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1.
Prenatal nicotine affects catecholamine gene expression in newborn rat carotid body and petrosal ganglion 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gauda Estelle B.; Cooper Reed; Akins Patrice K.; Wu Guimei 《Journal of applied physiology》2001,91(5):2157-2165
Nicotine exposure modifiesthe expression of catecholamine and opioid neurotransmitter systemsinvolved in attenuation of hypoxic chemosensitivity. We used insitu hybridization histochemistry to determine the effect of prenataland early postnatal nicotine exposure on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),dopamine -hydroxylase (DH), preproenkephalin (PPE), andD2-dopamine receptor mRNA levels in the rat carotid bodyand petrosal ganglion during postnatal development. In the carotidbody, nicotine increased TH mRNA expression in animals at 0 and 3 postnatal days (both, P < 0.05 vs. control) withoutaffecting TH mRNA levels at 6 and 15 days. At 15 postnatal days, DHmRNA levels were increased in the carotid body of nicotine-exposed animals. Dopamine D2-receptor mRNA levels in the carotidbody increased with postnatal age but were unaffected by nicotineexposure. PPE was not expressed in the carotid body at any of the agesstudied in control or treated animals. In the petrosal ganglion,nicotine increased the number of ganglion cells expressing TH mRNA inanimals at 3 days (P < 0.01 vs. control). DH mRNAexpression was not induced nor was PPE mRNA expression increased in thepetrosal ganglion in treated animals. Prenatal nicotine exposureupregulates mRNAs involved in the synthesis of two inhibitoryneuromodulators, dopamine and norepinephrine, in peripheral arterialchemoreceptors, which may contribute to abnormalities incardiorespiratory control observed in nicotine exposed animals. 相似文献
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Tillinger A Sollas A Serova LI Kvetnansky R Sabban EL 《Cellular and molecular neurobiology》2010,30(8):1459-1465
Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) mediate transmitter uptake into neurosecretory vesicles. There are two VMAT isoforms,
VMAT1 and VMAT2, encoded by separate genes and displaying different cellular distributions and pharmacological properties.
We examined the effect of immobilization stress (IMO) on expression of VMATs in the rat adrenal medulla. Under basal conditions,
VMAT1 is widely expressed in all adrenal chromaffin cells, while VMAT2 is co-localized with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) but
not phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), indicating its expression in norepinephrine (NE)-, but not epinephrine (Epi)-synthesizing chromaffin
cells. After exposure to IMO, there was no change in levels of VMAT1 mRNA. However, VMAT2 mRNA was elevated after exposure
of rats to 2 h IMO once (1× IMO) or daily for 6 days (6× IMO). The changes in VMAT2 mRNA were reflected by increased VMAT2
protein after the repeated IMO. Immunofluorescence revealed an increased number of cells expressing VMAT2 following repeated
IMO and its colocalization with PNMT in many chromaffin cells. The findings suggest an adaptive mechanism in chromaffin cells
whereby enhanced catecholamine storage capacity facilitates more efficient utilization of the well-characterized heightened
catecholamine biosynthesis with repeated IMO stress. 相似文献
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A. Pires S. L. Coon M. G. Hadfield 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,181(3):187-194
The content of catecholamines and dihydroxyphenylalanine in larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Dihydroxyphenylalanine, norepinephrine
and dopamine were identified in larvae of all ages examined (5 through 12 days post-fertilization). Dihydroxyphenylalanine
could be accurately quantified only in larvae of ages 8 through 12 days, when its average concentration increased from 0.62
to 6.71 × 10−2 pmol μg protein−1. Between ages 5 and 12 days dopamine rose from 0.081 to 0.616 pmol μg protein−1, and norepinephrine from 0.45 to 2.17 × 10−2 pmol μg protein−1. Dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine and norepinephrine were also measured at different stages of metamorphic progress in 10-
to 12-day larvae. Dihydroxyphenylalanine increased by a factor of 2.4 between the onset and completion of metamorphosis, but
levels of dopamine and norepinephrine remained stable. One millimolar alpha-methyl-dl-m-tyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis, inhibited natural metamorphosis and depleted endogenous norepinephrine
and especially dopamine, respectively, to 75% and 35% of control values. The existence of unexpectedly high levels of catecholamines
in metamorphically competent larvae, and the association of catecholamine depletion with inhibition of metamorphosis, indicate
that these compounds may participate in the control of gastropod development.
