肝动脉造影和碘油CT 对小肝癌的诊断( 附15 例报告)

目的：探讨肝动脉造影和碘油CT对小肝癌诊断和临床应用价值。材料和方法：临床诊断肝癌术后复发、超声、平扫厦增CT检查、MRI检查肝内病灶最大径≤1cm患者15例。经股动脉插管肝动脉造影观察肿瘤染色后再注入碘油4～12ml。1—4周后作CT扫描,再根据CT检查结果作出诊断。结果：15例共发现42个病灶。在41个小肝癌病灶中五种影像方法检出率分别为超声70．6％,CT60％,MRI66％,血管造影88．5％,碘油CT99％。肝动脉造影和碘油CT均明显为优。结论：本研究显示肝动脉造影和碘油CT是目前诊断小肝癌最敏感和准确的影像方法之一。     

64排CT血管造影在脑动静脉畸形诊断中的价值

目的：探讨64排CT血管造影（computedtomography angiographycTA）对脑动静脉畸形（cerebral arefiovenousmalformation,AVM）的诊断价值。方法：16例AVM患者,均行64排螺旋CT血管造影检查,使用多种重建方法,由两名有经验的医生对畸形血管团进行分析。结果：16例均为单发瘤巢,16例AVM均显示了大小不等的畸形血管团及供血动脉和引流静脉,其中,2例同时伴脑出血（12．5％）,3例有出血后软化灶形成（18．75％）,16例发现有供血动脉31支,16例发现有明确的引流静脉21支。结论：64排CTA安全．快速．结合多种重建方法．可以清晰显示AVM的供血动脉、瘤巢．引流静脉．为临床治疗提供了可靠的信息．     

十六排螺旋CT血管造影在颅内疾病中应用初探

脑血管疾病是危及人体生命的危险疾病。传统的血管造影虽然是诊断该类疾病的最佳方法,但属于有创伤检查,且有1．5％-2．0％的合并症或死亡危险的报导^[1]。CT血管造影(computed tomographic angiography cTA)的应用给传统的血管造影带来了极大的挑战。1998年问世的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)以亚秒级的扫描速度具有更长的解剖覆盖、更薄的层厚、多种后处理能力、更简单方便等优势。2002年7月,我院引进GE公司Lightspeed十六排螺旋CT机,并进行了几十例颅内CTA检查,现对其应用情况进行分析。目的：初讨十六排螺旋CT血管造影在颅内病变中的应用及其技术优势。材料与方法：使用GE公司的十六排螺旋CT对自发性脑内出血、动脉瘤、脑肿瘤等几十例病人进行CTA检查,对血管显示情况进行评价;其中AVM和动脉瘤进行DSA检查并与CTA结果比较;另外颜面部AVM及脑肿瘤病人与手术结果比较。结果：CTA检查结果如下,脑血管主干及其1-3级分支显示率为100％,大脑中动脉4—5级分支显示率为94．7％。发现动脉瘤并清晰显示了瘤体、瘤颈、载瘤动脉及其详细关系;AVM清楚地显示了AVM的畸形团及其供血动脉和引流静脉;脑肿瘤显示了肿瘤与周围血管、颅骨间的三维关系。结论：十六排螺旋CT血管造影重建图像质量显著提高,它对颅内各种血管性病变以及血管与颅内其他病变三维空间关系,对各类疾病的诊断具有重要价值,它能显示更细小分支,具备作为动脉瘤等其他血管性病变筛选的首选方法。     

经颅多普勒超声对脑梗死患者颅内动脉狭窄中的诊断价值研究

目的:研究经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对脑梗死患者颅内动脉狭窄中的诊断价值。方法:选择2014年10月至2016年10月新疆心脑血管病医院神经内科收治的急性脑梗死患者、短暂性脑缺血发作患者及后循环缺血发作患者共140例作为研究对象,对所有患者进行CT血管造影(CTA)及TCD检测。以CTA检查结果为金标准,对比两组颅内动脉狭窄的检测结果,分析TCD的诊断价值以及TCD对双侧大脑的中动脉(MCA)狭窄程度的诊断结果。结果:CTA诊断结果显示140例患者总共检出105例有颅内动脉狭窄,在1155条颅内段的前、后循环血管内,经CTA检测显示狭窄血管249条,TCD检测显示狭窄血管236条。与CTA相比,TCD对患者的诊断一致性较好(Kappa值0.75)。其中TCD对MCA的诊断敏感度和阳性预测值最高,分别为91.26%和93.07%,一致性最好(Kappa值=0.917)。210条MCA血管经CTA诊断结果显示狭窄103条,其中轻度狭窄17条,中度狭窄41条,重度狭窄45条,TCD诊断结果显示狭窄101条,其中轻度狭窄16条,中度狭窄40条,重度狭窄45条。经Kappa检验发现,TCD对MCA狭窄程度的诊断结果与CTA的一致性较好(Kappa值=0.884)。结论:TCD对于脑梗死患者的颅内动脉狭窄具有较高的诊断价值,且与CTA的诊断一致性较好。     

