617株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药性及其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型研究

探讨耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性及其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型。收集2011年7月至2013年12月上海市中医药大学附属曙光医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌共1 125株,筛选亚胺培南耐药株,常规纸片法检测其耐药性,并用E-test检测金属β-内酰胺酶（MBL）,采用PCR法检测耐药基因型。结果显示,1 125株铜绿假单胞菌中耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌共计617株,占54.8%;亚胺培南敏感铜绿假单胞菌共计508株,占45.2%。617株亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌100%为多重耐药,而亚胺培南敏感铜绿假单胞菌的多重耐药率仅为13.78%,明显较前者低（χ²=871.15,P<0.05）;亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌中MBL表型阳性共126株,阳性率为15.4%,94株(74.60%)表现为VIM-2阳性,10株（7.94%）表现为IMP-1阳性,1株检出OXA-10,〖WTBZ〗且该例菌株同时表达VIM-2。临床分离的耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌多为多重耐药,其产MBL的主要基因型是VIM-2。     

亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制的研究

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生紊的耐药机制。方法应用铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白SDS-PAGE图谱、凝胶分光光度扫描分析方法和三维试验分析亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白和β-内酰胺酶类型。结果耐药组OprD2相对含量显著低于敏感组。耐药组产生了较高活性的AmpC酶。结论铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药机制可能是OprD2的缺失和AmpC酶共同作用的结果。     

大连地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解大连地区分离的耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药特征,金属β-内酰胺酶携带情况,提供大连地区院内控制铜绿假单胞菌感染的依据。方法选取2013年1月至2014年9月临床分离的400株铜绿假单胞菌,进行菌种鉴定和药物敏感试验;金属酶检测采用E-test试验;PCR法扩增产金属β-内酰胺酶的基因,并对扩增阳性产物进行测序确认。结果 400株铜绿假单胞菌的标本以呼吸道分泌物最多,占81.5%;分布以呼吸内科和ICU病房最高,占总数的19.8%和25.5%;药敏结果发现有89株铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药,且多数为多重耐药菌株;400株铜绿假单胞菌经E-test试验进行金属酶表型筛查,有17株金属酶阳性,检出率为19.1%;经PCR扩增金属酶基因阳性的有11株,其中8株为IMP-1,3株为VIM-2,其他几种基因均未检出。结论大连地区耐亚胺培南的89株铜绿假单胞菌多数是多重耐药菌株;产金属β-内酰胺酶在大连地区铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药中发挥重要作用,酶的基因型主要为IMP-1和VIM-2。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因的检测

目的对耐亚胺培南（IMP）的铜绿假单胞菌（IRPa）相关耐药基因进行检测。方法 2003年至2009年从临床标本中分离到（P.aeruginosa）共220株,采用三维试验筛选产β-内酰胺酶的铜绿假单胞菌,应用普通PCR和多重PCR分别检测碳青霉烯酶基因和质粒携带的C类头孢菌素酶（AmpC酶）耐药基因,应用荧光定量RT-PCR的方法检测oprD2基因的表达情况。结果共检出43株产β-内酰胺酶的菌株,其中产AmpC酶、超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、金属β-内酰胺酶（MBLs）和未知酶菌株的构成比分别58.14%（25/43）、18.60%（8/43）、4.65%（2/43）和16.28%（7/43）。74株耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌中,有2株菌携带IMP-9基因,1株菌携带DHA质粒型AmpC酶基因,其他碳青霉烯酶基因检测为阴性。40株菌株oprD2基因表达蛋白量降低,34株oprD2基因表达蛋白量正常。结论 oprD2基因的突变或蛋白表达量降低是IRPa对亚胺培南耐药的主要原因,AmpC酶可水解亚胺培南可能与铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药有一定的关系,而KPC-1酶和MBLs在铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制中不是主要因素。     

铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白缺失合并qacE△12sul1与耐药性的研究

目的 对临床分离的54株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PAE)进行耐药基因检测,分析的PAE耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 应用MIC法和K-B法检测PAE对22种药物的耐药性,采用PCR法检测PAE的消毒剂磺胺类qacE△12sul1基因和外膜蛋白oprD2基因,并对阳性菌株进行序列分析.结果 54株PAE中oprD2膜缺失、qacE△12sul1、多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌(Multi-drug Resistant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,MRPA)菌株的检出率分别为77.8％、14.8％、37.0％;20株MRPA菌株中,qacE△12sul1、oprD2膜缺失阳性率分别为40.0％、50.0％;54株PAE对氨苄西林和头孢唑啉完全耐药,对头孢呋辛钠、头孢呋辛酯、复方新诺明的耐药率均为98.1％、对多粘菌素B敏感率为100％;MRPA与非MRPA对qacE△12sul1基因阳性菌株的检出率差异有统计学意义;oprD2阴性和阳性菌株对亚胺培南和美洛培南的耐药率差异有统计学意义.结论 临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌耐药严重,oprD2基因的缺失可能是亚胺培南和美洛培南耐药的主要原因.     

亚胺培南-西司他丁对铜绿假单胞菌体外抗菌活性的观察

目的　监测湖北地区铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南-西司他丁的耐药性及流行病学研究。方法　对1999～2 0 0 2年15所大型综合医院感染标本中分离的3772株铜绿假单胞菌作回顾性分析。结果　铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培养-西司他丁的耐药率分别为14 .4 9%、9.5 1%、10 .38%和13.15 % ,不同年度耐药率统计学差异有非常显著性( P<0 .0 1)。同时2 0 0 0～2 0 0 2年的耐药率,呈明显上升趋势。耐亚胺培南-西司他丁铜绿假单胞菌在各病区的分布以外科病房、内科病房和ICU病房为主。ICU病房的耐药率呈逐年升高,耐亚胺培南-西司他丁铜绿假单胞菌的检出率从1999年的10 .2 %升至2 0 0 2年的2 9.7% ,各年度差异有非常显著性( P<0 .0 0 5 )。标本分布以痰液分离率最高,伤口分泌物次之,尿液占第3位。结论　该地区铜绿假单胞菌耐亚胺培南-西司他丁,有逐年增长趋势;要重视对铜绿假单胞菌耐药性的研究,为临床治疗提供科学依据     

铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白缺失合并 qac E△12sul1与耐药性的研究

【摘 要】 目的 对临床分离的54株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PAE)进行耐药基因检测,分析的PAE耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。 方法 应用MIC法和K-B法检测PAE对22种药物的耐药性,采用PCR法检测PAE的消毒剂磺胺类qac E△12 sul 1基因和外膜蛋白oprD2基因,并对阳性菌株进行序列分析。 结果 54株PAE中oprD2膜缺失、qac E△12 sul 1、多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌(Multi-drug Resistant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,MRPA)菌株的检出率分别为77.8%、14.8%、37.0%;20株MRPA菌株中,qac E△12 sul 1、oprD2膜缺失阳性率分别为40.0%、50.0%;54株PAE对氨苄西林和头孢唑啉完全耐药,对头孢呋辛钠、头孢呋辛酯、复方新诺明的耐药率均为98.1%、对多粘菌素B敏感率为100%;MRPA与非MRPA对 qac E△12 sul 1基因阳性菌株的检出率差异有统计学意义;oprD2阴性和阳性菌株对亚胺培南和美洛培南的耐药率差异有统计学意义。 结论 临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌耐药严重,oprD 2基因的缺失可能是亚胺培南和美洛培南耐药的主要原因。     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶基因检测及 对多粘菌素B耐药机制探讨

摘要：目的 探讨多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶基因检测及对多粘菌素B耐药机制情况。方法 分析2008年2月至2014年2月收集分离的菌株收集200株铜绿假单胞菌,通过琼脂稀释法和E-test法对8种抗生素进行药敏试验,通过PCR对金属β-内酰胺酶基因进行扩增,在对多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌进行体外诱导,获得多粘菌素B的耐药菌株,观察临床分离株和诱导株pmrAB和phoPQ基因扩增和测序情况。结果 200株铜绿假单胞菌对于亚胺培南、美罗培南、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率均高于30%,200株铜绿假单胞菌对于阿米卡星耐药率最低仅为10%,敏感率最高达到90%。200株铜绿假单胞菌对于多粘菌素B药敏试验中197株敏感,3株中介,无耐药发生。通过B100、B108、B925三株临床分离株和多粘菌素B诱导耐药株B100d、B108d、B925d的phoP、phoQ和pmrB基因进行扩增。其中B108d号菌株的pmrB基因有两个点突变,在第5365842位的碱基发生了从GGC到AGC的突变,即361个G氨酸变成了S氨酸;第5365864位的碱基发生率从TCG到CCG突变,第368个S氨酸转变为P氨酸。B108d号菌株的1278614位点的碱基从TAC到TTC的突变,第84个Y氨酸变为F氨酸。另外B108d号菌株的phoQ基因中1278416-1278527位的基因发生缺失,进而缺失了152个氨基酸。结论 铜绿假单胞菌耐药率较高,但是没有出现多粘菌素B耐药菌株,诱导出的多粘菌素B耐药的多重铜绿假单胞菌PCR扩增后,出现了pmrB和phoQ基因的碱基突变,同时还有部分DNA片段缺失。     

