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基因水平转移可导致细菌不同种属间个体DNA的交换,从而使细菌对环境的适应性增强,是细菌进化的重要途径之一。基因组岛是基因水平转移的重要载体,可移动的基因组岛能够整合到宿主的染色体上,并在特定的条件下切除,进而通过转化、接合或转导等方式转移到新的宿主中。基因组岛具有多种生物学功能,如抗生素抗性、致病性、异源物质降解、重金属抗性等。基因组岛的转移造成可变基因在不同种属细菌间的广泛传播,例如毒力和耐药基因的传播导致了多重耐药细菌的产生,威胁人类健康。基因组岛由整合酶介导转移,同时在转移的过程受到多种不同转录因子的调控。本文对细菌中基因组岛的结构特点、转移和调控机制以及预测等方面进行了综述,并最终阐明基因组岛的转移及其调控机制是遏制基因组岛传播的重要策略。 相似文献
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奇异变形杆菌是导致医院内感染的重要条件致病菌,广泛分布于自然环境及人和动物的肠道中。基因岛是细菌染色体上约10-200 kb独立的DNA片段,能促进宿主细菌适应复杂多变的环境,与细菌适应性进化密切相关。近年来在奇异变形杆菌基因组中发现了多个与多重耐药密切相关的基因岛,包括沙门菌基因岛1及其相关基因岛、SXT/R391整合性接合元件、PmGRI1等,表明基因岛在奇异变形杆菌多重耐药形成和传播中具有重要作用。本文对奇异变形杆菌中与耐药相关基因岛的结构特征、传播机制、流行情况等进行综述,以期为奇异变形杆菌中多重耐药相关基因岛的深入研究提供参考。 相似文献
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病原菌毒力岛研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
毒力岛作为基因组岛的一种亚类,是细菌染色体上具有特定结构和功能特征的可移动基因大片段,经基因水平转移(转导、接合或转化)获得,可使细菌基因组进化在短期内发生“量的飞跃”,直接或间接增强细菌的生态适应性,与病原菌的致病性密切相关。毒力岛存在于多种动植物病原细菌中,对于细菌的毒力变异、遗传进化甚至新病原亚种形成有重要意义。简要综述了病原菌毒力岛的研究进展,介绍了毒力岛的结构、功能特征及其在病原菌进化中作用。 相似文献
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志贺菌属致病的研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
致病岛是指细菌染色体上具有典型结构特征的基因片段,主要编码细菌毒力及代谢相关产物。志贺菌属基因组中已发现了多个致病岛,并广泛存在于该菌属的各群细菌中,与致病性和耐药性等密切相关。对志贺菌属致病岛的研究为进一步深入理解其致病机制、开发防治细菌性痢疾的新策略提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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整合性接合元件是近年来在细菌中发现的一种可移动的基因元件,它位于染色体上,可通过接合转移的方式介导细菌间基因的水平转移。这种基因的水平转移有助于细菌适应特定的环境条件,但许多整合性接合元件包含耐药基因,这些遗传元件的水平转移极大地加速了耐药基因在同种及不同种属之间的传播,造成细菌的耐药以至多重耐药问题日益严重,耐药机制日趋复杂;同时整合性接合元件与基因岛有着密切的联系,因此对其特征及转移机制进行研究很有必要。 相似文献
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高致病性猪链球菌2型的致病机制仍是未解之谜.毒力岛不仅赋予病原菌特殊的致病能力,而且在细菌的适应性进化过程中扮演重要角色.对猪链球菌2型89K毒力岛功能性基因的深入剖析有助于更全面地掌握病原菌的致病特性.综述了猪链球菌2型89K毒力岛的结构与进化过程,以及国内外对毒力岛中二元信号转导系统、Ⅳ型分泌系统、ABC转运蛋白、毒素-抗毒素系统等重要基因的研究进展,力图从基因水平为猪链球菌2型的致病机制寻找突破口. 相似文献
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Takeshi Haneda Yuta Ishii Hirofumi Danbara & Nobuhiko Okada 《FEMS microbiology letters》2009,297(2):241-249
Salmonella pathogenicity islands are inserted into the genome by horizontal gene transfer and are required for expression of full virulence. Here, we performed tRNA scanning of the genome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and compared it with that of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli in order to identify genomic islands that contribute to Salmonella virulence. Using deletion analysis, we identified four genomic islands that are required for virulence in the mouse infection model. One of the newly identified pathogenicity islands was the pheV- tRNA-located genomic island, which is comprised of 26 126 bp, and encodes 22 putative genes, including STM3117–STM3138. We also showed that the pheV tRNA-located genomic island is widely distributed among different nontyphoid Salmonella serovars. Furthermore, genes including STM3118–STM3121 were identified as novel virulence-associated genes within the pheV- tRNA-located genomic island. These results indicate that a Salmonella -specific pheV- tRNA genomic island is involved in Salmonella pathogenesis among the nontyphoid Salmonella serovars. 相似文献
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Mario Juhas Jan Roelof van der Meer Muriel Gaillard Rosalind M. Harding Derek W. Hood & Derrick W. Crook 《FEMS microbiology reviews》2009,33(2):376-393
Bacterial genomes evolve through mutations, rearrangements or horizontal gene transfer. Besides the core genes encoding essential metabolic functions, bacterial genomes also harbour a number of accessory genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer that might be beneficial under certain environmental conditions. The horizontal gene transfer contributes to the diversification and adaptation of microorganisms, thus having an impact on the genome plasticity. A significant part of the horizontal gene transfer is or has been facilitated by genomic islands (GEIs). GEIs are discrete DNA