螺旋CT三期扫描在肝癌诊断中的价值

目的：探讨肝癌螺旋CT多期扫描影像特征和临床应用价值.方法：对诊断为肝癌的83例患者先行全肝CT平扫,其中73例不论肿瘤大小（包括21例结节型）先作病灶动脉期扫描,再作全肝静脉期扫描,最后进行病灶平衡期扫描.10例仅行动脉期及静脉期扫描.结果：83例中57例为巨块型（68.67%）,16例为结节型（19.27%）,10例为弥漫型（12.04%）.73例中CT平扫、动脉期、静脉期及平衡期病灶的显示率分别为89%、98%、92%、98%.结论：螺旋多期扫描能获得肿瘤在各期增强征象,为肝癌的定性定量诊断提供更多的影像诊断信息;尤其在早期肝癌诊断,动脉期扫描可得到非常重要的诊断依据.     

兔颈动、静脉移植桥血管狭窄模型的建立及其电镜观察

目的：建立兔颈动、静脉移植血管桥动物模型,观察移植桥血管内膜增生和狭窄的电镜下表现。方法：通过兔双侧颈动脉进行动脉桥和静脉桥的移植,形成双侧移植血管桥再狭窄动物模型。在第8周施行血管桥移植手术的同时留取右侧颈动静脉标本作为对照血管,再分别于第12周、16周和第20周分别处死模型兔,采集移植桥血管标本,在光镜下测量其内膜厚度、面积、狭窄度,并进行电镜观察。结果：颈动脉和颈静脉桥移植后,随着时间的延长,桥血管的出现平滑肌迁移,脂质沉积,内膜增生,血管狭窄等改变,且以静脉桥血管的病理改变更为明显。结论：在兔形成动脉粥样硬化病变基础上,进行双侧颈动脉血管桥的移植,建立兔双侧颈动脉移植血管桥再狭窄动物模型,有利于设立自身对照,研究术后动静脉桥再狭窄差异机制;建立动、静脉桥后,位于血管中膜的平滑肌细胞出现向血管内膜迁移现象,说明中膜平滑肌细胞迁移进入内膜导致新内膜形成是血管再狭窄的重要环节。     

多层螺旋CT在胰腺癌中的诊断价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT在胰腺癌中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2017年2月至2019年2月我院接诊的72例经过手术病理证实的胰腺癌患者。比较多排螺旋CT平扫、动脉期、胰腺期、门脉期的检出率、神经、血管浸润情况、及选择55例正常胰腺组织比较两者多层螺旋CT扫描密度值的差异。结果:多层螺旋CT扫描,平扫、动脉期、胰腺期、门脉期检出率分别为63.89%、77.78%、95.83%、90.28%,胰腺期、门脉期检出率均显著高于平扫、动脉期(P<0.05);多层螺旋CT增强扫描诊断胰腺癌神经浸润的准确性为80.56%(58/72),敏感性为91.07%(51/56),特异性为43.75%(7/16),阳性预测值85.00%(51/60),阴性预测值58.33%(7/12);多层螺旋CT增强扫描诊断胰腺癌血管浸润的准确性为95.83%(69/72),敏感性为80.00%(8/10),特异性为98.39%(61/62),阳性预测值88.89%(8/9),阴性预测值96.83%(61/63);胰腺癌组织多层螺旋CT扫描密度值均显著高于正常胰腺组织密度值,(P<0.05)。结论:多排螺旋CT在胰腺癌中诊断价值高,可帮助临床提供正确诊断,以选择合适的治疗方案。     