骨伤患者耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌感染状况及耐药性分析

目的:了解我院骨伤患者耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的感染狀況及耐药性特点,为临床医师合理用药提供参考方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年12月分离到的250株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌,其菌种鉴定及药敏采用美国BD Phoenix100結全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统进行。果:四年间我院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌感染率不断提高,平均占28.5%。主要来源于分泌物标本,占64.0%。耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢他啶耐药率较低分别为33.6%、35.2%、48.4%,可作为临床用药的参考。结论我院耐耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌感染情況较严重,应根据药敏试验结果,指导临床合理使用亚胺培南,控制耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的院內流行传播。     

亚胺培南临床用药与非发酵菌群分离率和耐药性的关系

目的了解亚胺培南临床用药和非发酵菌群分离率与耐药性变迁的关系,有利于非发酵菌感染的预防与治疗。方法统计分析浙江省人民医院2000～2003年临床分离非发酵菌的菌株分布、与亚胺培南的临床用药的相关性及耐药率。结果4年来非发酵菌的分离以铜绿假单胞菌(30．7％)、乙酸钙-鲍曼不动复合杆菌(19．％)及嗜麦芽糖寡养单胞菌(19．1％)为主．其分离率与亚胺培南用药存在相关性。对各菌属的主要菌种进行耐药性分析,嗜麦芽糖寡养单胞菌、脑膜脓毒性金黄杆菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的耐药率极高,铜绿假单胞菌和乙酸钙-鲍曼不动复合杆菌的耐药率呈现明显升高的趋势。结论非发酵菌的检出率与亚胺培南使用关系密切,耐亚胺培南的菌株迅速升高。临床应合理使用抗生素,并加强对耐药菌株的监控。     

Drug susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients of a hospital and specialistic outpatients clinics of the SP ZOZ in Nidzica

The aim of this study was to evaluate a frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains cultured from clinical specimens collected from patients hospitalized in wards and specialistic outpatients clinics of a hospital in Nidzica (01. 09. 2000 -31. 12. 2003). During over three years 392 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were cultured from 16346 clinical samples provided to bacteriological laboratory. P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from 2.5% of examined specimens. Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to antimicrobial agents was tested. The highest in vitro activity against clinical P. aeruginosa strains demonstrated imipenem. One strain was resistant to imipenem. This strain was isolated from a patient of a surgical department. Metalo-beta-lactamase was not detected (MBL-negative strain).Twenty nine strains were ESBL producer (7.4% of all strains). The contribution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to the etiology of nosoconial and ambulatory infections increases. In vitro activity of antibacterial agents against P. aeruginosa strains should be monitored during therapy of infections. Resistance to antibiotics/chemothe-rapeutics may be acquired during treatment with antibacterial agent to which P. aeruginosa strain was susceptible according to the antibiogram.     

The presence of blaIMP genes on plasmids DNA isolated from multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains at University Hospital in Bialystok (Poland)--first report

Resistance to carbapenems is emerging, and it is a great problem to therapeutics. Seven multidrug-resistant (MDR) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated from urine and bronchial specimens. All isolates showed resistance to imipenem and meropenem (MIC; > or =16 mg/L). The resistance to carbapenems in two of seven strains was associated with the production of a metallo-beta-lactamases. Plasmids DNA probes were used to investigate the presence of genes coding for IMP-type enzymes. PCR experiments revealed that bla(IMP) genes were present in two isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC >32 microg/mL for both carbapenems).     