segments, some of which are mobile and others which are not, or are no longer mobile, which differ among closely related strains. A number of GEIs are capable of integration into the chromosome of the host, excision, and transfer to a new host by transformation, conjugation or transduction. GEIs play a crucial role in the evolution of a broad spectrum of bacteria as they are involved in the dissemination of variable genes, including antibiotic resistance and virulence genes leading to generation of hospital 'superbugs', as well as catabolic genes leading to formation of new metabolic pathways. Depending on the composition of gene modules, the same type of GEIs can promote survival of pathogenic as well as environmental bacteria. 相似文献
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Data on the structural organization and evolutionary role of specific bacterial DNA regions known as genomic islands are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the most extensively studied genomic islands, pathogenicity islands (PAIs), which are present in the chromosome of Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria and absent from related nonpathogenic strains. PAIs are extended DNA regions that harbor virulence genes and often differ in GC content from the remainder of the bacterial genome. Many PAI occur in the tRNA genes, which provide a convenient target for foreign gene insertion. Some PAI are highly homologous to each other and contain sequences similar to ISs, phage att sites, and plasmid ori sites, along with functional or defective integrase and transposase genes, suggesting horizontal transfer of PAI among bacteria. 相似文献
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摘要:目的 了解2006?2016年辽宁地区集中空调冷却水中军团菌携带毒力岛基因情况及其致病性。方法 根据GenBank公布的嗜肺军团菌核苷酸序列设计和合成嗜肺军团菌种和毒力岛基因鉴定引物,采用PCR法对2006?2016年辽宁省各大公共场所委托及抽样检测中分离到的军团菌,进行了毒力岛基因组检测,并与血清型进行比较分析,其中嗜肺军团菌15株、非嗜肺军团菌8株。结果 标准菌株ATCC(33152)12个毒力岛基因全阳性;9株LP1型嗜肺军团菌分别检出9~11个毒力岛基因,6株LP2-14型嗜肺军团菌分别检出6~9个毒力岛基因,8株非嗜肺军团菌分别检出2~11个毒力岛基因。结论 辽宁地区军团菌广泛存在公共环境集中空调冷却系统中,以LP1型嗜肺军团菌居多,LP2-14型嗜肺军团菌与非嗜肺军团菌也普遍存在,而且所测菌株均携带毒力岛基因,是细菌感染性肺炎的重要隐患病源之一。 相似文献
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Babek Alibayov Lamine Baba-Moussa Haziz Sina Kamila Zdeňková Kateřina Demnerová 《Molecular biology reports》2014,41(8):5005-5018
Among the bacteria groups, most of them are known to be beneficial to human being whereas only a minority is being recognized as harmful. The pathogenicity of bacteria is due, in part, to their rapid adaptation in the presence of selective pressures exerted by the human host. In addition, through their genomes, bacteria are subject to mutations, various rearrangements or horizontal gene transfer among and/or within bacterial species. Bacteria’s essential metabolic functions are generally encoding by the core genes. Apart of the core genes, there are several number of mobile genetic elements (MGE) acquired by horizontal gene transfer that might be beneficial under certain environmental conditions. These MGE namely bacteriophages, transposons, plasmids, and pathogenicity islands represent about 15 % Staphylococcus aureus genomes. The acquisition of most of the MGE is made by horizontal genomic islands (GEI), recognized as discrete DNA segments between closely related strains, transfer. The GEI contributes to the wide spread of microorganisms with an important effect on their genome plasticity and evolution. The GEI are also involve in the antibiotics resistance and virulence genes dissemination. In this review, we summarize the mobile genetic elements of S. aureus. 相似文献