兔VX2肝癌模型制作改良及影像学评价

目的 对兔VX2 肝癌模型制作进行改良,以用于介入治疗学研究,同时探讨瘤灶的CT 表现及CT 在检测瘤灶中的作用.方法 将VX2瘤细胞接种于兔皮下使其成瘤并传代;新西兰兔24只,以改良嵌插法建立移植性肝癌模型,于建模后7、14、21 d分别行超声、CT及血管造影检查,用于检测兔肝VX2 瘤灶,评估瘤灶生长变化;随后处死动物,进行尸解,评估影像检查结果.结果 24只（100%） 动物以改良嵌插法建立移植性肝癌模型全部成功.瘤灶以种植后2周CT显示最清楚和典型,直径1 cm～2 cm 左右,平扫呈低密度或等密度,动脉早期明显强化,门脉期呈低密度,与周围肝组织分界较清楚.肝动脉造影显示肿瘤富血供.而种植后超过3 周的肿瘤大部分发生坏死.结论 嵌插改良法是一种值得推广的建立移植性肝癌模型的方法;在对瘤灶进行影像学评价上应尽量选择CT检查,接种后1 周左右的瘤灶较小而难以观察;2 周左右呈肝动脉源性血供丰富的约1 cm～2 cm的实体瘤,造影征像为肿瘤血管与肿瘤染色;3 周以上瘤灶大多出现明显示坏死;因此对1～2cm大小的兔VX2 肝癌瘤体,最适合行血管造影检查.     

磁共振血管造影对颈部静脉系统疾病诊断的应用价值

目的：探讨三维动态增强磁共振血管成像（30 DCE MRA）对于颈部静脉系统疾病的临床应用价值。方法：对7例疑有颈部静脉病变的病人进行了3D DCE MRA检查,观察对病变血管及正常血管显示情况。结果：7例检查图像都能清晰显示正常血管结构及病变情况。其中2例正常,2例颈静脉血栓,1例颈静脉癌栓,1例颈静脉扩张,2例动静脉瘘。所有病例均经手术及（或）DSA证实。结论：3D DCE MRA是一种简便,易行,有效的血管检查方法,分辨率高,假阳性率低,在临床上已广泛应用,但临床上多限于动脉系统疾病的诊断。只要选择合适的序列、扫描时间及对比剂的剂量就能较好显示静脉血管情况。此项技术的应用,在颈部静脉病变诊断中有很大的实用价值。     

128层螺旋CT在透析患者上肢CT血管成像中的临床应用价值

目的：研究128层螺旋CT在透析患者上肢CT血管成像中的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析30例患者的64层CT图像（64层组）与39例患者128层CT图像（128层组）,对扫描数据进行三维重建后比较两组患者的动脉分支级别、血管边缘、静脉干扰评分及瘘口显示情况的差异。结果：128层组前臂与手部动脉分支级别显示评分高于64层组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;128层组肩部、上臂及前臂的血管边缘光滑度显示评分高于64层组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：128层螺旋CT在透析患者上肢血管成像中血管、内瘘口以及流入流出道等细节方面显示效果更理想。     

Patterns of blood-vessel invasion by mammary tumor cells

Rat mammary tumor TMT-081 was employed as a model for blood vessel invasion because its mode of metastasis resembles that of human tumors. The invasive mechanism was studied with two methods of serial transplantation: transfer of enzymatically dispersed solid tumors, and transfer of buffy coat containing circulating tumor cells. The latter method produced greater invasion of blood vessels, including larger veins and occasionally arteries, perhaps by obviating damage to tumor cells during enzyme treatment. The course of migration was traced by three-dimensional examination in the high voltage electron microscope, as well as the light microscope. Two broad patterns were found for the course of invasion of small and large vessels respectively.     