Accepted: 18 April 1997 相似文献
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利用酶标记技术,测定了人工模拟急性低氧状态下,不同时程低氧暴露组的甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalaxcansus)与SD大鼠(Rattus norregicus)血清儿茶酚胺类激素含量。结果表明,常氧状态下SD大鼠血清儿茶酚胺含量显著高于甘肃鼢鼠(P0.05),甘肃鼢鼠及SD大鼠血清儿茶酚胺和去甲肾上腺素含量在急性低氧初始阶段(0.5~4.0 h)均呈上升趋势,其他时程组二者无显著差异(P0.05)。SD大鼠在低氧应激6.0 h后血清儿茶酚胺和去甲肾上腺素含量急剧下降,并在低氧6.5~7.0 h死亡,甘肃鼢鼠血清内2种激素的含量随低氧时程加大而呈现增高趋势,未出现死亡现象,说明甘肃鼢鼠对低氧环境有较强的适应性。 相似文献
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T.-C. Francis Pan Warren W. Burggren 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2013,183(1):123-133
The ontogeny of cardiac hypoxic responses, and how such responses may be modified by rearing environment, are poorly understood in amphibians. In this study, cardiac performance was investigated in Xenopus laevis from 2 to 25 days post-fertilization (dpf). Larvae were reared under either normoxia or moderate hypoxia (PO2 = 110 mmHg), and each population was assessed in both normoxia and acute hypoxia. Heart rate (f h ) of normoxic-reared larvae exhibited an early increase from 77 ± 1 beats min?1 at 2 dpf to 153 ± 1 beats min?1 at 4 dpf, followed by gradual decreases to 123 ± 3 beats min?1 at 25 dpf. Stroke volume (SV), 6 ± 1 nl, and cardiac output (CO), 0.8 ± 0.1 μl min?1, at 5 dpf both increased by more than 40-fold to 25 dpf with rapid larval growth (~30-fold increase in body mass). When exposed to acute hypoxia, normoxic-reared larvae increased f h and CO between 5 and 25 dpf. Increased SV in acute hypoxia, produced by increased end-diastolic volume (EDV), only occurred before 10 dpf. Hypoxic-reared larvae showed decreased acute hypoxic responses of EDV, SV and CO at 7 and 10 dpf. Over the period of 2–25 dpf, cardiac scaling with mass showed scaling coefficients of ?0.04 (f h ), 1.23 (SV) and 1.19 (CO), contrary to the cardiac scaling relationships described in birds and mammals. In addition, f h scaling in hypoxic-reared larvae was altered to a shallower slope of ?0.01. Collectively, these results indicate that acute cardiac hypoxic responses develop before 5 dpf. Chronic hypoxia at a moderate level can not only modulate this cardiac reflex, but also changes cardiac scaling relationship with mass. 相似文献
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Qiang Wang Cheng Ji Jinxiu Huang Feiyun Yang Haiyan Zhang Ling Liu Jingdong Yin 《Molecular biology reports》2011,38(1):319-325
Lipin1 has been documented to play an important role in adipogenesis. In the present study, the mRNA expression level of lipin1
and its isoforms in longissimus dorsi muscle were determined by semi-quantification RT-PCR in lean PIC and obese Rongchang pigs. Further, we determined mRNA expression
for lipin1 and its two isoforms in Rongchang obese pigs which had either a high or low intramuscular fat content. We demonstrate
for the first time that porcine lipin1 has two alternative forms, lipin-α and lipin-β. Unlike mice and humans where the lipin-β
has 99 more nucleotides than lipin-α, we found that in swine, lipin-β has 108 more nucleotides than lipin-α. Our results indicate
that the longissimus dorsi muscle of Rongchang obese pigs have a higher level of mRNA expression for lipin1 and its isoforms than PIC lean pigs. Furthermore,
Rongchang pigs with higher intramuscular fat content had a higher lipin1 and lipin-β mRNA expression in longissimus dorsisi muscle than Rongchang pigs with lower intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05), whereas no difference was seen in lipin-α mRNA expression between Rongchang pigs with high or low intramuscular
fat. The ratio of lipin-β mRNA to lipin-α mRNA was also significantly different between Rongchang pigs distinguished by a
high intramuscular fat content compared with those with low intramuscular fat (P < 0.05). These data suggested that the lipin1 gene may have a crucial effect on body lipid accumulation in pigs, whereas
