杨梅根瘤的显微和亚显微结构及固氮活性

杨梅根瘤的横切面是圆形、对称的,含菌组织位于皮层的中部。未成熟根瘤的感染细胞充满内生菌丝。内生菌丝是分枝。具隔膜的Frankia菌。成熟根瘤中,内生菌丝顶端膨大形成无隔膜、表面光滑、球形的泡囊,直径比菌丝直径大,内含有某种内含物。泡囊的大量出现可能是固氮活力提高的标志,成熟壮瘤的固氮活性比幼瘤和衰老瘤的高。     

马桑共生固氮根瘤及其内生放线菌

马桑型非豆科内生放线菌的共生固氮根瘤的含菌组织与桤木型不同。前者为一马蹄形整体,围绕着中柱维管束;后者完全包围中柱,其中含菌细胞和不含菌细胞交错存在或形成分散的含菌细胞组织团。尼泊尔马桑(Coriaria nepalensis Wall.)根瘤的内生放线菌菌丝形态与桤木根瘤的内生菌形态相同,具有一层电子密度很高的单层壁和具有单层壁的横隔膜。菌丝分枝,具有中间体。成熟的含菌细胞内有一围绕着中央液泡的栅栏排列的柱形泡囊,它们是菌丝的顶端细胞,其电子密度比菌丝高。含菌组织的衰老部分有颗粒体,颗粒体有双层壁,内层壁与菌丝的相同,外层壁比内层壁厚数倍,电子密度低。     

尼泊尔马桑根瘤维管束形态发育研究

以生物制片和光学显微技术研究了尼泊尔马桑根瘤维管束的形态结构和发育特点。尼泊尔马桑根瘤维管束呈多重二叉分枝的树状结构,这是由根瘤顶端分生组织不断分裂形成的。它在基部与植物维管系统联成一体,在本质上是由植物侧根原基衍生而来。马桑根瘤维管束的这种形态结构和发育特点不同于豆科植物根瘤,也不同于杨梅属、木麻黄属等非豆科植物的根瘤。     

羊奶果根瘤内生菌的亚显微结构

羊奶果是桤木型根瘤。根瘤的横切面是轴对称的圆形结构,含菌细胞分散于皮层组织中。随着根瘤的发育,内生菌也有不同的形态结构。侵染初期的内生菌是一种分枝、具隔膜的菌丝体。幼龄菌丝中含有电子半透明的颗粒,成熟菌丝没有这种颗粒。成熟菌丝顶端会臌大形成具隔膜的椭圆球状泡囊,直径比菌丝大。不同发育时期的泡囊,其形态结构也有差异。     

羊奶果不同发育阶段根瘤的细胞结构及固氮、吸氢活性

比较羊奶果根瘤三个不同发育阶段的显微,亚显微结构和固氮,吸氢活性的差异。探讨了根瘤结构与功能的关系。结果表明：早期侵染方式为皮层细胞间隙侵染,此期的内生菌是一种分枝,具隔膜的菌丝体,早期侵染细胞有脂体存在。成熟根瘤含菌细胞明显多于幼瘤和衰老瘤。成熟根瘤具有大量泡囊,成熟泡囊具分隔,双层壁结构。衰老瘤泡囊分隔消失,不呈双层壁结构。成熟根瘤的固氮,吸氢活性明显高于幼瘤和衰老瘤。     

结球甘兰下胚轴组织培养形态发生的组织学研究

结球甘兰离体下胚轴培养,近切口的中柱薄壁细胞首先启动分生,中柱外的内皮层,皮层,表皮细胞随后也启动分生。随着愈伤组织的生长和愈伤形成层的建成,维管组织与分生组织产生。组织培养中出现的多倍性细胞团和单倍性细胞,不会引起原二倍体物种的遗传性变异和性状变化。在愈伤组织中,芽多为外起源。由原体原始细胞和原套原始细胞发育成芽原基,进一步形成不定芽。另外,不定芽还可由外植体皮层内薄壁组织直接产生。不定根为内起     

苜蓿根瘤菌胞外多糖缺损突变体侵染方式的超微结构

应用透射电子显微镜观察到缺损胞外多糖根瘤菌突变体侵染莒蓿根的方式与前人描述的一般根瘤菌的侵染有明显不同。突变菌贴近根毛时,根毛外层壁被降解,突变菌陷入根毛外层壁中。突变菌由外层壁移入内层壁后,在菌体周围形成大量新的壁物质。被新沉积的壁物质形成细胞内生包被的突变菌进一步形成宽的感染线,这种感染线内不舍有细的颗粒基质,突变菌被包埋在壁物质中,以后感染线解体。说明突变菌感染线的发生与一般根瘤菌在巳降解的根毛壁侵染原位直接发生感染线是不一样的。突变菌诱导的根瘤起始于根的维管柱中的薄壁细胞不规则分裂,以及与木质部极相对的皮层细胞。随着根瘤进一步发育在皮层细胞内形成一个宽的分生组织带,根瘤细胞内不含突变菌,说明突变菌诱导的根瘤与野生苜蓿根瘤菌诱导的根瘤的发育途径是十分不同的。     

