IL-1对β-淀粉样前体蛋白基因在人神经母细胞瘤株中表达的调节作用

β-淀粉样前体蛋白及白介素-1β与老年性痴呆病的发生发展有密切关系．用SH-SY5Y细胞株研究了rh-IL-1β对细胞中APPmRNA表达的影响．Northern杂交结果显示,IL-1β可诱导SH-SY5Y细胞中APPmRNA的表达增加,且有时间剂量反应关系．通过转录延伸实验证实,IL-1β对APP基因表达的诱导作用主要发生在转录水平．     

人神经母细胞瘤株中β—淀粉样前体蛋白基因IL—1反应元件的研究

细胞因了ＩＬ－１β可以诱导ＳＨ－ＳＹ５Ｙ神经母细胞瘤细胞中ＡＰＰ基因的转录,为了研究ＡＰＰ基因启动子区的ＩＬ－１β反应元件,用含不同长度ＡＰＰ启动子片段的报告基因载体,瞬时转染ＳＨ－ＳＹ５细胞,发现ＡＰＰ启动子在ＳＨ－ＳＹ５Ｙ细胞中有较强活性,其中－４８８到３０３区为ＩＬ－１β诱导ＡＰＰ转录活性增加所必需,这个区域包括１个ＡＰ１结合位眯和１个ＨＳＥ元件。     

Kruppel样因子4对内毒素所致IL-6基因表达的调控及机制研究

探讨Kruppel样因子4(KLF4)对内毒素所致白介素(IL-6)的基因表达以及释放的影响,并对其调控机制做了初步研究．使用RT-PCR和Western blot检测KLF4 mRNA和蛋白质的表达．采用KLF4过表达的RAW264.7巨噬细胞株或反义寡核苷酸技术抑制内源性KLF4的表达,用RT-PCR和ELISA检测内毒素(LPS)刺激后IL-6 mRNA和蛋白质的表达．采用荧光素酶报告基因检测RAW264.7细胞中KLF4过表达对IL-6基因启动子报告基因转录活性的影响．使用EMSA法检测细胞中KLF4与IL-6基因启动子区KLF4元件的结合．结果表明：LPS可以诱导RAW264.7巨噬细胞KLF4的表达以及IL-6蛋白表达．KLF4过表达明显抑制IL-6的mRNA和蛋白质的表达,而KLF4缺失使这种作用消失．荧光素酶报告基因的结果显示,KLF4可以抑制LPS所致的IL-6基因启动子的转录活性．EMSA显示KLF4不能与IL-6启动子区的KLF4结合元件直接结合．结果表明,LPS可以促进RAW264.7小鼠巨噬细胞KLF4的表达和IL-6的释放．KLF4能抑制LPS诱导的IL-6表达和释放,其机制是抑制IL-6启动子的转录活性,但KLF4的抑制作用不是通过直接与IL-6基因的启动子区相结合而实现的．     

儿童孤独症相关基因NRXN1β启动子功能分析

Neurexins是神经特异性突触蛋白,Neurexin1β结构的异常与孤独症密切相关。为分析孤独症相关基因NRXN1β最小启动子和调节基因转录的功能元件,本文构建了含NRXN1β基因上游调控区不同区域的荧光素酶报告基因质粒,转染HEK293细胞后,利用检测双荧光素酶报告基因的转录活性以确定NRXN1β基因最小启动子区,进而筛选出相应的显著增强或抑制报告基因活性的功能区;同时,为鉴定顺式作用元件,利用基因定点突变技术对基因功能区内和临近DNA序列进行连续的碱基突变;最后,采用转录因子预测工具对启动子功能区内的转录调控元件进行分析。结果首次发现NRXN1β最小启动子区位于?88~+156 bp,?88~?73 bp和+156~+149 bp可增强启动子活性,+229~+419 bp可抑制启动子活性,且?84~?63 bp为能够显著性增强启动子活性的顺式作用元件,该区域可能存在DBP(Albumin D-site-binding protein,DBP)和ABF1(Autonomously replicating sequence-binding factor 1,ABF1)两个转录因子结合位点。     

LRP16基因启动子顺式调控元件分析

为分析LRP16基因启动子区顺式调控元件,为深入研究LRP16基因的表达调控机制奠定基础。首先在NCBI的人类基因组数据库中截取并下载LRP16基因转录起始位点5’侧翼区2．6kb的基因组序列,设计PCR引物,从健康外周血单个核细胞中扩增LRP16基因的启动子分子;然后构建包含长度为2．6kb的LRP16基因启动子分子的pG13-LRP16启动子荧光素酶报道重组子,转染入Hela细胞后检测荧光素酶活性;最后利用Genomatix MatInspector Release professional 5．3、RSA—tools和TESS3个启动子顺式调控元件数据库对LRP16基因启动子进行分析。结果表明LRP16基因启动子DNA序列具有真核启动子活性,该区域既有通用启动子结构,又具有与肿瘤发生、细胞周期调控和急性反应期蛋白有关的顺式调控元件,包括：Spl、T—Ag、ZF5、CAC盒、PU．1、c—Ets、XPF-1、IL-6受体、雌激素受体和视黄醇受体。     

