植物MicroRNA功能的研究进展

MicroRNA(miRNA)是真核生物基因表达的一类负调控因子,植物miRNA主要在转录水平上通过介导靶基因的甲基化、在转录后水平介导靶mRNA的切割或降低靶mRNA的翻译来调节基因的表达,从而调控植物器官的形态建成、生长发育、激素分泌与信号转导以及植物对逆境胁迫因素的应答能力。该文主要综述了近年来植物miRNA在植物生长发育、激素调节与信号转导以及逆境胁迫应答中的重要作用,并针对miRNA的网络调控特征提出了今后miRNA功能研究的方向。     

植物miR390的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是真核生物中一类非编码内源小分子RNA,它通过对靶m RNA的剪切或抑制靶m RNA的翻译来调控基因的表达,从而对靶基因实施转录后水平调控,在植物器官形成、生长发育、信号转导及非生物胁迫应答等过程起重要作用。MicroRNA390(miR390)家族是一个古老的高度保守的家族,其主要的靶基因AGO7是RNA沉默复合体的重要组成成分,广泛参与对靶miRNA的剪切,可能在植物的生长发育、侧生器官极性形成、花器官形成及胁迫等方面有重要作用,但是目前对miR390的研究主要集中在植物生长发育方面,在非生物逆境胁迫应答方面鲜有报道。综述了miR390的发现及其在植物中的类型、miR390家族的形成过程及miR390参与植物的生长发育过程和响应重金属、干旱、盐、低温等非生物胁迫的作用,同时对miRNAs功能研究手段作了展望,有利于进一步综合了解miR390的研究概况及对miR390参与非生物胁迫的研究。     

红花microRNAs靶基因的生物信息学预测

miRNA是一类动、植物细胞中负责转录后调控的非编码RNA,植物的miRNA通常来源于具有茎环结构的单链RNA前体上,加工成熟后同ARGONAUTE转变成蛋白复合体结构,通过结合并沉默蛋白合成模板的方式关闭完整的基因表达网络。由于miRNA存在组织表达的特异性,且miRNA在植物中的表达高度保守。通过高通量测序获得的红花(Carthamus tinctorious L.)miRNA序列信息与红花转录EST数据库比对,通过靶基因预测筛选,对属于104个家族的173个红花miRNA进行预测,其中得到109个miRNAs对应调控的385个红花靶基因。并且通过Nr基因注释表明多数红花miRNA的靶基因编码包括调控细胞生长发育、信号转导及新陈代谢等相关的功能蛋白。     

玉米microRNAs及其靶基因的生物信息学预测

microRNAs (miRNAs) 是一类非编码的小分子RNA, 通过碱基互补调控靶基因的表达。鉴定和发现新的miRNAs及其靶基因, 对揭示miRNAs在基因表达调控中的作用至关重要。玉米全基因组测序工作开展较晚, 已经鉴定登记的miRNAs很少, 对靶基因的调控作用尚待解明。文章根据miRNA进化上的保守性, 以已知的植物miRNAs为探针, 与相关数据库中玉米表达序列标签(EST)和基因组序列(GSS)中的非编码序列比对, 共发现11个新的miRNA前体。虽然在序列长度和二级结构方面各有变化, 但这11个前体均可折叠形成miRNA家族的标准二级结构。通过靶基因预测, 找到其中7条miRNAs的26个靶基因, 分别编码与新陈代谢、信号转导、转录调节、跨膜运输、生物和非生物胁迫及叶绿体组装等相关的蛋白。这些miRNAs及其靶基因的鉴定, 补充了miRNA数据库的不足。     

microRNA在植物逆境胁迫应答中的作用

逆境胁迫严重影响着全世界范围内的作物产量。为减少逆境胁迫损伤,植物在长期的进化过程中形成了多级别（转录、转录后和翻译、翻译后）的基因表达调控应答机制。最近研究发现,内源microRNA（miRNA）在植物逆境胁迫应答中具有重要的调节作用。在逆境胁迫发生时,一些miRNA会表达上调,而另一些miRNA会表达下调;miRNA正是通过下调胁迫应答过程的负调节子靶基因和上调胁迫应答过程中的正调节子靶基因,来执行生理调控功能。通过综述miRNA在植物逆境应答中的作用,以期全面的了解逆境胁迫调控网络。     

microRNA172参与植物生长发育及逆境响应的研究进展

microRNA(miRNA)是一类长约20~25个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA,通过和靶基因mRNA上的一些特定序列结合,诱导靶基因mRNA被剪切或抑制其翻译,从而在转录后水平调控植物的生长发育和对逆境的响应。microR172(miR172)是植物中一个保守的miRNA家族,通过靶向调控AP2和AP2-Like基因在植物发育和环境适应中发挥着不可或缺的作用。已有的研究表明,miR172及其靶基因不仅在植物的时序转换中是一个关键调控因子,也在花器官发育、土豆块茎形成、豆科结瘤和逆境响应等过程中发挥着重要调控作用。现将重点阐述这个明星miRNA在植物生长发育及对环境因子应答过程中的研究进展,以期为深入解析miR172靶基因的作用机理和分子调控网络提供参考。     