羊奶果根瘤侵入线和被侵染细胞的亚显微结构

羊奶果根瘤的侵入线,总是在几个相邻细胞的细胞间隙中出现。在根瘤发生部位未出现根毛的变形。侵入线似一囊状物,其内含物有丝状物和基质,侵入线的壁部分或全部加厚,并与周围的寄主细胞壁相连。侵入线呈多种形态,在被侵染细胞中,细胞核膨大,并分叉变成指状核。随着细胞的衰老,被侵染细胞中的内生菌、细胞器也逐渐消失。     

芸薹属植物发育过程中顶端结构的解剖学研究

本文采用解剖学方法研究花椰菜、青花菜、结球甘蓝和大白菜在生长发育过程中顶端分生组织结构的变化及之间存在的差异。结果显示它们的顶端分生组织结构都是由最初幼苗的原套-原体结构逐渐发育到过渡型分区结构、典型化五个分区结构,至开始进入生殖生长时期的四个分区结构(形成层状细胞区消失)。四种植物在进入生殖生长后,顶端分生组织细胞行为不同:大白菜和甘蓝顶端亚外套两侧细胞分裂分化形成顶生叶原基,在顶生叶原基内侧的细胞将进行分裂产生花序侧枝原基。花椰菜和青花菜顶端亚外套两侧细胞分裂形成花序分生组织,花序分生组织增生即为花球体;内部解剖结构表现为分生组织不断分裂增多的过程。这些结果为研究花序表型发生的解剖学本质及分子生物学研究分生组织发育方向奠定了基础。     

油松雌球果的发生和发育研究

运用薄切片技术对油松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｌａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓ Ｃａｒｒ．）雌球果的发生和发育进行了研究。结果表明：８月初,雌球果原基发生,共外部形态发生明显变化,但内部细胞组织学分区结构与营养茎端结构相似;１０月中旬,雌球果原基的鳞片叶腋处产生最裨的苞片原基,以后苞片原基由基部向顶端连续发生。此时球果原基的顶端结构姨生变化,顶端分生组织区、中央母细胞区和周围分生组织区衍化为套层,肋状分生组织衍化为     

DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY OF LIGHT-INDUCED ROOT NODULATION BY ZAMIA PUMILA L. SEEDLINGS IN STERILE CULTURE

The developmental anatomy of Zamia pumila L. root apices was studied during light-induced nodulation. Dark-grown roots had an apical organization identical to that of other cycads and similar to that of other gymnosperms. A distinct protoderm was not observed in these roots, which had a large open meristem and a root cap with a well-defined columella. During nodulation, the meristem became reduced in size, and its constituent cells became vacuolate until all but a few resembled ground tissue. The root cap senesced during nodulation, and a recognizable root cap was absent from mature nodules. A file of densely cytoplasmic cells with centrally positioned nuclei developed in the nodule cortex. This layer was continuous across the nodule apex, and was identical to the presumptive algal-zone described previously by other authors. Light-induced nodules branched dichotomously and were identical to algal-free nodules described by other authors. In dichotomously branched nodules, each lobe was covered by a parenchymatous mantle analogous to a root cap. A unicellular layer similar to the presumptive algal zone spanned the gap between opposite nodule lobes, and extended beneath each lobe before terminating in the cortex. Typical meristematic regions were not observed in these nodules. Based on cell sizes and patterns, a meristematic zone was thought to exist between the mantle and the inner cortex.     

A morphological study of the mycorrhiza ofEntoloma clypeatum f.hybridum onRosa multiflora

Mycorrhizas ofEntoloma clypeatum f.hybridum onRosa multiflora in the field in Japan were studied by stereo, light and electron microscopy. In most mycorrhizas, the root cap, meristem, and apical region of the cortex disappeared, but in a few mycorrhizas, these tissues remained. Fungal hyphae of the mycorrhizas invaded root tissues and branched palmately. Hyphae in contact with cortical cells were larger than those far from the root cells and contained many mitochondria, cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum and transitional vesicles. Invading hyphae were undulate in the apical part of the mycorrhiza, and some of them lacked distinct organelles. Electron-dense granules accumulated in the root cells adjacent to the fungal hyphae. Both the remnants of the plant cells and the fungal hyphae were included in the amorphous materials on the tip of the stele. These observations suggest the destructive infection by fungal hyphae of the root cells and their collapse near the tip of the stele.     

