Revision of the Agathidinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) of Vietnam, with the description of forty-two new species and three new genera

The species of seventeen genera of Agathidinae (Braconidae) from Vietnam are revised: Agathis Latreille, 1804, Bassus Fabricius, 1804; Biroia Szépligeti, 1900; Braunsia Kriechbaumer, 1894; Camptothlipsis Enderlein, 1920; Coccygidium de Saussure, 1892; Coronagathis gen. n. (type species: Coronagathis cornifera sp. n.); Cremnops Foerster, 1862; Disophrys Foerster, 1862; Earinus Wesmael, 1837; Euagathis Szépligeti, 1900; Gyragathis gen. n. (type species: Gyragathis quyi sp. n.), Gyrochus Enderlein, 1920; Lytopylus Foerster, 1862; Therophilus Wesmael, 1837; Troticus Brullé, 1846, and Zelodia gen. n. (type species: Zelomorpha varipes van Achterberg & Maetô, 1990). Keys to the Vietnamese species are given.Sixty-five species are recognised, of which twelve species are newly recorded for Vietnam: Bassus albifasciatus (Watanabe, 1934), Coccygidium angostura (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), Cremnops atricornis (Smith, 1874), stat. n., Disophrys erythrocephala Cameron, 1900, Gyrochus yunnanensis Wang, 1984, Lytopylus romani (Shestakov, 1940), comb. n., Therophilus festivus (Muesebeck, 1953), comb. n., Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus lienhuachihensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus marshi (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia absoluta (Chen & Yang, 1998), comb. n. and Zelodia longidorsata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n.Forty-two species are new to science: Agathis citrinisoma sp. n., Bassus albobasalis sp. n., Bassus albozonatus sp. n., Biroia soror sp. n., Braunsia bicolorata sp. n., Braunsia devriesi sp. n., Braunsia maculifera sp. n., Braunsia nigrapiculata sp. n., Braunsia pumatica sp. n., Camptothlipsis hanoiensis sp. n., Coronagathis cornifera sp. n., Earinus aurantius sp. n., Earinus brevistigmus sp. n., Euagathis flavosoma sp. n., Disophrys maculifera sp. n., Disophrys quymanhi sp. n., Disophrys rhinoides sp. n., Gyragathis quyi sp. n., Therophilus annuliferus sp. n., Therophilus cattienensis sp. n., Therophilus contrastus sp. n., Therophilus crenulisulcatus sp. n., Therophilus depressiferus sp. n., Therophilus elongator sp. n., Therophilus levisoma sp. n., Therophilus marucae sp. n., Therophilus mellisoma sp. n., Therophilus nigrolineatus sp. n., Therophilus nuichuaensis sp. n., Therophilus parasper sp. n., Therophilus planifrons sp. n., Therophilus punctiscutum sp. n., Therophilus robustus sp. n., Therophilus rugosiferus sp. n., Therophilus scutellatus sp. n., Troticus alloflavus sp. n., Troticus giganteus sp. n., Zelodia albobasalis sp. n., Zelodia anginota sp. n., Zelodia bicoloristigma sp. n., Zelodia brevifemoralis sp. n. and Zelodia flavistigma sp. n.The following new synonyms are proposed: Euagathis nigrithorax Bhat & Gupta, 1977, Euagathis variabilis Enderlein, 1920, Euagathis variabilis var. tibialis Enderlein, 1920, Euagathis variabilis var. melanopleura Enderlein, 1920 and Euagathis variabilis var. sucarandana Enderlein, 1920 with Euagathis abbotti (Ashmead, 1900); Euagathis jinshanensis Chen & Yang, 2006 and Euagathis sharkeyi Chen & Yang, 2006, with Euagathis forticarinata (Cameron, 1899). The genus Amputostypos Sharkey, 2009, is synonymised with Coccygidium de Saussure, 1892, syn. n.The following new combinations are given: Bassus subrasa (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Gyragathis angulosa (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Lytopylus romani (Shestakov, 1940), comb. n., Therophilus annulus (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus asper (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus cingulipes (Nees, 1812), comb. n., Therophilus daanyuanensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus fujianicus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus javanus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus lanyuensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus luzonicus (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus muesebecki (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus rudimentarius (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Therophilus similis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Therophilus sungkangensis (Chou & Sharkey, 1989), comb. n., Therophilus tanycoleosus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus tonghuaensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus tongmuensis (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Therophilus transcasperatus (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Troticus latiabdominalis (Bhat, 1978),comb. n., Zelodia absoluta (Chen & Yang, 1998), comb. n., Zelodia achterbergi (Chen & Yang, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia albopilosella (Cameron, 1908), comb. n., Zelodia chromoptera (Roman, 1913), comb. n., Zelodia nihonensis (Sharkey, 1996), comb. n., Zelodia cordata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia diluta (Turner, 1918), comb. n., Zelodia dravida (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia exornata (Turner, 1918), comb. n., Zelodia longidorsata (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia longiptera (Yang & Chen, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia maculipes (Cameron, 1911), comb. n., Zelodia nigra (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia philippinensis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia reticulosa (Yang & Chen, 2006), comb. n., Zelodia quadrifossulata (Enderlein, 1920), comb. n., Zelodia ruida (Sharkey, 1996), comb. n., Zelodia similis (Bhat & Gupta, 1977), comb. n., Zelodia penetrans (Smith, 1860), comb. n. and Zelodia varipes (van Achterberg & Maetô, 1990), comb. n.     

