Divergent actions of monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric concanavalin A on lymphocyte traffic

The autoradiographic analysis of the localization of [³H]adenosine-labeled cells exposed to concanavalin A (Con A) in vitro has confirmed that the altered migration of Con A-treated lymphocytes is a consequence of their slower rate of migration and delay in normal areas of traffic (5, 6). The mechanisms through which Con A alters cell migration were further investigated by studying the effects of several derivatives of Con A on the distribution of ⁵¹Cr-labeled lymph node cells. The results obtained show that the monomeric and dimeric forms of Con A were unable to modify cell traffic, a condition that was partially reversed when succinyl Con A-treated cells were exposed to divalent antibodies to Con A. This suggests that Con A may alter lymphocyte recirculation by actively modifying the membrane fluidity or the surface lateral transport of the lymphocyte. Whatever the exact mechanisms responsible for the altered migration are, they probably involve complex active processes that can be related to the heterogeneity of Con A receptors, the existence of subsets of cells with different reactivities to the lectin, or simply the result of a passive phenomenon dependent on the presence of Con A on the cell surface.     

Studies of murine lymphocytes and alloantigens: I. Ly-6 mitogen and MLR responses

Antisera to the mouse lymphocyte surface alloantigens Ly-6.1 and Ly-6.2 were used to further study the functional distribution of these antigens. After selective depletion with antiserum + rabbit complement (RC), lymph node or spleen cells from Ly-6 congenic (C3H and C3H.B6-Ly-6^b) and noncongenic strains of mice were tested for: (a) their proliferative responses to T- and B-cell mitogens; and (b) their proliferative responses to alloantigens, or ability to stimulate in the MLR. Lymphoid cells required in the proliferative responses to the mitogens leucoagglutinin, concanavalin A (Con A), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) were Ly-6⁺. Lymph node responder cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) were also Ly-6⁺, whereas spleen stimulator cells were Ly-6^?. Treatment of lymph node cells with anti-Ly-6 sera in the absence of RC had no specific blocking effect on the response to any of these mitogens. The studies indicate that the Ly-6 antigen is a potentially valuable marker for distinguishing between functionally distinct Ly-1⁺ T-cell subsets.     

Evidence that lithium ions can modulate lectin stimulation of lymphoid cells by multiple mechanisms

Inhibition of PHA stimulation of hamster lymph node cells by theophylline, DBcAMP, or indomethacin or PHA stimulation of thymocytes by theophylline or DBcAMP was partially reversed by addition of 10 mM LiCl to the cultures. Addition of LiCl to Con A-stimulated lymphoid cells treated with the same reagents did not alter the inhibition. In contrast, addition of 10 mM LiCl to Con A-stimulated cultures enhanced the inhibition induced by the Na,K ATPase inhibitor, ouabain. Like LiCl, this latter inhibitor was found to be effective in modulating stimulation only if added early in the culture.These data support the hypothesis that LiCl can modulate lymphocyte responsiveness at the level of cyclic nucleotide metabolism, as exemplified by PHA stimulation, or at the level of the Na,K ATPase, exemplified by Con A stimulation. The site of involvement of Li⁺ ion would appear to be dependent on the biochemical nature of the stimulating signal.     

A comparison of ligand-induced redistribution of surface immunoglobulins, alloantigens, and concanavalin A receptors on mouse lymphoid cells

Redistribution of surface immunoglobulins (Ig), H-2^b, Thy-1.2 and TL. 1,2,3 alloantigens, and concanavalin A (Con A) receptors on mouse thymus, lymph node and spleen cells into “caps” induced by bivalent antibodies or ligands was compared by immunofluorescence. Surface Ig was capped rapidly following attachment of anti-Ig antibody at 37°. Capping of alloantigens and Con A receptors occurred very slowly following attachment of alloantibody or Con A, but much more rapidly after addition of a secondary bivalent antibody. An inverse relationship between the number of surface component sites per cell and the extent of capping of that component was observed. Capping of alloantigens sparsely represented on the cell surface was not inhibited by high concentrations of alloantibody, in contrast to capping of alloantigens present in greater quantities. These results suggest that factors in addition to molecular cross-linking may be involved in ligand-induced redistribution of cell surface components.     