3.0T磁共振多序列成像对鉴别胰头癌与胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎的应用价值

目的：探讨磁共振多序列成像对鉴别胰头癌与胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎的临床价值及意义。方法：对已确诊的16例胰头癌患者和5例胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎患者的磁共振多序列成像MR进行回顾性分析。主要征象包括：①肿块信号及形态学特点;②胰管及胆管扩张情况;③动态增强的特征;④胰周及大血管受累情况;⑤邻近器官受累与淋巴结肿大情况。检查方法包括：平扫T1WI＋FST2WI＋FS,MRCP,3D—VIBE动态增强扫描。结果：1）肿块形态信号异常：胰头癌与胰头肿块型胰头慢性胰腺炎的信号有较多重叠,在TlwI上均表现为相对低信号,T2WI表现为不均匀稍高、相等或低信号。2）胰管与胆管的异常：胰头癌表现为胰管扩张至肿块处突然截断12例,胆总管突然截断10例,“双管征”10例。胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎胰管扩张3例,2例为串珠样扩张,扩张的胰管可贯通病灶区,胆总管5例均扩张,远端呈短锥形狭窄3例,鼠尾样狭窄2例。3）3D—VIBE强化特征分析结果：随着时间的延长胰头癌强化程度和强化百分率较胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎明显减低。4）胰周大血管受累情况：胰头癌肿块与血管分界不清者8例,部分包绕血管6例完全包绕血管6例;胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎1例与血管分界不清,1例部分被包绕。5）邻近器官受累与淋巴结肿大情况：胰头癌有7例淋巴结肿大主要分布在胰周及腹主动脉旁,胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎,未见明显肿大淋巴结,有四例肾周筋膜增厚,两例肾前筋膜增厚。结论：磁共振多序列成像的联合使用及征象分析,有助于鉴别胰头癌与胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎。     

Functional comparison of the human isolated femoral artery, internal mammary artery, gastroepiploic artery, and saphenous vein

Human femoral, internal mammary, and gastroepiploic arteries and saphenous veins are used as bypass grafts for coronary surgery or for reconstruction in arterial occlusive disease. We have characterized the contractile responses of these vessels to various agents that are liberated during cardiac or vascular surgery. In organ baths, U46619 (a stable thromboxane A2 mimetic), norepinephrine, endothelin-1, angiotensin II, and KCl caused concentration-dependent contractions in all vessels tested. Leukotriene C4 did not induce any contraction in the arteries, whereas a contraction was obtained in the saphenous vein rings. U46619 induced the most powerful contraction in all vessels tested. The pD2 values for each agent did not differ among the different vessels. When responses were expressed as a percentage of KCl-induced contraction, the contraction of endothelin-1 (151+/-5%) and leukotriene C4 (43+/-5%) was more significant on saphenous veins than on arteries. In conclusion, thromboxane A2 appears to be the most potent endogenous constricting agent on different human vascular beds. Our second finding is that saphenous veins are more sensitive to contract to leukotriene C4 and endothelin-1 than arteries. These properties may influence early and (or) long-term vein graft patency.     

Blood supply of the rat amygdala.

The cerebral vessels of the rat were filled with inks of different colours. The topography of the vessels of the amygdala were reconstructed from serial sections. The circulation of the individual amygdaloid nuclei was studied in detail. The arteries of the amygdala arise from the deep and cortical branches of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Eight major arteries were found to supply blood to the amygdala. All amygdaloid nuclei receive branches from both arterial trunks. The vast majority of the veins are collected by the middle cerebral and basal veins. Only a small fraction drains into the hippocampal vein. Of particular importance are the veins ending in the basal vein and those cortical ones that run in the rhinal sulcus. All amygdaloid nuclei have a multidirectional drainage.     

经皮微波固化对肝内大血管旁复发性肝癌的疗效及安全性

目的:研究经皮微波固化治疗肝内大血管旁复发性肝癌的疗效和安全性。方法:选择2011年2月~2015年12月在我院进行诊治的不能进行手术切除的肝内大血管(肝静脉、肝后下腔静脉、肝动脉或门静脉)旁复发性肝癌患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组进行经皮微波固化治疗,对照组进行手术再切除,于治疗前后检查甲胎蛋白、B超,观察术后并发症的发生情况。结果:观察组治疗后甲胎蛋白转阴16例,降低21例,总有效率为92.5%,明显高于对照组的85.9%(P0.05);治疗后3个月经超声检测肿瘤大小,观察组有15例肿瘤停止生长,21例肿瘤缩小,无效的4例中肿瘤合并肝内转移或出现范围扩大,对照组有14例肿瘤停止生长,19例肿瘤缩小,7例无效,观察组控制肿瘤大小有效率明显大于对照组(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率为22.5%(9/40),明显低于对照组的35.0%(14/40)(P0.05)。结论:经皮微波固化治疗肝静脉、肝后下腔静脉、肝动脉或门静脉旁复发性肝癌疗效确切,术后并发症少,可用于临床肝内大血管旁复发性肝癌患者的治疗。     