生物信息学方法挖掘小麦中的microRNAs及其靶基因

microRNAs（miRNAs）是最近发现的一种内源、非编码、长度约为21nt的小分子RNA,在转录后水平起调控基因表达的作用．先前的研究发现,植物中的miRNAs具有高度的保守性,这为在其他植物物种中通过同源比对发现保守的miRNAs提供了思路．本文利用EST和GSS分析法在小麦中预测miRNA及其靶基因．简单过程是,将其他植物物种中已经发现的miRNA与小麦的EST和GSS数据库比对,经过一系列的标准筛选、预测小麦miRNA．通过这一策略,本文共得到属于18个家族的37条小麦miRNA,其中有10条保守的miRNA是第一次被发现．发现miR395是一个非常特殊的家族,因为它的3个成员成簇的存在形式与动物miRNAs非常相似．本文还利用新发现的小麦miRNAs通过在线软件miRU与编码蛋白的数据库比对,总共预测到361个靶基因,其中一些靶基因参与到了小麦的生长发育、新陈代谢及抗逆过程．     

无瓣海桑microRNA的鉴定及功能初步分析

探索红树植物无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.)microRNA(miRNA)功能,寻找具有生长适应性调控潜能的关键miRNA,为后期功能验证实验及优良品质遗传育种奠定分子基础。本研究以三年生无瓣海桑幼苗为材料,在三代全长转录本基因集的基础上联合二代小RNA(small RNA, sRNA)测序技术及生物信息学分析方法对其进行miRNA挖掘、靶基因预测及功能解析,共鉴定出121个miRNA,包含105个已知miRNA和16个新miRNA,且miRNA表达量分布在7～394 345。通过对miRNA的靶基因进行预测分析,共获得653个miRNA-靶基因关系对,对应108个miRNA和412个靶基因。功能注释分析显示这些靶基因参与各类蛋白合成、转录活性调节、MAPK信号通路和信号转导等生物活动,其中高表达量miRNA对应的靶基因显示出与生长发育、胁迫信号转导、离子转运以及胁迫响应等相关的生物学功能。miR159b-3p＿1、novel＿mir27和novel＿mir29与其靶基因构成的调控网络分别与逆境胁迫、酶活性调节和光合作用密切相关。此外,本研究鉴定出...     

基于EST和GSS序列的玉米未知微RNA的数据挖掘

miRNAs通过与靶基因互补位点配对结合,在转录后水平负性调控靶基因的表达.根据miRNA进化上的保守性,以拟南芥、水稻等已知的植物miRNAs为探针,与相关数据库中玉米表达序列标签(EST)和基因组序列(GSS)中的非编码序列比对,采用一系列的标准进行筛选,最后预测得到24个玉米miRNA前体,通过靶基因的预测共得到61个靶基因.通过生物信息学方法大大提高了人们发现miRNAs及其靶基因的效率,补充了玉米miRNA数据库的不足.     

利用深度测序技术检测玉米根系和叶片中已知的microRNAs

microRNA(miRNA)是一类具有20～24nt核苷酸长度的非蛋白质编码的内源小分子RNA,它在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应等过程中发挥着重要作用。文章利用基于Illumina/Solexa原理的小分子RNA深度测序技术,结合生物信息学的方法对玉米根系和叶片中已知miRNA的类型、丰度及靶基因进行了分析。研究发现,在根系中共检测到92个已知的miRNA,分别属于18个miRNA家族,其表达丰度在1～105943之间;在叶片中,共发现86个已知的miRNA,分别属于17个miRNA家族,其表达丰度在1～85973之间。靶基因预测结果表明,根系中的18个miRNA家族共靶向54个蛋白,进一步的功能预测发现,这些基因涉及了转录调控、物质能量代谢、电子传递、胁迫响应和信号转导等过程。以上研究结果表明,就已知的miRNA而言,无论是miRNA的类型还是表达丰度,在玉米根系和叶片中都存在较大差异。     