A revision of the Chinese Stephanidae (Hymenoptera, Stephanoidea)

Stephanidae Leach, 1815 (Hymenoptera: Stephanoidea) from China are revised. Five genera are reported from China: Foenatopus Smith, 1861; Megischus Brullé, 1846; Parastephanellus Enderlein, 1906; Schlettererius Ashmead, 1900; and Stephanus Jurine (in Panzer), 1801, and the genera are keyed. All the Chinese species are described and illustrated and new synonyms are established. Keys to species of the five genera occurring in China and adjacent regions are provided.SIX SPECIES ARE NEW TO SCIENCE: Foenatopus brevimaculatussp. n., Foenatopus maculiferussp. n., Foenatopus yangisp. n., Parastephanellus angulatussp. n., Parastephanellus brevicoxalissp. n. and Parastephanellus zhejiangensissp. n. One species, Parastephanellus matsumotoi van Achterberg, 2006, is newly recorded from China.The following 9 new synonyms are proposed: Foenatopus aratifrons Enderlein, 1913 and Foenatopus yunnanensis Chao, 1964, new synonymys for Foenatopus annulitarsus Enderlein, 1913; Foenatopus cerviculatus (Chao, 1964) and Foenatopus chaoi Belokobylskij, 1995 for Foenatopus chinensis (Elliott, 1919); Foenatopus formosanus Enderlein, 1913 for Foenatopus cinctus (Matsumura, 1912); Foenatopus simillimus (Elliott, 1920) and Foenatopus trilineatus (Elliott, 1920) for Foenatopus flavidentatus (Enderlein, 1913); Foenatopus trilobatus (Elliott, 1920) for Foenatopus ruficollis (Enderlein, 1913); Parastephanellus austrochinensis Belokobylskij, 1995 for Parastephanellus brevistigma Enderlein, 1913. A lectotype is designated for Diastephanus trilineatus Elliott, 1920.     

Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers region in psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) for phylogenetic inference and species discrimination

Psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae: Liposcelis spp.) are major pests of stored grain and commonly occur on a wide range of stored products. Increasingly, the genus of Liposcelis has gained recognition of their importance due to their feeding on stored grains, contaminating food, and agricultural commodities as well as transmitting harmful microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. Psocids have close morphological similarities and often commix occur at the same ecosystems. Therefore, a first step necessary to further implement population studies is the accurate identification of species, based on molecular methods. In this study, we determined nucleotide sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region in 100 individuals of six Liposcelis species (including Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein), Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), Liposcelis tricolor Badonnel, Liposcelis paeta Pearman, and Liposcelis yunnaniensis Li & Li) from 16 locations of China. We evaluated the suitability of this marker for phylogenetic inference study in the Liposcelis species. We also developed a molecular identification method for six Liposcelis species based on ITS2 sequence. Results demonstrate that ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences are a useful tool for the population genetic study and phylogeny estimation of Liposcelis species. The results of this study indicate that the ITS2 sequences can be a reliable tool for species discrimination of the six species of psocids tested here. In addition, the multiplex method described proved reliable when tested across different geographical populations.     

