甲肝病毒在猴胚肾细胞和Vero细胞上的分离与适应

使用恒河猴胚肾 (MEK)细胞从临床标本中分离和适应了甲肝病毒W和X ,通过阻断实验、中和实验、免疫荧光和免疫电镜实验、RT PCR对其进行特异性鉴定 ,证明是甲肝病毒。W株和X株第 7代在MEK细胞上的抗原滴度分别为 1∶5 12、1∶10 2 4,感染滴度 (logTCID50 /mL)分别为 8.17、8.5 0。只有分离株W可以适应于Vero细胞 ,第 6代 2 1d抗原滴度为 1∶2 5 6 ,感染滴度 (logTCID50 /mL)为 8.0 0。     

甲肝病毒在猴胚肾功能和Vero细胞上的分离与适应

使用恒河猴胚肾（MEK）细胞从临床标本中分离和适应了甲肝病毒W和X,通过阻断实验、中和实验、免疫荧光和免疫电镜实验、RT－PCR对其进行特异性鉴定,证明了甲肝病毒。W株和X株第7代在MEK细胞上的抗原滴度分别为1：512、1：1024,感染滴度（logTCID50/mL）分别为8．17、8．50,只有分离株W可以适应于Vero细胞,第6代21d抗原滴度为1：256,感染滴度（logTCID50/mL）为8．00。     

L—A—1株甲肝病毒细胞外释动态及回收利用方法的建立

用现行生产用L－A-1株甲肝病毒进行了系列细胞外释动态试验，结果表明，病毒感染细胞后1～5周，病毒持续释放，平均两度为5．46logTCID50/ml。上清液经超滤浓缩，平均滴度达7．19logTCID50/ml略高于细胞抽提物病毒滴度（7．01logTCID50/ml）。     

甲型肝炎病毒Vero细胞适应株的选育研究

将甲肝患者粪便中分离的甲型肝炎病毒在Vero细胞中进行适应性培养 ,选育高滴度适应株应用于甲肝灭活疫苗研究。在Vero细胞上连续传代 ,测抗原滴度和感染性滴度 ,满意后按WHO推荐的甲型肝炎灭活疫苗规程进行灭活疫苗试制研究。经Vero细胞 14次适应性传代后 ,病毒抗原滴度可高达 1∶2 5 6 0 ,感染性滴度为 8.2 3LogC CID50 /ml。试制的灭活疫苗HPSEC检测在 2 80nm时仅有一个高峰 ,SDS PAGE电泳 ,在 2 2kD、2 6kD和 33kD处有三条蛋白带 ,和HAVVP3、VP2和VP1的位置相同。ICR小鼠效力试验表明疫苗剂量 16 0 0EU/ml与Merck疫苗5 0U效果相似。通过研究获得了Vero细胞甲肝病毒适应株YN5株 ,初步证明可作为甲型肝炎灭活疫苗的候选毒株。     

人轮状病毒的细胞培养分离

用CV-1细胞从急性腹泻病儿7份粪便标本中直接分离出4株人轮状病毒(HRV),并适应传代14代。感染细胞出现特征性细胞病变,经电镜、ELISA、免疫荧光染色及病毒RNA电泳等试验证实HRV毒株在CV-1细胞中的繁殖及抗原特异性。病毒滴度为10~(6.0)TCID_(60)。分离的4株HRV毒株均为RNA电泳型长型,经CV-1细胞传7～14代后,RNA图型与原粪样相比未见变异。     

甲型肝炎病毒H2快速复制株在人二倍体细胞中的增殖研究

研究甲型肝炎病毒H₂快速复制株在人二倍体细胞中的生长特性,并缩短甲肝病毒的培养周期。将甲型肝炎病毒H₂株感染人二倍体细胞（KMB17细胞株）,采用高病毒感染复数（MOI）将病毒培养时间从26d缩短至10d后收获病毒,并通过连续传代进行适应研究,建立H₂株快速复制毒种库,在不同培养时间检测病毒抗原、感染性滴度,绘制病毒生长曲线,进行传代稳定性验证和病毒形态学的观察。甲肝H₂株快速复制病毒株在KMB17细胞上培养10d后收获,连续传代从第5代至第9代,抗原含量均在512～2 048之间,感染性滴度均在8.33 lgCCID₅₀/mL±0.125lgCCID₅₀/mL,H₂株快速繁殖至5代病毒和9代病毒在电镜下观察到多为成熟的实心颗粒。在5批次的重复试验中,病毒培养至10d、16d、22d时,收获的病毒感染性滴度无显著差异（P>0.005）。筛选后的甲型肝炎病毒H₂株的快速复制株缩短了甲肝病毒的培养时间,且保持较...     

