the ATPase activity when secretion is completed. Function-related dynamic assembly may be the essence of the T2S machine.     

Nucleotide sequence of the engXCA gene encoding the major endoglucanase of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

The nucleotide sequence of the gene (engXCA) encoding the major extracellular endoglucanase (ENGXCA) of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (X. c. campestris) was determined and compared with the N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence of the purified enzyme. An open reading frame of 1479 bp encoding 493 aa was identified, of which the N-terminal 25 aa represent a potential signal peptide. Determination of the exact position of a Tn5 insertion within engXCA, which did not reduce the encoded enzyme activity, indicated that the C-terminal region of the protein is not crucial for ENGXCA activity. Comparison of the complete deduced aa sequence with those deduced from other endoglucanase- and exoglucanase-encoding genes revealed a region with a high degree of homology, located towards the C terminus of the protein. These data indicate that the X. c. campestris ENGXCA may have a domain structure similar to that of many other bacterial and fungal cellulolytic enzymes. Hydrophobic cluster analysis was performed on the deduced aa sequence. Comparison of this analysis with those of 30 other cellulase sequences belonging to six different families indicated that the X. c. campestris enzyme can be classified in family A. The two aa residues which had previously been identified as 'potentially catalytic' within this family of cellulases, are conserved in the X. c. campestris ENGXCA.     

Comprehensive analysis of the extracellular proteins from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100

The extracellular proteome of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) cultivated in minimal medium was isolated from the cell-free culture supernatant and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This technique resolved 97 clearly visible protein spots, which were excised, digested with trypsin and identified on the basis of their peptide mass fingerprints generated by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Using this approach 87 different proteins could be distinguished. The Signal P software predicted putative signal peptides for 53% of the extracellular proteins. These proteins are probably transported over the inner membrane and are localized in the periplasm, the outer membrane or secreted into the extracellular space. Among the secreted proteins are 11 degradative enzymes, which are involved in pathogenesis of Xcc. The proteins without obvious secretion signals are known to serve functions in the cytosol. How the cytosolic proteins are delivered to the extracellular space remains unclear.     

Extracellular proteases from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the black rot pathogen

Two proteases (PRT1 and PRT2) were fractionated from culture supernatants of wild-type Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris by cation-exchange chromatography on SP-5PW. Inhibitor experiments showed that PRT 1 was a serine protease which required calcium ions for activity or stability or both and that PRT 2 was a zinc-requiring metalloprotease. PRT 1 and PRT 2 showed different patterns of degradation of beta-casein. The two proteases comprised almost all of the extracellular proteolytic activity of the wild type. A protease-deficient mutant which lacked both PRT 1 and PRT 2 showed considerable loss of virulence in pathogenicity tests when bacteria were introduced into mature turnip leaves through cut vein endings. This suggests that PRT 1 and PRT 2 have a role in black rot pathogenesis.     

The role of PilZ domain proteins in the virulence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Cyclic di‐GMP [(bis‐(3′–5′)‐cyclic di‐guanosine monophosphate)] is an almost ubiquitous second messenger in bacteria that is implicated in the regulation of a range of functions that include developmental transitions, aggregative behaviour, adhesion, biofilm formation and virulence. Comparatively little is known about the mechanism(s) by which cyclic di‐GMP exerts these various regulatory effects. PilZ has been identified as a cyclic di‐GMP binding protein domain; proteins with this domain are involved in regulation of specific cellular processes, including the virulence of animal pathogens. Here we have examined the role of PilZ domain proteins in virulence and the regulation of virulence factor synthesis in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot of crucifers. The Xcc genome encodes four proteins (XC0965, XC2249, XC2317 and XC3221) that have a PilZ domain. Mutation of XC0965, XC2249 and XC3221 led to a significant reduction of virulence in Chinese radish. Mutation of XC2249 and XC3221 led to a reduction in motility whereas mutation of XC2249 and XC0965 affected extracellular enzyme production. All mutant strains were unaffected in biofilm formation in vitro. The reduction of virulence following mutation of XC3221 could not be wholly attributed to an effect on motility as mutation of pilA, which abolishes motility, has a lesser effect on virulence.     

十字花科黑腐病菌hrpG基因原核表达

在十字花科黑腐病菌(Xcc)中,hrp基因对寄主的致病性和非寄主的超敏反应中起核心作用,而hrpG对整个hrp基因簇起调控作用.HrpG为OmpR家族的双组分系统感受调控蛋白,含有两个结构域,分别是N端Response_reg和C端Trans reg_C.本研究利用表达载体pQE-30 Xa,成功构建了HrpG的表达重组子,在E.coli M15 [pREP4]中进行诱导表达.通过调节诱导温度、IPTG浓度和诱导时间最终确定在温度为20℃,IPTG浓度为0.8 mmol/L,诱导表达4 h.hrpG基因在宿主细胞E.coli M15获得高效可溶性表达.目前尚未有可溶性HrpG蛋白获得成功表达的报导,本研究中获得HrpG蛋白在大肠杆菌获得大量可溶性的表达,将为in vitro研究HrpG的生理活性,特异的结合位点和调控功能研究打下良好基础.     

Biological role of xanthomonadin pigments in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

Previous studies have indicated that the yellow pigments (xanthomonadins) produced by phytopathogenic Xanthomonas bacteria are unimportant during pathogenesis but may be important for protection against photobiological damage. We used a Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris parent strain, single-site transposon insertion mutant strains, and chromosomally restored mutant strains to define the biological role of xanthomonadins. Although xanthomonadin mutant strains were comparable to the parent strain for survival when exposed to UV light; after their exposure to the photosensitizer toluidine blue and visible light, survival was greatly reduced. Chromosomally restored mutant strains were completely restored for survival in these conditions. Likewise, epiphytic survival of a xanthomonadin mutant strain was greatly reduced in conditions of high light intensity, whereas a chromosomally restored mutant strain was comparable to the parent strain for epiphytic survival. These results are discussed with respect to previous results, and a model for epiphytic survival of X. campestris pv. campestris is presented.