Enhancement of the mixed lymphocyte response in the mouse by addition of thymocytes

Synthesis of DNA by mixtures of mouse lymph node and thymic cells was studied in vitro using mitomycin-treated allogeneic spleen cells as stimulator cells. The tests were performed to see whether there occurs a similar cell synergy during this reaction as has been reported during the in vivo graft-vs-host response.It was observed that mixtures of thymocytes and lymph node cells give higher incorporations of isotope-labelled thymidine than can be explained by a pure additive effect of the two cell populations tested separately. This enhancement of the reactivity was more pronounced using combinations of lymph node cells and medullary thymocytes obtained from cortisone-treated donors. Enhancement was also noted between lymph node cells and spleen cells. Blocking of the capacity of lymph node cells to synthesize DNA by treatment with mitomycin abolished this enhanced activity when mixed with thymic cells. On the contrary, mitomycin treatment of thymocytes did not abolish their capacity to increase the reactivity when mixed with normal lymph node cells. Thymocytes, which were unresponsive to the mitomycin-treated cells for genetic reasons, were also found to increase DNA synthesis when combined with lymph node cells. The mechanism by which thymocytes increase DNA synthesis of lymph node cells is not clear, but the results show that they have to be present during the reaction, since culture medium “conditioned” by thymocytes did not exhibit any enhanced capacity to promote a mixed lymphocyte reaction of lymph node cells.The results are thus in agreement with the findings obtained by others showing that mixtures of lymph node cells and thymic cells yield higher immunological reactivities in vivo against foreign transplantation, antigens than can be explained by a pure additive effect of the reactivities by the two cell populations tested separately. However, in contrast to these findings, the thymic cells do not have to be able to synthesize DNA or to react against the foreign cells in vitro to yield an enhanced response when mixed with lymph node cells.     

The pathway of lectin-mediated lymphocytotoxicity by Con A-coupled Sepharose beads

Soluble concanavalin A (Con A) can effectively mediate nonspecific target cell lysis by cytolytic T lymphocytes (LDCC). Because Con A bound to Sepharose beads (Con A-Seph) is also effective, it has been concluded by Z. K. Ballas, W. R. Green, and C. S. Henney. (Cell. Immunol.59, 411, 1981) that Con A-mediated “activation” of the cytolytic cell to kill in LDCC can occur without intracellular penetration of the lectin. No preincubation of either effector or target cells with Con A-Seph has been performed. Exploiting the previous finding of G. Berke (Immunol. Rev. 72, 5, 1983) that in LDCC Con A exerts its effect(s) strictly by affecting the target rather than by bridging effector and target cells and activating the effector, identical results with Con A-Seph are shown. Preincubation of Con A-Seph with the target but not with the effector cells results in substantial killing. Moreover it is shown that the ability of Con A-Seph to mediate LDCC can be attributed to free Con A dissociating from the beads (about 1%) during the assay. Evidence is presented to indicate that the dissociated Con A, not unlike free Con A, reacts with the target cells, thereby rendering them recognizable by the effector cells. It is concluded that the activity of Con A-Seph may not be taken as evidence for Con A-mediated activation of the cytolytic cell, as suggested by Ballas et al., and that the putative Con A-mediated lymphocyte activation relevant to killing still remains to be demonstrated. Evidence contradicting Con A-mediated activation of the effector and supporting the target cell modification theory has been discussed by G. Berke, V. Hu, E. McVey, and W. R. Clark (J. Immunol.127, 776, 1981).     

Specific immunosuppression by passive antibody. V. Participation of macrophages in reversal of suppression by peritoneal exudate cells from immune animals

Thioglycollate-stimulated peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), harvested from mice immunized against sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and transferred to normal syngeneic recipients, reverse the immunosuppression caused by passively administered anti-SRBC antibody. Macrophages purified from PEC on BSA gradients did not reverse immunosuppression; neither did suspensions of cells from mesenteric lymph nodes of immune mice. Mixtures of the purified macrophages and lymph node cells were fully capable of reversing immunosuppression. Thus, two types of cell, one a macrophage and one a lymphocyte, are required. Both must be compatible with the recipient mice at the H-2 complex. However, only the macrophages must necessarily be obtained from an immune donor. When “immune” macrophages were preincubated in vitro with “normal” lymph node cells before transfer to antibody-treated syngeneic recipients, a significant reversal of the immunosuppressive effect occurred. The ability of whole PEC or spleen cells to reverse the immunosuppressive effect of passive antibody is acquired rapidly after injection of a single low dose of antigen. Development of this ability precedes the appearance, in the circulation, of immunosuppressive antibody.     