重组人禽流感H7N9疫苗株在Vero细胞上的适应性和传代稳定性研究

本文主要研究重组人感染高致病性禽流感H7N9株作为主工作种子批在Vero细胞连续传代中的高产特性和传代稳定性,为疫苗开发提供前期研究。将重组获得的H7N9流感病毒Vero细胞适应株(A/Anhui/1/2013Va)按照病毒感染复数(MOI) 0. 01的病毒量接种于Vero细胞,并连续传15代。血凝试验检测每代病毒血凝效价,并绘制病毒在Vero细胞上的生长曲线;每代病毒用MDCK细胞检测病毒的感染性滴度;通过单向免疫扩散试验对重组病毒H7N9的第1及第16代进行型别鉴定;取第1、5及16代病毒,用鸡胚半数感染量及致死量检测病毒在传代过程中毒力变化;分别提取第1和16代H7N9流感病毒的RNA,反转录及克隆后测序,对比病毒在连续传代过程中血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的变化。试验结果表明:在连续传代过程中,病毒效价越来越趋于稳定,血凝效价稳定维持在384～448;病毒感染性滴度维持在7 Log10TCID50/mL左右;病毒在传代过程中毒力未发生显著变化; HA和NA在连续传代过程中并未出现因基因变异导致的编码氨基酸改变的状况。H7N9安徽株病毒在Vero细胞传代过程中不仅产量稳定,其毒力和基因也很稳定,可以将其作为H7N9流感疫苗候选株。     

狂犬病病毒CTN-1V株在人二倍体细胞Walvax-2株的适应传代

目的建立狂犬病病毒固定毒CTN-1V株在人二倍体细胞Walvax-2株上的传代适应株。方法用狂犬病病毒固定毒CTN-1V株经昆明小鼠鼠脑回传后的病毒接种Walvax-2细胞,连续传代,检测各代次病毒的滴度及免疫原性。结果 CTN-1V株能较好地适应Walvax-2细胞,通过连续带毒传代至第7代,病毒滴度可达6.78 lg LD50/mL,并在第10~15代内滴度维持在7.0 lg LD50/mL以上,15~30代滴度稳定在7.0 lg LD50/mL左右。以15代适应毒株CTN-1V-HDC P15制备的疫苗原液,各项指标均符合《中华人民共和国药典》三部(2010版)的要求,疫苗效力在6.0IU/剂以上。结论所获人胚肺二倍体细胞Walvax-2株传代适应狂犬病毒固定毒株CTN-1V-HDC可用于人用狂犬病疫苗的生产开发。     

甲肝病毒（龙甲—25株）在Frhk4细胞上传代特征

应用Frhk4细胞增殖HAV,经较系统研究,建立了稳定的细胞传代方法,病毒增殖条件,获得了较大量的甲肝病毒抗原.HAV龙甲-25株在2BS细胞上传至第六代移到Frh4细胞上连续传至九代,用荧光法(IF)、EMISA夹心法,和免疫电镜方法(IEM)进行检测,结果表明龙甲-25不同代次间的病毒增殖情况不同.我们将龙甲-25HAV在Frhk4细胞上从第七代传至第十六代,分别用IF,ELISA,IEM方法检测,结果是细胞在感染病毒后不同天数的IF结果阳性,病毒传代的代次不同在ELISA和IEM检测中出现不同的结果.在第九代至第十一代的HAV′培养过程中我们改变了病毒培养及收获方法,再重复试验时,出现三种实验方法一致的结果.     

RT-SHIV中国恒河猴适应株细胞水平生物学特性分析

目的体外增值、制备动物感染来源的RT-SHIV病毒中国恒河猴适应株,比较PBMCs和CEMx174两种细胞制备出病毒的差异,同时用TZM-bl、CEMx174、PBMC三种细胞滴定测定病毒TCID50。方法用RT-SHIV病毒静脉感染中国恒河猴,定期采血测定血浆病毒载量,当病毒载量达高峰时采血分离外周血单核淋巴细胞（PBMCs）,与正常恒河猴PBMCs或CEMx174细胞共培养,定期测定培养液中的P24抗原水平,当病毒复制达高峰期时收集培养上清,分装并冻存;测定病毒RNA载量、P24抗原浓度,滴定病毒的TCID50。结果本研究共制备了78 mL PBMCs来源的RT-SHIV病毒和85 mL CEMx174细胞来源的RT-SHIV病毒。RT基因序列和原始序列的相似度为99%,仅在第254和265位的氨基酸发现突变。RT-SHIV（PBMC）和RT-SHIV（CEMx174）病毒载量分别为1.641×108 copies/mL和8.375×108 copies/mL,P24抗原水平分别为20.745 ng/mL和4.28 ng/mL,TZM-bl、CEMx174、PBMC细胞测定病毒的TCID50分别为3.16×105 TCID50/mL和1×104 TCID50/mL,5×102 TCID50/mL和5×105 TCID50/mL,5×102 TCID50/mL和5×103 TCID50/mL。结论 PBMCs细胞来源制备的病毒较CEMx174制备的病毒具有更高的感染性。     