IL-37基因启动子的克隆及其荧光素酶报告基因载体的构建

[目的]克隆白介素-37(IL-37)基因启动子,构建其荧光素酶报告基因载体,并分析活性。[方法]用PCR方法扩增IL-37基因5'端上游区3个不同长度的启动子片段,分别克隆入荧光素酶报告基因载体p GL3,构建IL-37基因启动子荧光素酶报告基因质粒。将所构建的质粒转染HEK-293细胞,通过双荧光素酶报告基因系统分析启动子的转录活性。[结果]754、1 017、2 043 bp等3个IL-37启动子片段正确亚克隆入荧光素酶报告基因载体,重组质粒转染HEK-293细胞后,双荧光素酶活性分析显示1 017 bp的启动子片段具有较强转录活性,约为对照组(空载体p GL3-basic)的10.9倍。[结论]成功克隆IL-37基因启动子,构建了大小为1 017 bp的IL-37基因启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体,为IL-37表达的调控机制的研究提供有效的工具。     

人NPCEDRG基因启动子的克隆及CCAAT/NFY结合位点初步分析

NPCEDRG基因是采用基因定位候选克隆策略获得的一个鼻咽癌候选抑瘤基因.NPCEDRG在鼻咽癌细胞和组织中表达下调,重新恢复NPCEDRG基因在CNE2细胞系的表达,可部分逆转CNE2的恶性表型.为揭示NPCEDRG基因在鼻咽癌细胞和组织中表达下调的分子机制,联合应用生物信息学和报告基因载体系统分析方法对NPCEDRG基因启动子区进行克隆及功能分析,系统发育进化足迹分析结果表明,NPCEDRG基因5′端调控区-180～+235 bp区间在脊椎动物中高度保守,该保守区域中存在包括CCAAT/NFY、STAT1和SP1等转录因子结合位点.构建Luc和/或EGFP报告基因表达载体并检测其启动子活性,-146～-8 bp区域有较强的启动子活性,电泳迁移阻滞分析实验(EMSA)提示,CCAAT/NFY转录因子结合位点是NPCEDRG基因的转录调控元件.因此,研究确定-146～-8 bp区域是NPCEDRG基因核心启动子区域且启动子核心元件CCAAT/NFY可能参与NPCEDRG基因的转录调控.     

17beta-雌二醇对谷氨酸诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的：探讨17β-雌二醇对谷氨酸诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法：选取SH-SY5Y细胞传代培养, 分为四组：(1)阴性对照组;(2)氧化损伤组：0.1 mmol·L-1谷氨酸作用24 h;(3)17β- 雌二醇低、高浓度组：加入(1.0× 10-4mmol·L-1和 1.0× 10-3 mmol·L-1)17β- 雌二醇作用24 h之后,加入谷氨酸作用24 h。采用MTT 比色法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞仪检测细胞活 性氧(ROS)水平,Hoechst-PI染色观查细胞凋亡,分光光度计检测上清液中Caspase-3 及Caspase-9 含量。结果：7β- 雌二醇能明显 抑制谷氨酸诱导的细胞活性的下降,减少谷氨酸所致SH-SY5Y 细胞内ROS 的生成,降低细胞凋亡率,减少凋亡因子的活性。结 论：17β-雌二醇对神经细胞损伤具有保护作用,这可能与其抗氧化作用有关。     

17β-雌二醇对谷氨酸诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:探讨17β-雌二醇对谷氨酸诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法:选取SH-SY5Y细胞传代培养,分为四组:(1)阴性对照组;(2)氧化损伤组:0.1 mmol·L~(-1)谷氨酸作用24 h;(3)17β-雌二醇低、高浓度组:加入(1.0×10~(-4) mmol·L~(-1)和1.0×10~(-3)mmol·L~(-1))17β-雌二醇作用24 h之后,加入谷氨酸作用24 h。采用MTT比色法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞仪检测细胞活性氧(ROS)水平,Hoechst-PI染色观查细胞凋亡,分光光度计检测上清液中Caspase-3及Caspase-9含量。结果:7β-雌二醇能明显抑制谷氨酸诱导的细胞活性的下降,减少谷氨酸所致SH-SY5Y细胞内ROS的生成,降低细胞凋亡率,减少凋亡因子的活性。结论:17β-雌二醇对神经细胞损伤具有保护作用,这可能与其抗氧化作用有关。     