Unique homing properties of nonadherent peritoneal cells

The nonadherent lymphocytic cells from the peritoneum after ⁵¹Cr labeling and intravenous injection into normal syngeneic recipient mice were observed to distribute in a different manner from spleen and lymph node lymphocytes. These differences in dynamic behavior occurred despite the morphologic similarities of the cells. Such patterns of distribution were directly related to cell viability since heat-killed cells migrate in a distinctly different manner. Treatment of lymph node, spleen, and non-adherent peritoneal cells with anti-θ serum to eliminate T cells modified the dynamic behavior of all the cell populations somewhat, but did not eliminate major differences in the distribution patterns of nonadherent peritoneal “lymphocytes” compared to lymph node and splenic lymphocytes. The suggestion is made that the peritoneal lymphocyte differs from other lymphocytes.     

Variation in the homing properties of 51Cr-labeled thy antigen-positive lymphoma

The homing properties of five thy antigen-positive murine lymphoma cell lines in normal syngeneic mice were compared to those of thymus, lymph node, bone marrow, and spleen cells. YAC lymphoma cells migrated in significant numbers to the spleen but in somewhat smaller percentages than normal lymphoid cells. An immunoselected subline of YAC was recovered from recipient spleens in about double the amounts observed with the parental lymphoma line. The migration patterns produced by lymphoma YC8, AKR, and LSTRA more closely resemble those of the selected subline of YAC. None of the lymphoma used in this study homed to recipient lymph nodes. That the selective distribution of labeled lymphoma cells was a function of cell viability was demonstrated by the fact that heat-killed lymphoma cells were recovered almost exclusively from the liver. Neuraminidase treatment, prior to ⁵¹Cr labeling, changed the migration in vivo of all the lymphoma studied except YAC. In contrast, trypsinization of the lymphoma did not influence their distribution in vivo. Binding of concanavalin A (Con A) to the cell membrane modified the homing of normal lymph node cells but did not change the migration of lymphoma cells. The conclusion was drawn that many receptors normally present on T lymphocytes are missing or modified after transformation and that the lymphoma in question more closely resembles the sessile splenic T1 lymphocyte.     

T-cell mediated suppression in the MRL mouse

MRL/lpr mice possess an autosomal recessive gene, lpr, which is associated with lymphoproliferation and acceleration of autoimmune disease. Lymphoproliferation has been ascribed to a single gene defect predominantly affecting the T-lymphocyte component of the immune system. MRL/++ mice do not possess the lpr autosomal recessive mutation and do not develop early lymphadenopathy. T-lymphocyte functional activity was studied in these mice using the polyclonal T-cell mitogens PHA and Con A. Our results indicated a significant suppression of the spleen and lymph node response of MRL/lpr mice to these polyclonal mitogens as compared to the MRL/++ response noted as early as 6 weeks of age. In addition, there was a progressive decline in the MRL/lpr spleen and lymph node cell mitogenic responses with increasing age. Spleen and lymph node cells from 20-week MRL/lpr mice were also relatively unresponsive in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction as compared to cells from MRL/ ++ or BALB/c mice. The in vitro proliferative response of the MRL mice was further examined with respect to possible accessory cell modulation by both macrophages and T cells. It was found that in 20-week MRL/lpr lymph nodes a significant degree of suppression of lymphocyte proliferation could be mediated by the MRL/lpr T cell. Increased lymphocyte proliferation to a mitogenic signal could only be demonstrated in those MRL/lpr mice 3 weeks of age.     