肿瘤干细胞及肝癌肿瘤干细胞

肿瘤干细胞理论认为只有存在于肿瘤中的少量干细胞性质的细胞群体对肿瘤发生和发展起着决定作用,肿瘤是由干细胞突变积累而形成的无限增殖的异常组织,这一理论的提出使人们对肿瘤发生机制的认识上升到了一个新的高度,也引起了研究者的广泛关注;肝癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,我国肝癌死亡率居世界之首,目前对肝癌的研究是我国恶性肿瘤防治的重点工作,现对当前肿瘤干细胞与肝癌肿瘤干细胞相关方面的最新研究进展作一概述。     

Place Cells,Grid Cells,and Memory

The hippocampal system is critical for storage and retrieval of declarative memories, including memories for locations and events that take place at those locations. Spatial memories place high demands on capacity. Memories must be distinct to be recalled without interference and encoding must be fast. Recent studies have indicated that hippocampal networks allow for fast storage of large quantities of uncorrelated spatial information. The aim of the this article is to review and discuss some of this work, taking as a starting point the discovery of multiple functionally specialized cell types of the hippocampal–entorhinal circuit, such as place, grid, and border cells. We will show that grid cells provide the hippocampus with a metric, as well as a putative mechanism for decorrelation of representations, that the formation of environment-specific place maps depends on mechanisms for long-term plasticity in the hippocampus, and that long-term spatiotemporal memory storage may depend on offline consolidation processes related to sharp-wave ripple activity in the hippocampus. The multitude of representations generated through interactions between a variety of functionally specialized cell types in the entorhinal–hippocampal circuit may be at the heart of the mechanism for declarative memory formation.The scientific study of human memory started with Herman Ebbinghaus, who initiated the quantitative investigation of associative memory processes as they take place (Ebbinghaus 1885). Ebbinghaus described the conditions that influence memory formation and he determined several basic principles of encoding and recall, such as the law of frequency and the effect of time on forgetting. With Ebbinghaus, higher mental functions were brought to the laboratory. In parallel with the human learning tradition that Ebbinghaus started, a new generation of experimental psychologists described the laws of associative learning in animals. With behaviorists like Pavlov, Watson, Hull, Skinner, and Tolman, a rigorous program for identifying the laws of animal learning was initiated. By the middle of the 20th century, a language for associative learning processes had been developed, and many of the fundamental relationships between environment and behavior had been described. What was completely missing, though, was an understanding of the neural activity underlying the formation of the memory. The behaviorists had deliberately shied away from physiological explanations because of the intangible nature of neural activity at that time.Then the climate began to change. Karl Lashley had shown that lesions in the cerebral cortex had predictable effects on behavior in animals (Lashley 1929, 1950), and Donald Hebb introduced concepts and ideas to account for complex brain functions at the neural circuit level, many of which have retained a place in modern neuroscience (Hebb 1949). Both Lashley and Hebb searched for the engram, but they found no specific locus for it. A significant turning point was reached when Scoville and Milner (1957) reported severe loss of memory in an epileptic patient, patient H.M., after bilateral surgical removal of the hippocampal formation and the surrounding medial temporal lobe areas. “After operation this young man could no longer recognize the hospital staff nor find his way to the bathroom, and he seemed to recall nothing of the day-to-day events of his hospital life.” This tragic misfortune inspired decades of research on the function of the hippocampus in memory. H.M.’s memory impairment could be reproduced in memory tasks in animals and studies of H.M., as well as laboratory animals, pointed to a critical role for the hippocampus in declarative memory—memory, which, in humans, can be consciously recalled and declared, such as memories of experiences and facts (Milner et al. 1968; Mishkin 1978; Cohen and Squire 1980; Squire 1992; Corkin 2002). What was missing from these early studies, however, was a way to address the neuronal mechanisms that led information to be stored as memory.The aim of this article is to show how studies of hippocampal neuronal activity during the past few decades have brought us to a point at which a mechanistic basis of memory formation is beginning to surface. An early landmark in this series of investigations was the discovery of place cells, cells that fire selectively at one or few locations in the environment. At first, these cells seemed to be part of the animal’s instantaneous representation of location, independent of memory, but gradually, over the course of several decades, it has become clear that place cells express current as well as past and future locations. In many ways, place cells can be used as readouts of the memories that are stored in the hippocampus. More recent work has also shown that place cells are part of a wider network of spatially modulated neurons, including grid, border, and head direction cells, each with distinct roles in the representation of space and spatial memory. In this article, we shall discuss potential mechanisms by which these cell types, particularly place and grid cells, in conjunction with synaptic plasticity, may form the basis of a mammalian system for fast high-capacity declarative memory.     