Root nodule anatomy, type of export product and evolutionary origin in some Leguminosae

Abstract. The tribe Phaseoleae, of the sub-family Papi-lionoideae of the Leguminosae shows distinct differences from the tribes Vicieae and Trifolieae in nodule morphology and anatomy. Nodules of the Phaseoleae have determinate growth as, at maturity, the vascular strands fuse at the apex forming, effectively, a closed loop of the root stele. Nodules of the Vicieae and Trifolieae have an apical meristem, hence indeterminate growth; one or more branches of the root stele enter and dichotomise within the nodule, new elements are differentiated in relation to nodule growth, and the fine branches are free at the apical end of the nodule. Nodules of the Vicieae and Trifolieae additionally have vascular transfer cells and vacuolate infected cells, and the rhizobial bacteroids are pleomorphic.
The principal export products of nitrogen fixing nodules of the Phaseoleae are the ureides allantoin and allantoic acid, whilst those of the Vicieae and Trifolieae are amides and amino acids, especially glutamine and asparagine. The advantages and disadvantages of these export products are discussed in the light of nodular vascular anatomy and in respect of the tropical/subtropical origin of the Phaseoleae and the temperate origin of the Vicieae and Trifolieae.     

Calmodulin: localization in plant tissues

Calmodulin was purified from bovine brain by preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The denatured, purified calmodulin was used to immunize rabbits to produce antiserum. This antiserum was used to study the distribution of calmodulin in plant tissues by indirect immunohistochemistry. The root tips from corn seeds, oat seeds, peanuts, spaghetti squash seeds, and the terminal buds of spinach were investigated. A method for plant tissue sectioning and inhibition of endogenous peroxide activity was developed. In the corn root section, reaction product from anti-calmodulin was found mainly in the root cap cells. Lesser but significant amounts of calmodulin were localized in metaxylem elements, in some stele cells surrounding metaxylem elements, in apical initials, and in the cortical cells. Similar findings were also observed in other root tips from oat seeds, peanuts, and spaghetti squash seeds. In the terminal buds of the spinach, calmodulin-stained cells were highly concentrated in the apical meristem and leaf primordium. These findings suggest that the high concentration of calmodulin in the root cap may be important in relation to gravitropism and growth development.     

The extent and differences in mitotic activity of the root tip ofVicia faba L.

Mitotic activity does not stop for different meristematic cells of the root apex at the same distance from the initials. The differences are connected with the functional heterogeneity of the apical meristem of the root. The arrangement of vascular bundles,i.e. the alternation of independent xylem and phloem groups, is of major importance. In broad bean roots, the protophloem sieve elements stop dividing first. The centre of the stelei. e. late metaxylem elements stop dividing next. Division in the stele gradually ceases centrifugally, while it ceases centripetally in the peripheral part of the root. The cylindrical region with prolonged cell division includes internal layers of the cortex including endodermis, pericycle and adjoining cells of the stele. Proximally apical meristem is reduced to isolated strands of cells adjacent to the protoxylem poles. Pericycle cells stop dividing last at a distance of approx. 9–10 mm from the initials. The number of the division cycles is limited and is specific for individual cell types. Epidermal and cortical cells divide in broad bean roots transversely approximately seven times, cells of late metaxylem approximately five times. Root apical meristem is an asynchronous cell population with a different duration of the mitotic cycle. We determined local variations in the duration of the mitotic cycle in the apical meristem of broad bean root by means of colchicine-induced polyploidy. The cells of the quiescent centre had the longest mitotic cycle after colchicine treatment. The region of the proper root adjacent to the quiescent centre was mixoploid (2n and 4n). Isolated cells with a long cycle occurred also in the cortex and in the central cylinder. Cells with a division cycle of 18h were found in the root cap, in the epidermis, in the cortex and in the central cylinder. Relatively numerous cells with the shortest division cycle, approx. 12 h, occurred farther of the quiescent centre in the epidermis, in the cortex, in the pericycle, and in adjacent layers of the stele through-out the entire meristematic region. The results derived from the analysis of the apical meristem are discussed in connection with the ontogenesis of different types of cells taking part in the primary structure of the root.     

