天仙子(Hyoscyamus niger L.)花粉植株形态发生的途径

天仙子花药培养的研究在国内虽无报道,但国外已有较多的工作。Corduan和Raghavan均发现,在无激素的培养基上,天仙子花粉植株通过胚状体形成;在加有2,4-D的培养基上,可通过愈伤组织形成。外源激素对花粉植株形态发生的影响,已在小麦、枸杞等花药培养中得到肯定。我们在天仙子花粉植株诱导实验中也发现,培养基中的激素组合明显地影响着花粉植株的诱导频率和形态发生     

COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF PLANT MORPHOGENESIS: A CELLULAR,MOLECULAR, AND EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH

Recent research on development and evolution has focused attention upon arabinogalactan proteins, dominated by hydroxyprolines covalently bonded to oligosaccharides. Glycoproteins, ubiquitous in land plants, form distinctive patterns of distribution during development. Applied to cultures of hepatics, inhibitors of proline hydroxylation produce phenotypes mimicking more primitive species. Since glycoproteins are associated chiefly with wall and membrane metabolism, genes controlling glycoproteins may promote adaptive diversity via mutations. Evidence favoring this hypothesis was found by comparisons between major groups of land plants. In angiosperms, specialized cell walls are the rule, but phylogenetic trends involving them are not found. More important are trends in the reproductive structures, well known to taxonomists. With respect to these traits, genotype-phenotype interactions are indirect, involving different gene systems. Recently proposed theories that rely upon undefined morphogens are rejected. Development is epigenetic, based upon successive interactions between regulators produced at various developmental stages, each stage being integrated with those that precede and that follow. To produce an adaptive phenotype, each successive stage is controlled in such a way as to interact favorably with the internal environment present when it appears.     

INFLUENCE OF IONIC CONDITIONS ON CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND MORPHOGENESIS OF THE CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

Effects of various ionic conditions on the development of the cellular slime molds D. discoideum and D. mucoroides were studied. A certain concentration of lithium ions (7 mM) promoted differentiation of the stalk cells and conversely inhibited formation of the spores. The presence of calcium and magnesium ions was needed for Li to manifest its specific effect. A high concentration of Ca (100-120 mM) also facilitated differentiation of the stalk cells. On the other hand, fluoride ions stimulated considerable formation of spores at 15 mM. In the absence of divalent cations, sodium ions inhibited morphogenesis and cell differentiation proportionately with its concentration, and complete inhibition was obtained at 20 mM. The inhibitory effect of Na was nullified by addition of small amounts of Ca. Possible mechanisms by which these ions exert their influences on development of this organism were discussed.     

AcMNPV核衣壳的形态发生

报道了缺失多角体蛋白基因的AcMNPV在sf9细胞内核衣壳的形态发生过程。病毒衣壳蛋白首先装配成许多呈束状排列的直径为34nm中空长管状结构,然后是病毒DNA进入管内,装有DNA的长管按一定的长度间隔断开,形成成束的核衣壳,每个核衣壳的大小约34×260nm,最后成束的核衣壳被囊膜包被形成完整的多粒包埋型病毒粒子。     

A MUTANT OF DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM CAPABLE OF DIFFERENTIATING WITHOUT MORPHOGENESIS

A mutant which is capable of differentiating into spores and stalk cells without forming a cell aggregate was isolated from the cellular slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum. The mutant stopped developing at various stages, before formation of mature fruits, and the cells differentiated into spores and stalk cells at whichever stage the development stopped. Unaggregated cells also differentiated into spores or stalk cells, depending on the culture conditions; differentiation into spores predominated in nutrient rich medium, while differentiation into stalk cells predominated in nutrient poor medium. The ratio of spores to stalk cells or of prespores to total cells in cell masses depended on the terminal structures formed; the ratio was unusually high or unusually low in a structure which stopped developing before papilla formation, while the ratio was normal in a structure formed after that stage. When isolated from a cell mass, prespore cells of the mutant did not dedifferentiate or resumed vegetative growth, indicating that they had lost plasticity of differentiation. The conditioned medium in which the mutant cells had grown was effective in inducing differentiation of wild type slug cells into spore-like or stalk-like cells.     