the lipin-β isoform may play an important role in intramuscular fat deposition in obese pigs. 相似文献
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A full-length metallothionein-1(MT-1) cDNA was cloned from the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, based upon the hepatopancreas cDNA library. The full-length cDNA contained a single 180 bp open reading frame that encoded
a 59 amino acid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence was cysteine (Cys)-rich, with residues observed in patterns characteristic
of other reported MTs: Cys–X–Cys, Cys–X–X–Cys, or Cys–X–X–X–Cys. Gene structure obtained via PCR yielded a 3816 bp gene, which
was comprised of three exons and two introns arranged in a “3 + 2” pattern. The cloned 5′flanking region (1,735 bp) contained
several predicted binding sites, which included MREs, AP-1, SP1, USF, GATA, HNF-1, and HSF. MT-1 mRNA expression analysis
revealed that while levels were highest in the hepatopancreas, expression was abundant in testis and thoracic ganglia, moderate
in intestine (P < 0.05), and weak in other tissues (P < 0.05). MT-1 mRNA expression exhibited reproductive variation in the male, with levels approximately tenfold greater in
August, during seasonal gonadal maturation, compared to other times of the year. Cu2+ exposure via tank water (0–1 mg/l for 7 days) resulted in a dose-dependent bell curve response in MT-1 mRNA expression, with
peak expression observed after exposure to 0.1 mg/l Cu2+. A time course experiment (0.1 mg/l Cu2+ over 9 days) revealed MT-1 mRNA expression peaked sharply on day 5 before gradually decreasing with prolonged exposure. In
the present report, we provide sequence analysis of the first MT-1 gene cloned in E. sinensis, and evidence that its physiological and toxicological regulation is evolutionary conserved. 相似文献
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β-1,4-galactosyltransferase I (β-1,4-GalT I) plays an important role in the synthesis of the backbone structure of adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte–endothelial
cell interaction. The expression of β-1,4-GalT I mRNA increased in primary human endothelial cells after exposure to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes play a pivotal role in immunity as immunocompetent cells by secreting
cytokines and inflammatory mediators, there are two types of astrocytes. Type-1 astrocytes can secrete TNF-α when stimulated
with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while the responses of type-2 astrocytes during inflammation are unknown. So we examined the
expression change of β-1,4-GalT I mRNA in type-2 astrocytes after exposure to TNF-α and LPS. Real-time PCR showed that TNF-α or LPS affected β-1,4-GalT I mRNA expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis revealed that TNFR1 and TNFR2 were present
in normal untreated type-2 astrocytes, and that TNF-α, TNFR1 and TNFR2 increased in type-2 astrocytes after exposure to TNF-α or LPS. Immunocytochemistry showed that TNFR1 was
expressed in the cytoplasm, nucleus and processes of normal untreated type-2 astrocytes, and distributed mainly in the cytoplasm
and processes after exposure to LPS. TNFR2 was mainly expressed in the nucleus of normal untreated type-2 astrocytes, and
distributed mainly in the processes of type-2 astrocytes after exposure to LPS. Both anti-TNFR1 and anti-TNFR2 antibodies
suppressed β-1,4-GalT I mRNA expression induced by TNF-α or LPS. From these results, we conclude that TNF-α signaling via both TNFR1 and TNFR2 translocated from nucleus to cytoplasm or processes is sufficient to induce β-1,4-GalT I mRNA. In addition, we observed that not only exogenous TNF-α but also TNF-α produced by type-2 astrocytes affected β-1,4-GalT I mRNA production in type-2 astrocytes. These results suggest that an autocrine loop involving TNF-α contributes
to the production of β-1,4-GalT I mRNA in response to inflammation.