电剌大鼠的血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的作用机制分析

Previous reports showed that EA stimulation (3V, 2Hz, 30 min/d, 5 d) induced the production of one or more lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) in the rat serum. In this paper, the mechanisms of the action for the inhibitory factor(s) to suppress lymphocyte proliferation were studied. (1) the lymphocytes from different immune organs of the mice were prepared and cultured with the rat serum stimulated by EA. The results show that the serum not only inhibited the mouse lymph node T cell proliferation induced by Con A, but also inhibited the mouse thymocyte and spleen T cell proliferation induced by Con A. When B cells were stimulated by LPS, the proliferative effect can also be inhibited significantly by the rat serum stimulated by EA. This implies that the effect of the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) has no specificity. (2) Incubation of the mouse lymph node cell with serum for one hour is enough to cause an inhibitory effect on Con A stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. However, no inhibitory effect was observed if the mouse lymph node cells were incubated with Con A for 15 min or 30 min before the addition of rat serum. The results demonstrate that the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) act on the early events of T lymphocyte activation induced by Con A. (3) Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key link in the activation of T and B lymphocyte proliferation by Con A and LPS respectively. So it would be interesting to learn whether the inhibitory effect of the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) is caused by the inhibition of PKC activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The role of cell interactions in the control of lymphocyte traffic.

The effect of pretreatment of ⁵¹Cr-labelled lymph node cells with neuraminidase, trypsin, phospholipase A, Con A and LPS on their fate in intact and splenectomized recipients following intravenous injections was studied. Decreased lymph node entry was observed in all experimental groups in which intact mice were used as recipients. Evidence for this decrease to be the result of a change in the interaction of the circulating cells with the cells in the liver, lungs or spleen and not the result of a specific defect of the interaction between the lympocytes and the post-capillary venule endothelium is presented and discussed.     

Bestatin,a new specific inhibitor of aminopeptidases,enhances activation of small lymphocytes by concanavalin A

Bestatin, a new competitive aminopeptidase-inhibitor of dipeptide nature, was shown to enhance markedly activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by concanavalin A (Con A). More than 40 percent stimulation over the control (the culture with Con A only) was observed at 50 μg/ml of bestatin, and this stimulatory effect was most predominant at an early stage of lymphocyte blasto-genesis by Con A: bestatin had most effect when added to the culture simultaneously with Con A and no appreciable effect when added 44 h after Con A. The effect of bestatin on T lymphocyte activation in vitro is discussed in relation to its in vivo enhancing effect on cell-mediated immunity and a role in lymphocyte blastogenesis of some proteolytic activities possibly located at the cell surface is emphasized.     

Human T lymphocytes become glucocorticoid-sensitive upon immune activation

A murine model for Transfer Factor (TF) was used in an attempt to identify the nature of its antigen-specific component. TF was prepared from lymph node cells of CBA/Ca/T6 mice sensitized 30 days previously with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). To assay for the specific component of TF, 2 × 10⁷ lymphocyte equivalents were injected intravenously into normal syngeneic recipients. Lymph node cells obtained 18–24 hr later gave a positive response in the macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) test in the presence of the soluble analog of DNFB (sodium 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonate). The activity of TF was abrogated by absorption with anti-Ia sera including both an Ia alloantiserum (A.TH anti-A.TL) and a xenogeneic rabbit anti-serum which exclusively recognizes carbohydrate-defined Ia antigens. Analysis by paper chromatography using the technique for purification of carbohydrate-defined Ia antigens revealed that MIF production was obtained exclusively with those fractions known to contain Ia antigenic activity. In addition, pretreatment of TF with insoluble conconavalin A (Con A) which has an affinity for carbohydrate-defined Ia antigens resulted in removal of its activity. Taken together these findings pointed to the presence in TF of I-region gene products. Absorption with antibody directed against the dinitrophenyl determinant abolished the capacity of TF to stimulate macrophage inhibition factor production suggesting that it might also contain antigen fragments possibly in association with Ia. No evidence was, however, obtained for H-2 restriction of the action of TF in vivo since it was found to exert an effect in a variety of strain combinations including A.TH and Balb/c which share no known common I-region specificities. Parallel experiments were carried out with the lymphocyte transformation assay since this is known to be a measure of the nonspecific components in TF. Pretreatment with mouse allo-anti-Ia^k serum directed against both protein-and carbohydrate-defined Ia antigens caused a partial reduction in the proliferative response. In contrast no change in response was observed when the TF was absorbed with insoluble Con A or anti-DNP serum. Furthermore, lymphocyte transformation was obtained with only one of the three paper chromatography fractions positive in the MMI assay as well as two other different fractions. Taken together, these findings permitted a distinction to be made between specific and nonspecific components of TF and indicated that the specificity of TF could be explained in terms of the presence of I-region gene coded products possibly in association with antigen fragments.     