人类RELM-beta基因启动子的结构与功能分析

为克隆人类抵抗素样分子β（resistin-like molecule beta, RELMβ）基因的上游启动子序列,并观察其不同截短片段的启动子活性,以人类基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增方法获得-871～+50 bp、-729～+50 bp、-471～+50 bp、-438～+50 bp、-371～+50 bp大小的RELMβ启动子片段,将其定向克隆入pGL3-Basic载体,构建荧光素酶报告基因载体,并制备转录因子CDX-2结合位点的突变或缺失体.在阳离子脂质体的介导下,报告基因载体分别瞬时转染人胚肾293细胞、结肠癌HCT116和SW480细胞、宫颈癌HeLa细胞.结果发现,各RELMβ启动子片段在293、HCT116、SW480细胞中均有活性,但在HeLa细胞中活性缺失;-471～-438 bp区存在RELMβ启动子的核心调控元件.针对该区域CDX-2转录因子结合位点进行突变,能导致RELMβ启动子活性显著降低;凝胶电泳迁移率实验表明,该区段能结合CDX-2.结果提示,成功克隆了具有活性的RELMβ启动子序列,CDX-2为其重要的转录因子,为研究RELMβ基因的转录调控机制奠定了实验基础.     

神经细胞核蛋白质与淀粉样前体蛋白基因启动子IL-Ⅰ反应元件相互作用研究

研究发现与ＩＬ－１诱导反应相关的ＡＰＰ启动子－４８８／－３０３片段,可与ＳＨ－ＳＹ５Ｙ细胞核抽提物中的核蛋白发生结合作用,并且在ＩＬ－Ⅰ刺激前后有量的变化,ＩＬ－Ⅰ刺激后其结合作用明显加强．冷竞争实验表明,此结合作用具有特异性．同时发现ＡＰＰ启动子－４８８／－３０３片段中的ＡＰ－Ⅰ作用位点及ＳＨ－ＳＹ５Ｙ细胞核抽提物中的ＡＰ－Ⅰ作用因子可能与此结合反应无关,而一个９０ｋＤ蛋白质与此结合反应有关．     

人淀粉样前体蛋白基因C端在SH-SY5Y细胞系中的稳定表达及其对细胞生长发育的影响

淀粉样前体蛋白（ＡＰＰ）是阿尔茨海默氏病（ＡＤ）病因学中重要的分子,但其正常的生理功能尚不清楚．为了研究细胞内过量产生其各种片段对细胞生理机能的影响．将人ＡＰＰ６９５ｃＤＮＡ中编码Ｃ端１０５个氨基酸残基的ＤＮＡ片段重组到真核表达载体ｐＤＯＲｎｅｏ中形成重组质粒ｐＤＯＲ－ｎｅｏ－ＣＴ．然后用脂质体将其转染到人神经母细胞瘤细胞ＳＨ－ＳＹ５Ｙ中．用８００μｇ／ｍｌＧ４１８筛选获得了在ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白质水平均表达相应片段的稳定细胞系．ＭＴＴ和ＬＤＨ分析表明,ＡＰＰＣ端的表达未能对ＳＨ－ＳＹ５Ｙ细胞产生明显的毒性作用．     

GSKIP,an inhibitor of GSK3β, mediates the N‐cadherin/β‐catenin pool in the differentiation of SH‐SY5Y cells

Emerging evidence has shown that GSK3β plays a pivotal role in regulating the specification of axons and dendrites. Our previous study has shown a novel GSK3β interaction protein (GSKIP) able to negatively regulate GSK3β in Wnt signaling pathway. To further characterize how GSKIP functions in neurons, human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells treated with retinoic acid (RA) to differentiate to neuron‐like cells was used as a model. Overexpression of GSKIP prevents neurite outgrowth in SH‐SY5Y cells. GSKIP may affect GSK3β activity on neurite outgrowth by inhibiting the specific phosphorylation of tau (ser396). GSKIP also increases β‐catenin in the nucleus and raises the level of cyclin D1 to promote cell‐cycle progression in SH‐SY5Y cells. Additionally, overexpression of GSKIP downregulates N‐cadherin expression, resulting in decreased recruitment of β‐catenin. Moreover, depletion of β‐catenin by small interfering RNA, neurite outgrowth is blocked in SH‐SY5Y cells. Altogether, we propose a model to show that GSKIP regulates the functional interplay of the GSK3β/β‐catenin, β‐catenin/cyclin D1, and β‐catenin/N‐cadherin pool during RA signaling in SH‐SY5Y cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1325–1336, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Activation of PKA/SIRT1 signaling pathway by photobiomodulation therapy reduces Aβ levels in Alzheimer's disease models