Genetic dissection of the initiation of the infection process and nodule tissue development in the Rhizobium-pea (Pisum sativum L.) symbiosis

Twelve non-nodulating pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutants were studied to identify the blocks in nodule tissue development. In nine, the reason for the lack of infection thread (IT) development was studied; this had been characterized previously in the other three mutants. With respect to IT development, mutants in gene sym7 are interrupted at the stage of colonization of the pocket in the curled root hair (Crh- phenotype), mutants in genes sym37 and sym38 are blocked at the stage of IT growth in the root hair cell (Ith- phenotype) and mutants in gene sym34 at the stage of IT growth inside root cortex cells (Itr- phenotype). With respect to nodule tissue development, mutants in genes sym7, sym14 and sym35 were shown to be blocked at the stage of cortical cell divisions (Ccd- phenotype), mutants in gene sym34 are halted at the stage of nodule primordium (NP) development (Npd- phenotype) and mutants in genes sym37 and sym38 are arrested at the stage of nodule meristem development (Nmd- phenotype). Thus, the sequential functioning of the genes Sym37, Sym38 and the gene Sym34 apparently differs in the infection process and during nodule tissue development. Based on these data, a scheme is suggested for the sequential functioning of early pea symbiotic genes in the two developmental processes: infection and nodule tissue formation.     

Initial proliferation of cortical cells in the formation of root nodules in Pisum sativum L.

Summary Root nodule initiation in Pisum sativum begins with cell divisions in the inner cortex at some distance from the advancing infection thread. After penetrating almost the entire cortex, the branches of the thread infiltrate the meristematic area previously initiated in the inner cortical cells. These cells are soon invaded by bacteria released from the infection thread and subsequently differentiate into non-dividing, bacteriod-containing cells. As the initial meristematic centre in the inner cortex is thus lost to bacteroid formation, new meristematic activity is initiated in neighbouring cortical cells. As development proceeds, more cortical layers contribute to the nodule, with the peripheral layer and apical meristem of the nodule not invaded by bacteria.Lateral root primordia are initiated in a region separate from that in which nodules are formed, with the lateral primordia being closer to the root apex. This is interpreted to indicate that the physiological basis for nodule initiation is distinct from that for initiation of lateral roots. The role of a single tetraploid cell in nodule initiation is refuted, as is the existence of incipient meristematic foci in the root. It is suggested that the tetraploid cells in nodule meristems arise from pre-existing endoreduplicated cells, or by the induction of endoreduplication in diploid cortical cells by Rhizobium.     

Refined analysis of early symbiotic steps of the Rhizobium-Medicago interaction in relationship with microtubular cytoskeleton rearrangements.

In situ immunolocalization of tubulin revealed that important rearrangements occur during all the early symbiotic steps in the Medicago/R. meliloti symbiotic interaction. Microtubular cytoskeleton (MtC) reorganizations were observed in inner tissues, first in the pericycle and then in the inner cortex where the nodule primordium forms. Subsequently, major MtC changes occurred in outer tissues, associated with root hair activation and curling, the formation of preinfection threads (PITs) and the initiation and the growth of an infection network. From the observed sequence of MtC changes, we propose a model which aims to better define, at the histological level, the timing of the early symbiotic stages. This model suggests the existence of two opposite gradients of cell differentiation controlling respectively the formation of division centers in the inner cortex and plant preparation for infection. It implies that (i) MtC rearrangements occur in pericycle and inner cortex earlier than in the root hair, (ii) the infection process proceeds prior to the formation of the nodule meristem, (iii) the initial primordium prefigures the future zone II of the mature nodule and (iv) the nodule meristem derives from the nodule primordium. Finally, our data also strongly suggest that in alfalfa PIT differentiation, a stage essential for successful infection, requires complementary signaling additional to Nod factors.     

60Ma of legume nodulation. What's new? What's changing?

Current evidence suggests that legumes evolved about 60 million years ago. Genetic material for nodulation was recruited from existing DNA, often following gene duplication. The initial process of infection probably did not involve either root hairs or infection threads. From this initial event, two branched pathways of nodule developmental processes evolved, one involving and one not involving the development of infection threads to 'escort' bacteria to young nodule cells. Extant legumes have a wide range of nodule structures and at least 25% of them do not have infection threads. The latter have uniform infected tissue whereas those that have infection threads have infected cells interspersed with uninfected (interstitial) cells. Each type of nodule may develop indeterminately, with an apical meristem, or show determinate growth. These nodule structures are host determined and are largely congruent with taxonomic position. In addition to variation on the plant side, the last 10 years have seen the recognition of many new types of 'rhizobia', bacteria that can induce nodulation and fix nitrogen. It is not yet possible to fit these into the emerging pattern of nodule evolution.