Chunlin Xia is the co-first author. 相似文献
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Kroll Sandra L.; Czyzyk-Krzeska Maria F. 《American journal of physiology. Cell physiology》1998,274(1):C167
In the currentstudy, we investigated links betweenO2-regulatedH2O2formation and the hypoxic induction of mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase(TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, inO2-sensitive PC-12 cells. Duringexposure of PC-12 cells to 5% O2,H2O2concentration decreased by 40% as measured with2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Treatment withH2O2reduced TH mRNA during normoxia and prevented the induction of TH mRNAduring hypoxia. Treatment with catalase orN-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine, areducing antioxidant agent that decreasesH2O2concentration, also induced TH mRNA. Deferoxamine (DF), an ironchelator, failed to affectH2O2formation but induced TH mRNA in normoxia and hypoxia.CoCl2 led to a decrease inH2O2at 20 h of treatment but induced TH mRNA during normoxia and hypoxiabefore it affectedH2O2.In conclusion, TH gene expression correlates inversely withH2O2formation. DF and Co2+ seem toaffect TH gene expression in themechanism downstream from theH2O2formation rather than by interfering with theH2O2-generating activity of the O2 sensor. 相似文献
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Although the crustacean Artemia has been commonly used as an experimental organism and served as a live bait feed for aquaculture, gene transfer system on
Artemia sp. to generate stable lines is not well developed. In this study, we optimized a condition for cyst-eletroporation and generated
stable lines of transgenic A. sinica. Two expression plasmids directed by the hybrid promoters of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and medaka β-actin (Mβ) were co-electroporated
on decapsulated cysts: pCMV-Mβ-GFP contained GFP reporter gene and pCMV-Mβ-ypGH contained yellowfin porgy GH (ypGH) cDNA.
We examined the GFP shown in the Artemia larvae and found that the expression rate was 13.3% (3,219 out of 24,054 examined). We then chose 200 G0 founders which strongly
expressed GFP to generate transgenic lines. Homozygotic strains derived from F4 generation of each transgenic line, A3 and
A8, were obtained. We proved that transgenic lines A3 and A8 also harbored pCMV-Mβ-ypGH and produced recombinant ypGH with
a concentration of 0.089 and 0.032 μg per 50 homozygotic nauplii, respectively. Ten live Artemia nauplii were fed daily to zebrafish larvae during 25 to 35 days of post-fertilization. The average body length gain rates
of zebrafish larvae fed transgenic Artemia were 16–20% greater than those of control group, indicating the exogenous ypGH produced by transgenic Artemia is functional. Therefore, we concluded that the transgenesis on Artemia is developed, and transgenic Artemia might be highly potentially useful as a new bioreactor material for application in aquaculture and biological researches. 相似文献
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Transferrin (Tf) is a kind of non-heme β-globulin with two iron ions (Fe3+)-binding sites. To prove Tf’s physiological functions, Fe3+-proteins, serum iron contents, and total iron-binding capabilities were tested for Tfs of crucian carps (Carassius auratus) and sliver carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). The above results demonstrated that sliver carps shared 1/3 Tf alleles with crucian carps; Tf of crucian carps had stronger
Fe3+-binding ability and transportation ability in plasma than that of sliver carps. In addition, the results of oxygen consumption
experiments indicated that crucian carps had the higher oxygen utility rate than sliver carps. For acute hypoxia exposure
assay, normoxic gas mixture, hypoxic gas mixture A, and hypoxic gas mixture B were used to induce oxygen-regulated gene expression
of crucian carps in acute hypoxia. The results of quantitative real-time PCR revealed that mRNA levels of Tf gene, Tfr gene
and ATPase gene were down-regulated in acute hypoxia but mRNA level of LDHa gene was up-regulated in acute hypoxia. The results