Comparison of the numbers of plasmalemmal vesicles in arterial and venous endothelia of rats

The numbers of plasmalemmal vesicles in endothelial cells of rat blood vessels were determined on electron microscopic sections. In all vessels examined which included aorta and carotid and femoral arteries, vena cava and femoral vein, and lung and brain capillaries, the numbers were of the same order of magnitude. For arteries the numbers were about double those for the corresponding veins. About one-third of all vesicles could be stained with ruthenium red after its infusion into the vessels. The results make it improbable that differences in numbers of 'transport' vesicles in different types of blood vessel contribute significantly to the selective accumulation of atherogenic plasma proteins in arteries.     

Ultrasound studies in varicocele

Renal function, the anatomic and functional status of the vena cava inferior, renal arteries and veins, and spermatic veins were evaluated in healthy individuals and patients with varicocele before and 12 months after laparoscopic ligation of the left spermatic vein. The renal vessels were assessed by color Doppler ultrasonography and renal function was examined by complex radionuclide study with 99mTc-pentatech. There were no significant changes in the diameter of renal arteries and vena cava inferior and the right arterial blood flow velocities in healthy individuals and patients. No difference were found in the diameter of renal veins and in the blood flow velocity in renal arteries and veins. The enlarged renal veins and decreased mean blood flow velocity in the left renal vein in healthy persons and patients with varicocele and lower blood flow in the left renal artery than in the right one indicate left-sided renal hypertension that is attributable to left renal vein overload due to a great variety of collaterals and to compression at the site of "a forcepts". At the same time 12-month postoperative ultrasonic, Doppler and complex radionuclide studies revealed no significant changes in the diameter and blood flow velocity in the left renal vein.     

Significance of source and size in the mechanical response of human cerebral blood vessels

Cerebral blood vessels are frequently damaged in traumatic brain injury. Mechanical properties of fresh human cerebral vessels obtained through surgeries have been reported. Because surgical sources of human specimens are rare and produce a limited amount of material, we sought to compare the properties of more readily available cerebral arteries and veins obtained from cadavers to fresh vessel data. Additionally, because the previous study was limited to small vessels available in surgery, it was unknown how generally applicable the results were to larger cerebral arteries and veins. In the current study, large and small cerebral vessels from autopsy were stretched axially. Data from these and similar tests on fresh vessels were combined to determine the significance of source and size on mechanical properties. Structural comparisons of histological samples were additionally utilized to characterize differences. Results indicate that specimens from autopsy and surgery behave similarly except that vessels from autopsy tend to be less extensible. While tests on large vessels were limited, small arteries obtained from autopsy tended to be slightly stiffer than large arteries. In contrast, bridging veins from cadavers were typically stiffer and stretched less before structural failure than cortical veins from the same source. These effects are, however, secondary to differences identified between arteries and veins in the previous study.     

Vascular endothelial expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 forms a positive gradient towards the feto-maternal interface

We describe the distribution of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) in vascular endothelium of human first-trimester and term placenta. Expression of IDO1 protein on the fetal side of the interface extended from almost exclusively sub-trophoblastic capillaries in first-trimester placenta to a nearly general presence on villous vascular endothelia at term, including also most bigger vessels such as villous arteries and veins of stem villi and vessels of the chorionic plate. Umbilical cord vessels were generally negative for IDO1 protein. In the fetal part of the placenta positivity for IDO1 was restricted to vascular endothelium, which did not co-express HLA-DR. This finding paralleled detectability of IDO1 mRNA in first trimester and term tissue and a high increase in the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio in chorionic villous tissue from first trimester to term placenta. Endothelial cells isolated from the chorionic plate of term placenta expressed IDO1 mRNA in contrast to endothelial cells originating from human umbilical vein, iliac vein or aorta. In first trimester decidua we found endothelium of arteries rather than veins expressing IDO1, which was complementory to expression of HLA-DR. An estimation of IDO activity on the basis of the ratio of kynurenine and tryptophan in blood taken from vessels of the chorionic plate of term placenta indicated far higher values than those found in the peripheral blood of adults. Thus, a gradient of vascular endothelial IDO1 expression is present at both sides of the feto-maternal interface.