A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid‐β (Aβ), which correlates significantly with progressive cognitive deficits. Although photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), as a novel noninvasive physiotherapy strategy, has been proposed to improve neuronal survival, decrease neuron loss, ameliorate dendritic atrophy, and provide overall AD improvement, it remains unknown whether and how this neuroprotective process affects Aβ levels. Here, we report that PBMT reduced Aβ production and plaque formation by shifting amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing toward the nonamyloidogenic pathway, thereby improving memory and cognitive ability in a mouse model of AD. More importantly, a pivotal protein, SIRT1, was involved in this process by specifically up‐regulating ADAM10 and down‐regulating BACE1, which is dependent on the cAMP/PKA pathway in APP/PS1 primary neurons and SH‐SY5Y cells stably expressing human APP Swedish mutation (APPswe). We further found that the activity of the mitochondrial photoacceptor cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) was responsible for PBMT‐induced activation of PKA and SIRT1. Together, our research suggests that PBMT as a viable therapeutic strategy has great potential value in improving cognitive ability and combatting AD.     

Low‐dose bisphenol A induces RIPK1‐mediated necroptosis in SH‐SY5Y cells: Effects on TNF‐α and acetylcholinesterase

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor chemical, which is commonly used in everyday products. Adverse effects of its exposure are reported even at picomolar doses. Effects of picomolar and nanomolar concentrations of BPA on cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene expression and activity, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and caspase‐8 levels were determined in SH‐SY5Y cells. The current study reveals that low‐dose BPA treatment induced cytotoxicity, NO, and caspase‐8 levels in SH‐SY5Y cells. We also evaluated the mechanism underlying BPA‐induced cell death. Ours is the first report that receptor‐interacting serine/threonine‐protein kinase 1–mediated necroptosis is induced by nanomolar BPA treatment in SH‐SY5Y cells. This effect is mediated by altered AChE and decreased TNF‐α levels, which result in an apoptosis‐necroptosis switch. Moreover, our study reveals that BPA is an activator of AChE.     

Cold‐inducible protein RBM3 mediates hypothermic neuroprotection against neurotoxin rotenone via inhibition on MAPK signalling

Mild hypothermia and its key product, cold‐inducible protein RBM3, possess robust neuroprotective effects against various neurotoxins. However, we previously showed that mild hypothermia fails to attenuate the neurotoxicity from MPP⁺, one of typical neurotoxins related to the increasing risk of Parkinson disease (PD). To better understand the role of mild hypothermia and RBM3 in PD progression, another known PD‐related neurotoxin, rotenone (ROT) was utilized in this study. Using immunoblotting, cell viability assays and TUNEL staining, we revealed that mild hypothermia (32°C) significantly reduced the apoptosis induced by ROT in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells, when compared to normothermia (37°C). Meanwhile, the overexpression of RBM3 in SH‐SY5Y cells mimicked the neuroprotective effects of mild hypothermia on ROT‐induced cytotoxicity. Upon ROT stimulation, MAPK signalling like p38, JNK and ERK, and AMPK and GSK‐3β signalling were activated. When RBM3 was overexpressed, only the activation of p38, JNK and ERK signalling was inhibited, leaving AMPK and GSK‐3β signalling unaffected. Similarly, mild hypothermia also inhibited the activation of MAPKs induced by ROT. Lastly, it was demonstrated that the MAPK (especially p38 and ERK) inhibition by their individual inhibitors significantly decreased the neurotoxicity of ROT in SH‐SY5Y cells. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that RBM3 mediates mild hypothermia‐related neuroprotection against ROT by inhibiting the MAPK signalling of p38, JNK and ERK.     

Neprilysin gene expression requires binding of the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain to its promoter: implications for Alzheimer disease

Amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ) accumulation leads to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer disease; however, amyloid metabolism is a dynamic process and enzymic mechanisms exist for Aβ removal. Considerable controversy surrounds whether the intracellular domain of the amyloid precursor protein (AICD) regulates expression of the Aβ‐degrading metalloprotease, neprilysin (NEP). By comparing two neuroblastoma cell lines differing substantially in NEP expression, we show by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) that AICD is bound directly to the NEP promoter in high NEP‐expresser (NB7) cells but not in low‐expresser (SH‐SY5Y) cells. The methylation status of the NEP promoter does not regulate expression in these cells, whereas the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A and valproate partly restore NEP expression and activity in SH‐SY5Y cells. ChIP analysis also reveals AICD binding to the NEP promoter in rat primary neurons but not in HUVEC cells. Chromatin remodelling of crucial Alzheimer disease‐related genes by valproate could provide a new therapeutic strategy.