MORPHOGENESIS OF THE SPORANGIUM OF COMATRICHA

Goodwin , Donna C. (State U. Iowa, Iowa City.) Morphogenesis of the sporangium of Comatricha. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(2): 148–154. IIlus. 1961.—Three species of the myxomycete genus, Comatricha, were studied: Comatricha nigra, C. fimbriata, and C. elegans. The sporangia developed on living bark of Ulmus americana in moist chamber. The hypothallus is formed under the homogeneous protoplasmic mass of the sporangial initial. The fibrous threads of the hypothallus bend upward, lengthening at the apices to become the fibers of the stalk and columella. The undifferentiated protoplasm is carried upward as the stalk elongates. When the columella has attained its mature height, threads bend out from the columella and grow toward the periphery of the sporangium. These threads form the capillitium. Simultaneous with the appearance of the capillitial initials, the peridium, a delicate membrane, forms. After the capillitium is mature, the protoplast cleaves into many cells, the future spores. The peridium evanesces early in the stage of spore maturation. Cellulose is present in the stalk, capillitium, and spore walls but is not found in the peridium or hypothallus. The capillitium of these species follows a developmental pattern designated as the “Comatricha-type” by Ross (1957) from a study of Comatricha typhoides. The taxonomic implications of the sporangial developmental pattern are discussed.     

论锥叠层石群（Conophyton）的形态发生—对苏北新古九顶山组一个似锥叠层石的剖析

根据对苏北新元古代九顶山组似锥叠层石标本的分析,初步揭示构成似Conophyton叠层珠微生物席可以分为两类。这两类席被作者称为“开端微生物席（first microbial mat)”和“继承微生物席（succedent microbial mat)”。它们在整个叠层石发生和发育过程中起作不同作用。Conophyton叠层石的形态发生可能与开端微生物席的造型有着密切联系,这类微生物席在叠层石形态过程中起作生长“芽”或模具作用。继承微生物席仅仅起作叠层石的增高或增大的作用,它的发育经常受环境制约。     

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF PLANT SPERMATOGENESIS : Spermatogenesis in Nitella

Spermatogenesis in the charophyte Nitella has been followed in antheridia prepared for light and electron microscopy. The antheridial filament cells contain paired centrioles which are similar in structure and behavior to the centrioles of animal cells. In the early spermatid, the centrioles undergo an initial elongation at their distal ends and become joined by a spindle-shaped fibrous connection. At the same time, their proximal ends are closely associated with the development of a layer of juxtaposed microtubules which will form the microtubular sheath. The architectural arrangement of these microtubules suggests that they constitute a cytoskeletal system, forming a framework along which the mitochondria and plastids become aligned and along which the nucleus undergoes extensive elongation and differentiation. The microtubular sheath persists in the mature sperm. During mid-spermatid stages, the centrioles give rise to the flagella and concomitantly undergo differentiation to become the basal bodies. The Golgi apparatus goes through a period of intensive activity during mid-spermatid stages, then decreases in organization until it can no longer be detected in the late spermatid. An attempt is made to compare similarities between plant and animal spermiogenesis.     

烟草表皮细胞薄层培养系统中多种组织器官发生的研究

利用烟草表皮细胞薄层培养系统,研究了离体培养下表皮毛和气孔的发生,发现斜向分裂和不均等分裂是与脱分化细胞再分化相关的分裂方式,并观察了愈伤组织气孔的适应性分化现象,此外,在茎表皮细胞薄层上成功地发生了不定根,利用花茎表皮细胞薄层也在其愈伤组织上发生了花芽。     

优美盾纤虫无性生殖期间的形态发生学研究：纤毛门：腹毛目

对优美盾纤虫二分裂期间的形态发生学进行了研究,其过程为：１）ＯＰ发于老ＡＺＭ的左后方皮膜深处其后一分为二并演化为仔虫的Ａ－ＡＺＭ及Ｂ－ＡＺＭ。在前仔虫老ＡＺ Ｍ及ＰＭ完全保留并被继承;２）前仔虫另行产生一原草,由其形成一额腹棘毛,在后后仔虫此棘毛严自ＯＰ腹侧。     

TRANSFORMATION OF THE NUCLEUS IN MARCHANTIA SPERMATIDS: MORPHOGENESIS

It is proposed that elongation of the nucleus in spermatids of Marchantia results from interaction between its membranous envelope and microtubules of the spermatid's cytoskeleton. The nucleus may be drawn out in two directions along microtubules until forces attracting the nucleus to them are balanced by forces resisting envelope distortion. Condensation of nuclear chromatin into fibrils of uniform diameter and probable shaping of the nucleus by blebbing of its envelope occur together before elongation is complete. The nucleus becomes crescent shaped and it is prolonged distally into a chromatin-free diverticulum. In accord with their distribution along the axis of the nucleus, chromatin fibrils are compacted together forming a cone-like rod of chromatin which narrows anteriorly and extends distally to the tip of the preexisting diverticulum. Elongation and shaping of the nucleus influence the distribution of its chromatin and thus its ultimate morphology. Coiling of the nucleus is related to a reduction of spermatid cytoplasm during maturation.