Dendritic Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis

Although macrophages and other immune system cells, especially T cells, have been shown to play disease-promoting roles in atherosclerosis, less is known about the role of antigen presenting cells. Functional, immune stimulating dendritic cells (DCs) have recently been detected in aortic intima, the site of origin of atherosclerosis. We had compared DCs with macrophages in mice with experimental atherosclerosis, to clearly define cell types by developmental and functional criteria. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of DCs in humans and in mouse models of atherosclerosis, as well as providing a simple strategy to measure regulatory T (Treg) cells in the mouse aorta.     

Immunomodulatory Cross-Talk between Conjunctival Goblet Cells and Dendritic Cells

Goblet cells are secretory epithelial cells of mucosal tissues that confer protection from environmental agents or pathogens via expression and secretion of soluble mucins. Loss of these cells is associated with several chronic inflammatory disorders of the mucosa. Although demonstrated to transfer antigens from the luminal surface to stromal cells in the intestinal mucosa, it is not known if goblet cells contribute to the regulation of an immune response. In this study we report that similar to intestinal and respiratory mucosal epithelia, mouse ocular surface epithelia predominantly express the TGF-ß2 isoform. Specifically, we demonstrate the ability of goblet cells to express TGF-ß2 and increase it in response to Toll-Like Receptor 4 mediated stimulus in cultures. Goblet cells not only express TGF-ß2, but are also able to activate it in a thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) dependent manner via their cell surface receptor CD36. Furthermore, goblet cell derived soluble factors that possibly include TGF-ß2, alter dendritic cell (DC) phenotype to a tolerogenic type by downregulating DC expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86 and CD40. Thus our study demonstrates goblet cells as a cellular source of active TGF-ß2 in ocular mucosa and implicates their immunomodulatory function in maintaining mucosal immune homeostasis.     

Cells and Organizers

This article evaluates historically some of the factors otherthan the new "cell biology" that have influenced embryologiststo think in terms of cells rather than supracellular agencies.Evidence of Spemann's emphasis on organizers as supracellularphenomena is presented, but it is pointed out that Spemann raisedsome cellular questions that were by-passed at the time. Vogtand others who studied morphogenetic movements in the 1920'salso considered these as supracellular processes, although Vogtpreviously (1913) had studied the movements of individual amphibianembryonic cells isolated in vitro. It is pointed out that the number of investigators who studiedisolated cells in vitro before the development of tissue culturewas considerable, including Remak (1855), Stricker (1864), andHis (1899), among others. Holtfreter observed the actions ofisolated cells from 1931 on, in part, at first, because thecells isolated themselves from cell groups in vitro. His studiesof explants, in the 1930's, 1940's, and 1950's, emphasized thatsupracellular phenomena must be explained in terms of cell properties,including membrane properties. In addition, the dramatic resultsof his experiments demonstrating affinity drew attention tocells as organized individuals, just as Spemann's experimentshad done earlier to demonstrate the integrative qualities ofembryos-as-wholes.     

MAIT Cells Detect and Efficiently Lyse Bacterially-Infected Epithelial Cells

Mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are innate T lymphocytes that detect a large variety of bacteria and yeasts. This recognition depends on the detection of microbial compounds presented by the evolutionarily conserved major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC) class I molecule, MR1. Here we show that MAIT cells display cytotoxic activity towards MR1 overexpressing non-hematopoietic cells cocultured with bacteria. The NK receptor, CD161, highly expressed by MAIT cells, modulated the cytokine but not the cytotoxic response triggered by bacteria infected cells. MAIT cells are also activated by and kill epithelial cells expressing endogenous levels of MRI after infection with the invasive bacteria Shigella flexneri. In contrast, MAIT cells were not activated by epithelial cells infected by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium. Finally, MAIT cells are activated in human volunteers receiving an attenuated strain of Shigella dysenteriae-1 tested as a potential vaccine. Thus, in humans, MAIT cells are the most abundant T cell subset able to detect and kill bacteria infected cells.