miRNAs: Major modulators for crop growth and development under abiotic stresses

Cumulatively, biotic and abiotic stresses of various magnitudes can decrease the production of crops by 70%. miRNAs have emerged as a genetic tool with enormous potential that can be exploited to understand stress tolerance at the molecular level and eventually regulate stress in crops. Plant miRNA targets frequently fit into diverse families of TFs that control the expression of genes related to a certain trait. As key machinery in gene regulatory networks, it is agreed that a broad understanding of miRNAs will greatly increase our understanding of plant responses to environmental stresses. miRNA-led stress regulatory networks are being considered as novel tools for the development of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. At this time, we need to expand our knowledge about the modulatory role of miRNAs during environmental fluctuations. It has become exceedingly clear that with increased understanding of the role of miRNAs during stress, the techniques for using miRNA-mediated gene regulation to enhance plant stress tolerance will become more effective and reliable. In this review we present: (1) miRNAs as a potential avenue for the modulation of abiotic stresses, and (2) summarize the research progress regarding plant responses to stress. Current progress is explained through discussion of the identification and validation of several miRNAs that enhance crop tolerance of salinity, drought, etc., while missing links on different aspects of miRNAs related to abiotic stress tolerance are noted.     

Salt and Drought Stresses Induce the Aberrant Expression of microRNA Genes in Tobacco

Drought and salinity stresses significantly altered microRNA (miRNA) expression in a dose-dependent manner in tobacco. Salinity stress changed the miRNA expression levels from a 6.86-fold down-regulation to a 616.57-fold up-regulation. Alternatively, miRNAs were down-regulated by 2.68-fold and up-regulated 2810-fold under drought conditions. miR395 was most sensitive to both stresses and was up-regulated by 616 and 2810-folds by 1.00% PEG and 0.171 M NaCl, respectively. Salinity and drought stresses also changed the expression of protein-coding genes [alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and alcohol peroxidase (APX)]. The results suggest that miRNAs may play an important role in plant response to environmental abiotic stresses. Further investigation of miRNA-mediated gene regulation may elucidate the molecular mechanism of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses and has the potential to create a miRNA-based biotechnology for improving plant tolerance to drought and salinity stresses.     

Genome-wide identification of cold-responsive and new microRNAs in Populus tomentosa by high-throughput sequencing

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of target mRNAs in plant growth, development, abiotic stress responses, and pathogen responses. Cold stress is one of the most common abiotic factors affecting plants, and it adversely affects plant growth, development, and spatial distribution. To understand the roles of miRNAs under cold stress in Populus tomentosa, we constructed two small RNA libraries from plantlets treated or not with cold conditions (4 °C for 8 h). High-throughput sequencing of the two libraries identified 144 conserved miRNAs belonging to 33 miRNA families and 29 new miRNAs (as well as their corresponding miRNA¹s) belonging to 23 miRNA families. Differential expression analysis showed that 21 miRNAs were down-regulated and nine miRNAs were up-regulated in response to cold stress. Among them, 19 cold-responsive miRNAs, two new miRNAs and their corresponding miRNA¹s were validated by qRT-PCR. A total of 101 target genes of the new miRNAs were predicted using a bioinformatics approach. These target genes are involved in growth and resistance to various stresses. The results demonstrated that Populus miRNAs play critical roles in the cold stress response.     

Identification of drought-responsive microRNAs in tomato using high-throughput sequencing

Drought is a major abiotic stress affecting crop productivity and quality. As a class of noncoding RNA, microRNA (miRNA) plays important roles in plant growth, development, and stress response. However, their response and roles in tomato drought stress is largely unknown. Here, by using high-throughput sequencing, we compared the miRNA profiles before and after drought treatment in two tomato genotypes: M82, a drought-sensitive cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and IL2-5, a drought-tolerant introgression line derived from M82 and the tomato wild species S. pennellii (LA0716). A total of 108 conserved and 208 novel miRNAs were identified, among them, 32 and 68 were significantly changed in expression after stress. Further, 1936 putative target genes were predicted for those differentially-expressed miRNAs. Gene ontology and pathway analysis showed that many of the target genes were involved in stress resistance, such as genes in GO terms including response to stress, defense response, response to stimulus, phosphorylation, and signal transduction. Our results suggested that miRNAs play an essential role in the drought response of tomato. This work will help to further characterize specific miRNAs functioning in drought tolerance.