A revision of the Oriental stonefly genus Phanoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae)

The genus Phanoperla (=Dyaperla Banks, 1939) (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlini) is revised and generic diagnoses are provided for adults and larvae. Diagnostic and constitutive characters of the tribe Neoperlini are discussed, and Chinoperla Zwick, 1980, is shown to be the closest relative of Phanoperla. Many past misidentifications of Phanoperla species have been corrected by the use of characters recently recognized as important, namely the structure of the internal genitalia of male and female specimens and particularly the complex pattern of spines on the male penial sac made visible by eversion of this structure, and details of sculpturing of the egg chorion.
The following species of Phanoperla are recognized: amorpha sp.n.; anomala (Banks, 1939); bakeri (Banks, 1924); ceylonica Kawai, 1975; comuta sp.n.; flaveola (Klapálek, 1921), comb.n. ( =clarissa (Banks, 1913), syn.n.), (=Neoperla hageni Banks, 1920, syn.n.), (= N.consimilis Banks, 1924, syn.n.); guttata sp.n.; himalayana Zwick, 1977 (= siwalika Harper, 1977); limosa (Hagen, 1858); maculata sp.n.; maindroni (Navas, 1926), comb.n.; malayana sp.n.; minutissima (Enderlein, 1909); nana sp.n.; nervosa Banks, 1939; nuwara Kawai, 1975; omega sp.n.; pallipennis (Banks, 1938); parva sp.n.; pumilio (Klapálek, 1921), comb.n.; peniculus Kawai, 1969a; schmidi sp.n.; sertispina Jewett, 1975; srilanka sp.n.; sumatrae sp.n.; testacea (Hagen, 1858); wedda sp.n. P.claggi (Banks, 1938) is a nomen nudum.
All species are (re-)described and figured; all primary types have been examined. A key to species is provided. Most species can be assigned to one of seven species groups which are defined.
Phanoperla is endemic to the Oriental Region. Species groups are generally widespread, but individual species are in most cases known only from restricted areas.     

中国常见仓储书虱PCR-RFLP快速识别

应用PCR-RFLP技术,对我国4种常见仓储书虱即嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila(Enderlein)、嗜卷书虱L.bostrychophila(Badonnel)、无色书虱L.decolor(Pearman)和小眼书虱L.paeta(Pearman)开展快速识别方法的研究。采用CTAB法从上述4种书虱体内提取基因组DNA,选用1对引物扩增16S rDNA基因区域,分别用5种限制性内切酶对PCR产物进行酶切。结果表明,PCR扩增片段大小约为500bp,用限制性内切酶DraI酶切得到的片段可将供试书虱区分开。该方法不受4种供试书虱地理种群、虫态(成虫、若虫)和性别的影响,可用于4种书虱的快速识别。     

The genus Neurosema (Psocoptera, Calopsocidae) from New Guinea

Abstract Three species of Neurosema are recognized: N.apicalis McLachlan (redescribed, lectotype designated), N. sp. ( N.apicalis sensu Enderlein – mis-identification) and N.pulchra sp.n., and a key to these is given. Separation of genera in the Calopsocidae is briefly discussed.     

A new species of Megalommum Szépligeti (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae); a parasitoid of the pistachio longhorn beetle (Calchaenesthes pistacivora Holzschuh; Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Iran

A new species of the genus Megalommum Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae), reared from the pistachio longhorn beetle (Calchaenesthes pistacivora Holzschuh; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is described and illustrated. The genera Curreia Ashmead, 1900 and Endovipio Turner, 1922 are new synonyms of Megalommum Szépligeti, 1900. Notes on the biology of Megalommum pistacivoraesp. n. and a key to the West Palaearctic and Oriental species are added. The following new combinations are given: Megalommum xanthoceps (Fahringer, 1928), comb. n.,Megalommum jacobsoni (Tobias, 1968), comb. n.,Megalommum ayyari (Watanabe, 1950), comb. n.,Megalommum philippinense (Baker, 1917), comb. n.,Megalommum dodecanesi(Ferrière, 1922), comb. n.,Megalommum ceresense (Turner, 1922), comb. n., Megalommum inareatum (Granger, 1949), comb. n.,Megalommum antefurcale (Szépligeti, 1915) comb. n. and Megalommum tibiale (Ashmead, 1906), comb. n.     