CzcR-CzcS, a two-component system involved in heavy metal and carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an environmental bacterium involved in mineralization of organic matter. It is also an opportunistic pathogen able to cause serious infections in immunocompromised hosts. As such, it is exposed to xenobiotics including solvents, heavy metals, and antimicrobials. We studied the response of P. aeruginosa upon exposure to heavy metals or antibiotics to investigate whether common regulatory mechanisms govern resistance to both types of compounds. We showed that sublethal zinc concentrations induced resistance to zinc, cadmium, and cobalt, while lethal zinc concentrations selected mutants constitutively resistant to these heavy metals. Both zinc-induced and stable zinc-resistant strains were also resistant to the carbapenem antibiotic imipenem. On the other hand, only 20% of clones selected on imipenem were also resistant to zinc. Heavy metal resistance in the mutants could be correlated by quantitative real time PCR with increased expression of the heavy metal efflux pump CzcCBA and its cognate two-component regulator genes czcR-czcS. Western blot analysis revealed reduced expression of the basic amino acid and carbapenem-specific OprD porin in all imipenem-resistant mutants. Sequencing of the czcR-czcS DNA region in eight independent zinc- and imipenem-resistant mutants revealed the presence of the same V194L mutation in the CzcS sensor protein. Overexpression in a susceptible wild type strain of the mutated CzsS protein, but not of the wild type form, resulted in decreased oprD and increased czcC expression. We further show that zinc is released from latex urinary catheters into urine in amounts sufficient to induce carbapenem resistance in P. aeruginosa, possibly compromising treatment of urinary tract infections by this class of antibiotics.     

Effects of disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na2EDTA) and tetracyclines on drug resistant bacteria. Studies in vitro

An effect of Na2EDTA and tetracycline (oxytetracycline and doxycycline) resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested. The strains were isolated from clinical specimens. The tests were performed in vitro by serial dilutions of the drugs in liquid medium. MIC for Na2EDTA, tetracyclines and a combination of Na2EDTA and tetracyclines was determined. It was shown that the combination of oxytetracycline or doxycycline with Na2EDTA caused changes in sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to these antibiotics. After an application of the mixture of various concentrations of tetracycline and Na2EDTA it was observed that, with the reduction of the effective Na2EDTA dose by about half, the lowest concentrations of tetracyclines inhibiting the growth of resistant bacteria were 2-64 times lower than MIC values of antibiotics without Na2EDTA.     

Identification and genetic characterization of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Tehran, Iran

Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are being reported with increasing frequency worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of blalMP-1, blaVIM-1,2 and blaSPM-1 genes encoding metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) among a collection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from patients at different hospitals in Tehran and to trace the disseminated clones at these hospitals by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Susceptibility of 610 P aeruginosa to 14 different antibiotics was determined using disc diffusion method. Isolates showing resistance to imipenem and ceftazidime were subjected to micro broth dilution assay to determine their MIC values. The blaIMP-1, blaVIM-1, blaVIM-2, and blaSPM-1, genes were amplified by PCR. Isolates containing blaVIM-1 were analyzed by PFGE. Sixty-eight isolates were resistant to imipenem (MIC > or = 4 microg/ml) of which 16 isolates carried blaVIM-1 gene using PCR assay. No other MBL genes were detected in this study. Three different unrelated patterns were found for isolates containing blaVIM-1 gene by PFGE of which pattern A was predominant. All isolates were susceptible to colistin and polymixin B. blaVIM-1 was the main gene encoding MBL among the isolates of P aeruginosa in our study. Clonal spread of isolates containing blaVIM-1 had occurred at Tehran hospitals. However, heterogeneous clones also were involved in the outbreaks.     

Overlapping deletion in two spontaneous phase variants of Coxiella burnetii

Chromosomal DNA from the Nine Mile phase I strain of Coxiella burnetii (CB9MIC7) was cloned into the cosmid vector pHC79. The resulting gene library was probed with a radiolabelled HaeIII fragment present in the parental strain but absent from a spontaneously derived Nine Mile phase II strain (CB9MIIC4). The insert, which includes the missing HaeIII fragment, was 38.5 kb in length. When DNA from this cosmid clone was hybridized to genomic DNA of the parental CB9MIC7 and its derivative CB9MIIC4, a number of fragments were missing or altered in the latter strain. Restriction mapping localized the fragments to a contiguous portion of the chromosomal DNA fragment. The data were consistent with an 18 kb deletion in the chromosome of CB9MIIC4. Another intrastrain spontaneous derivative, CB9MI514, also lacked the sentinel HaeIII fragment and carried a deletion of approximately 29 kb within the same cloned insert. Both deletions appeared to share a common terminus, within the limits of resolution. In all other strains investigated, both phase I and phase II, the DNA represented by the insert seemed intact. The strains examined were representative of various stages of phase variation. The relationship between the observed deletions and the mechanism of phase transition in Nine Mile strains is discussed.     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷16SrRNA甲基化酶基因分析