Binding of <Superscript>3</Superscript>H-Concanavalin A by Normal and Transformed Cells

CERTAIN plant lectins selectively agglutinate tissue culture cells transformed by oncogenic viruses and chemical carcinogens^1–7. Agglutination of transformed cells is inhibited by certain small carbohydrates which are thought to be sterically similar to the lectin-binding sites on the cell surface. Agglutination induced by a protein from wheatgerm is inhibited by N-acetyl-glucosamine^2,3 and that induced by concanavalin A (Con A) is inhibited by α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside (α-MG⁴). Normal cells are thought also to have lectin-binding sites but in a “cryptic” form, for mild protease treatment renders them agglutinable by wheatgerm agglutinin and Con A^4,6. Transformed cells are thought to bind more lectin than untransformed cells⁵. This study was designed to test this hypothesis for jackbean lectin, Con A.     

DNA synthesis by cultured lymphocytes: a modified method for measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation

A rapid, convenient and inexpensive method for harvesting lymphocyte cultures and measuring the incorporation of ³H-thymidine into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material has been developed. The basic principle is to adsorb the entire contents of a microculture well onto the cotton applicator portion of a Q-tip, precipitate the DNA, wash away unincorporated ³H-thymidine, and count the remaining ³H in a mixture of scintillation fluid plus detergent. Data presented for mixed lymphocyte cultures between allogeneic rat lymph node cells, mixed lymphocyte cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, Con A stimulated mouse spleen cells, and PHA stimulated mouse spleen cells show the method to be highly reproducible with standard deviations of less than 15% of the mean for quadruplicate mixed lymphocyte cultures and in most cases less than 5% of the mean for duplicate mitogen stimulated cultures. This culture system also gives positive values for PHA stimulated DNA synthetic responses of mouse spleen cells cultured in RPMI-1640 plus penicillin and streptomycin but without exogenous serum.     

Culture conditions affecting induction and release of lymphocyte produced proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF)

Studies on the factors affecting the production of a proliferation inhibitory factor (PIF) by human lymphocytes are presented. Maximal PIF production occurred with mitogen stimulation of blood lymphocytes cultured at 1 × 10⁶/ml. Optimal cultures contained 10% fetal calf serum, but PIF could be produced in the absence of serum, and after only a 6-hr pulse exposure to PHA. PIF production was found to correlate with lymphocyte activation in response to the mitogen PHA but was not related to lymphocyte proliferation (DNA synthesis). Inhibitory activity could be detected as early as 3 hr after mitogen addition, long before DNA synthesis occurs. The mitogens Con A and PWM initiated different intensities of DNA synthesis in these cultures, but similar quantities of PIF. Antigenic stimulation of sensitive human peripheral lymphocyte populations resulted in the release of PIF. Cells from donors that gave a strong positive skin test to tuberculin (PPD) responded in tissue culture to PPD by producing PIF, while the cells from skin test negative donors did not. A small quantity of PIF was also evident in the supernatants from cultures with no known stimulus (“unstimulated”), this was found to result from activation of the lymphocytes by nonlymphoid elements and by fetal calf serum. An investigation of the PIF-producing capabilities of other lymphoid tissues showed that lymph node cells produced this humoral factor, whereas thymus cells did not. Thymus cell supernatants, in fact, were found to contain an extremely labile cytotoxin which degraded rapidly upon storage.     