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Data on the structural organization and evolutionary role of specific bacterial DNA regions known as genomic islands are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the most extensively studied genomic islands, pathogenicity islands (PAIs), which are present in the chromosome of Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria and absent from related nonpathogenic strains. PAIs are long DNA regions that harbor virulence genes and often differ in GC content from the remainder of the bacterial genome. Many PAI occur in the tRNA gene loci, which provide a convenient target for foreign gene insertion. Some PAI are highly homologous to each other and contain sequences similar to ISs, phage att sites, and plasmid ori sites, along with functional or defective integrase and transposase genes, suggesting horizontal transfer of PAI among bacteria. 相似文献
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Soares SC Abreu VA Ramos RT Cerdeira L Silva A Baumbach J Trost E Tauch A Hirata R Mattos-Guaraldi AL Miyoshi A Azevedo V 《PloS one》2012,7(2):e30848
The adaptability of pathogenic bacteria to hosts is influenced by the genomic plasticity of the bacteria, which can be increased by such mechanisms as horizontal gene transfer. Pathogenicity islands play a major role in this type of gene transfer because they are large, horizontally acquired regions that harbor clusters of virulence genes that mediate the adhesion, colonization, invasion, immune system evasion, and toxigenic properties of the acceptor organism. Currently, pathogenicity islands are mainly identified in silico based on various characteristic features: (1) deviations in codon usage, G+C content or dinucleotide frequency and (2) insertion sequences and/or tRNA genetic flanking regions together with transposase coding genes. Several computational techniques for identifying pathogenicity islands exist. However, most of these techniques are only directed at the detection of horizontally transferred genes and/or the absence of certain genomic regions of the pathogenic bacterium in closely related non-pathogenic species. Here, we present a novel software suite designed for the prediction of pathogenicity islands (pathogenicity island prediction software, or PIPS). In contrast to other existing tools, our approach is capable of utilizing multiple features for pathogenicity island detection in an integrative manner. We show that PIPS provides better accuracy than other available software packages. As an example, we used PIPS to study the veterinary pathogen Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, in which we identified seven putative pathogenicity islands. 相似文献
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Zongfu Wu Weixue Wang Min Tang Jing Shao Chen Dai Wei Zhang Hongjie Fan Huochun Yao Jie Zong Dai Chen Junning Wang Chengping Lu 《Gene》2014
Streptococcus suis (SS) is an important swine pathogen worldwide that occasionally causes serious infections in humans. SS infection may result in meningitis in pigs and humans. The pathogenic mechanisms of SS are poorly understood. Here, we provide the complete genome sequence of S. suis serotype 2 (SS2) strain SC070731 isolated from a pig with meningitis. The chromosome is 2,138,568 bp in length. There are 1933 predicted protein coding sequences and 96.7% (57/59) of the known virulence-associated genes are present in the genome. Strain SC070731 showed similar virulence with SS2 virulent strains HA9801 and ZY05719, but was more virulent than SS2 virulent strain P1/7 in the zebrafish infection model. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a unique 105 K genomic island in strain SC070731 that is absent in seven other sequenced SS2 strains. Further analysis of the 105 K genomic island indicated that it contained a complete nisin locus similar to the nisin U locus in S. uberis strain 42, a prophage similar to S. oralis phage PH10 and several antibiotic resistance genes. Several proteins in the 105 K genomic island, including nisin and RelBE toxin–antitoxin system, contribute to the bacterial fitness and virulence in other pathogenic bacteria. Further investigation of newly identified gene products, including four putative new virulence-associated surface proteins, will improve our understanding of SS pathogenesis. 相似文献