目的调查215株湖州地区临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性和16S rRNA甲基化酶基因分布情况。方法收集2011年1月至2012年12月湖州地区临床分离铜绿假单胞菌215株,琼脂稀释法测定5种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物（庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、伊帕米星、奈替米星）的MIC值;PCR检测armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD和npmA六种氨基糖苷类16S rRN甲基化酶基因,序列分析明确基因型。测定产16S rRNA甲基化酶菌株对常见抗菌的敏感性,并检测碳青霉烯耐药株产碳青霉烯酶情况。结果铜绿假单胞菌对异帕米星敏感率最高为81.4%,对5种氨基糖苷类抗生素全部耐药的22株菌株中,17株检出armA基因;未发现其他16S rRNA甲基化酶基因阳性菌株。17株armA阳性菌株对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药5株（耐药率为29.4%）,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星耐药率均超过40%。5株碳青霉烯耐药菌株中检测到2株产VIM-2型金属碳青霉烯酶。结论铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率高,检测到16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA。产16S rRNA甲基化酶铜绿假单胞菌耐药性强,部分菌株同时产金属碳青霉烯酶,给临床抗感染治疗及院内感染控制带来挑战。     

Imipenem resistance in Gram-negative rods and its consumption between 1999 and 2005

Multidrug resistant Gram-negative rods are increasingly isolated from clinical specimens, especially from hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of imipenem resistant strains of Gram-negative rods isolated in dr. A. Jurasz University Hospital in Bydgoszcz between 1999 and 2005 and imipenem consumption in this period. Out of 109614 isolated microorganisms, Gram-negative rods were 28,5%, 637 (2,0%) of strains were resistant to imipenem. These strains were isolated mostly from patients hospitalized in intensive care and rehabilitation clinics. Among imipenem-resistant strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa prevailed (88,9%). P. aeruginosa strains were sensitive to colistin, 45,5% of them to aztreonam and 44,0% to ceftazidime. The imipenem consumption in the appropriate years included in this study was: 805,00; 1201,25; 940,00; 1390,00; 1660,00; 1341,25; 1841,25 DDD respectively, and was strictly connected with increasing imipenem-resistant Gram-negative rods isolation.     

常见变质水性工业产品中的微生物种类和耐药性分析

为了科学治理常见变质水性工业产品中的腐败微生物,对其进行分离、鉴定和分类,同时以卡松、布罗波尔、甲基异噻唑啉酮和苯并异噻唑啉酮四种杀菌防腐剂对6种标准细菌菌株的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)作为耐药性标准,对腐败细菌进行耐药性评估分析.结果显示,日化用品变质样中革兰氏阴性细菌约占80.00％(克雷伯氏菌属、假单胞菌属、伯克霍尔...     

广州儿童医院重症监护病房感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨儿科重症监护病房（PICU）感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药提供参考。方法对广州市儿童医院PICU病房2003年11月-2005年10月各类感染标本所分离的病原菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共检出295株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌213株（72．2％）,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌等非发酵菌;革兰阳性球菌58株（19．7％）,主要为葡萄球菌;真菌24株（8．1％）。药敏结果提示铜绿假单胞菌及不动杆菌对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、环丙沙星及阿米卡星较为敏感,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟耐药率较高,而不动杆菌对头孢哌酮、氨曲南、庆大霉素耐药严藿。肠杆菌科细菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、哌拉西林及多种头孢菌素耐药率较高而对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星等较敏感。葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素严重耐药,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁及阿米卡星敏感性高。结论铜绿假单胞菌等非发酵菌已成为PICU病房感染的主要病原菌。根据病原菌种类及药敏结果合理应用抗菌药是有效控制危重病患儿感染和减少耐药菌株产生的重要手段。