Ala-1: A murine alloantigen of activated lymphocytes

Ala-1 (activated lymphocyte antigen-1) is a murine alloantigen expressed on mitogen-stimulated peripheral T and B cells. C3H/An mice were immunized with PHA-stimulated C58 lymphocytes; reciprocal immunizations were also performed. After multiple absorptions to remove unwanted antibody specificities, the antiserum did not lyse thymocytes, lymph node, or spleen cells, but killed more than 90% of Con A-stimulated T cells and more than 90% of LPS-stimulated B cells in cytotoxicity tests. Quantitative absorption studies confirmed that thymocytes are Ala-1^–, but revealed the presence of some Ala-1 antigen in normal lymph node and spleen populations. The strain distribution of Ala-1 was determined for 23 inbred strains. The reactions of the two reciprocal antisera (C3H anti-C58, and C58 anti-C3H) were mutually exclusive on all strains tested, indicating that the antisera probably recognize antithetical forms of Ala-1. Since thymocytes cultured with Con A do not express Ala-1, whereas peripheral mitogen-stimulated cells do, we propose that Ala-1 is a differentiation antigen, the expression of which is restricted to the late stages of development of T and B cells.Abbreviations used in this paper are Con A concanavalin A - PHA phytohemagglutinin - LPS lipopolysaccharide - C complement - BSA bovine serum albumin - B6 C57BL/6 mice - FBS fetal bovine serum     

Antigenic relationship between bone marrow lymphocytes cortical thymocytes and a subpopulation of peripheral T cells in the rat: description of a bone marrow lymphocyte antigen.

Populations of rat bone marrow lymphocytes (BML) consisting of approximately 90 percent, “tnull” cells were prepared by density gradient centrifugation, passage through a column of fine glass beads, and treatment with anti-T cell and anti-B cell serum plus complement. Antisera to these bone marrow lymphocytes were raised in rabbits. After absorption with RBC and peritoneal exudate cells, the anti-BML sera were found by immunofluorescence to react selectively with “null” cells in bone marrow, with cortical thymocytes, and with a cortisone-sensitive subset of T cells in blood and in spleen, possibly in red pulp. The antigen that is common to these cell types is designated the rat bone marrow lymphocyte antigen (RBMLA). Lymphocytes that are positive fur KBMLA are negative for another lymphocyte-specific heteroantigen, rat musked thymocyte antigen (RMTA). As shown previously, RMTA is present on medullary thymocytes and ou cortisone-resistant T cells in white pulp of spleen, paracortex of lymph node and thoracic duct lymph. It is postulated that two developmentally and functionally distinct lines of T cells exist in peripheral lymphoid tissues of the rat, one derived from cortical thymocytes and one derived from medullary thymocytes. It is further postulated that the “null” population of bone marrow lymphocytes contains the lymphopoietic stem cells from which these two lines of T cells originate.     

Apport d’un nouveau score visuel en TEP/TDM au 18Fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) lors des récidives ganglionnaires de cancer ORL après traitement initial

New visual score in PET/CT 18Fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸FDG) to evaluate lymph node recurrence of head and neck cancer after initial treatment. Neck dissection for node recurrence of head and neck cancer is known for important morbidity after initial radiation therapy. ¹⁸FDG PET/CT in this situation looks interesting but needs standardized interpretation. Our objective was to develop a PET/CT interpretation method in suspicious locoregional head and neck recurrence. Twenty-seven patients with suspicious lymph node recurrence after initial radiation ± chemotherapy for head and neck cancer were retrospectively included. ¹⁸FDG PET/CT was performed before neck dissection and histological data. Initial PET records, binary visual scale, five-point visual scale “Deauville like” and semi-quantitative index were assessed by 2 reviewers. A lymph node recurrence was confirmed in 19 patients (70%) based on histological results. PET records analysis found 6 false positive (FP), 2 true negative (TN) and 19 true positive (TP), with a sensibility (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%, 25%, 76% and 100%, respectively. Binary visual scale reclassified 1/6 FP. “Deauville like” criteria, reclassified 4/6 FP with the first reviewer (P < 0.001) and 5/6 with the second (P < 0.002), improving Sp and PPV of 66% and 95%, respectively. Kappa concordance coefficient for “Deauville like” scale was 0.88. Semi-quantitative index like SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak, MTV, TLG and SAM showed no statistical value. Those preliminary results warrant a standardized visual scale, particularly the “Deauville like” criteria for ¹⁸FDG PET/CT interpretation in suspected lymph node recurrence of head and neck cancer.