of crucian carp Tf-cDNA sequence analysis showed that cDNA regions of two Fe3+-binding sites were T747–T1026 and T1737–A1884 based on the principle of bioinformatics. The sequence conservation of two Fe3+-binding sites was higher than that of the other five regions, which were confirmed according to the subregion model of Tf-cDNA
sequence. 相似文献
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Many teleost fishes in lowland fresh waters spawn in ephemeral flooded areas, the bottoms of which are prone to hypoxia. Little
is known about how embryos and larvae deal with these potentially hostile environments. This study examines the functional
and behavioral ontogeny of one such species, the kissing loach (Parabotia curta). Kissing loach eggs are demersal and adhesive. Hatching occurs at 24.8 ± 0.1 h post-fertilization at 25°C, much earlier
than most fish species. The newly hatched larvae are precocious with no functional mouth, fins or eye pigmentation. Swimbladder
inflation normally occurs at about 4 days posthatch, even before which the hatched larvae moved immediately toward the water
surface to hang from water moss. Experiments with larvae 20 h after hatching showed that they spent significantly less time
on the bottom in hypoxic water (2 mg/l) than in normoxic water, and suggest that hypoxia is a major directive factor in eliciting
surfacing behavior. For the kissing loach, we have previously reported short-term spawning after the formation of flood areas
as well as wide scattering of the spawned eggs in the temporal flooded areas. These traits with the present results of hatching
at an early stage and the immediate upward movement of larvae are considered to be effective strategies for using ephemeral,
hypoxic flooded areas for reproduction. 相似文献
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Mazzeo Robert S.; Child Avon; Butterfield Gail E.; Mawson Jacinda T.; Zamudio Stacy; Moore Lorna G. 《Journal of applied physiology》1998,84(4):1151-1157
We have previously demonstrated thatacclimatization to high altitude elicits increased sympathetic nerveactivity in men. The purpose of this investigation was todetermine 1) whether women respondin a similar manner as found previously in men and 2) the extent to which menstrualcycle phase influences this response. Sixteen eumenorrheic women (age,23.6 ± 1.2 yr; weight, 56.2 ± 4.3 kg) were studied at sea leveland during 12 days of high-altitude exposure (4,300 m) in either theirfollicular (F; n = 11) or luteal (L;n = 5) phase. Twenty-four-hour urinesamples were collected at sea level and during each day at altitude.Catecholamines were determined by high-performance liquidchromatography with electrochemical detection. Compared with sea-levelvalues, urinary norepinephrine excretion increased significantly duringaltitude exposure, peaking on days4-6. Thereafter, levels remained constantthroughout the duration of altitude exposure. The magnitude of thisincrease was similar between the F (138%) and L (93%)phase. Urinary epinephrine levels were elevated onday 2 of altitude exposure comparedwith sea-level values for both F and L subjects (93%). Thereafter, urinary epinephrine excretion returned to sea-level values, and nodifferences were found between F and L subjects. Plasma catecholamine content was consistent with urinary values and supports the concept ofan elevation in sympathetic activity over time at altitude. Mean anddiastolic blood pressure as well as heart rate adjustments to highaltitude correlated significantly with urinary norepinephrine excretionrates. It was concluded that 1)urinary and plasma catecholamine responses to 12 days of high-altitudeexposure in women are similar to those previously documented to occurfor men; 2) whereas no differencesin catecholamine levels were observed between F- and L-phaseassignments, for a given urinary norepinephrine excretion rate, bloodpressure and heart rates were lower for F vs. L subjects; and3) several cardiovascularadaptations associated with high-altitude exposure correlated with 24-hurinary norepinephrine excretion rates and thus sympathetic nerveactivity. 相似文献