Fern sporophagy in Coleoptera from the Juan Fernandez Islands,Chile, with descriptions of two new genera in Cryptophagidae and Mycetophagidae

Abstract. Fern sporophagy is reported in species of Cryptophagidae, Mycetophagidae and Anthribidae occurring on the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. The following taxa are described and/or discussed: Cryptophagidae: Cryptothelypterus gen.n., with five species: C.obrieni sp.n., C.pteropilosus sp.n., C.selkirki (Bruce) comb.n., C.skottsbergi (Bruce) comb.n., and C.splendens (Bruce) comb.n.; Mycetophagidae: Filicivora gen.n., with one species, F.chilensis (Philippi & Philippi) comb.n.; and Anthribidae: Opisolia lenis Jordan. A key to the species of Cryptothelypterus is provided. Convergent adaptations for fern sporophagy in these groups are discussed, hypotheses are given for the evolution of this habit, and comments are made on wing atrophy.     

Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)

Abstract. A data set consisting of twenty-eight anatomical characters scored for twenty-eight terminal taxa representing the world fauna of Signiphoridae was analysed using parsimony and compatibility methods. The Coccophaginae (Aphelinidae) and the Azotinae (Aphelinidae) were used as outgroups to establish polarity of character state changes. Relationships of Signiphoridae to other Chalcidoidea are discussed. Several multistate characters were treated in the parsimony analyses either as unordered or as ordered into transformation series using additive binary coding, which in some cases drastically reduced the number of equally parsimonious solutions. Monophyly of Signiphoridae is supported by seven synapomorphies. Four genera, Chartocerus, Thysanus, Clytina and Signiphora , are recognized within Signiphoridae based on synapomorphies. Rozanoviella syn.n . and Kerrichiella syn.n . are synonymized under Signiphora. Species of Signiphora are further assigned to four species groups, three of which are demonstrably monophyletic. Nine species or subspecies are transferred to Chartocerus from Signiphora ( australicus comb.n. , australiensis comb.n. , australiensis orbiculatus comb.n., beethoveni comb.n. , corvinus comb.n. , funeralis comb.n. , reticulata comb.n. , ruskini comb.n. , thusanoides comb.n.) , one species to Thysanus from Signiphora (melancholicus comb.n.) , and one species to Signiphora from Kerrichiella ( coleoptratus comb.n.) . A key to genera of Signiphoridae and species groups of Signiphora is presented. A diagnosis, relevant nomenclatural history, and a list of included species are given for each genus and species group, and the biology and distribution of each is summarized.     

A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini)

A new genus of cynipid oak gallwasp, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), with two new species, Zapatella grahami Pujade-Villar & Melika, sp. n. and Zapatella nievesaldreyi Melika & Pujade-Villar, sp. n., is described from the Neotropics. Zapatella grahami,known only from the sexual generation,induces galls in acorns of Quercus costaricensis and is currently known only from Costa Rica. Zapatella nievesaldreyi, known only from the asexual generation, induces inconspicuous galls in twigs of Quercus humboldtii, and is known only from Colombia. Diagnostic characters for both new species are given in detail. Five Nearctic species are transferred from Callirhytis to Zapatella: Zapatella cryptica (Weld), comb. n., Zapatella herberti (Weld), comb. n., Zapatella oblata (Weld), comb. n., Zapatella quercusmedullae (Ashmead), comb. n.,Zapatella quercusphellos (Osten Sacken), comb. n. (= Zapatella quercussimilis (Bassett), syn. n.). A key based on adults for the species belonging to Zapatella is also given. Generic limits and morphological characteristics of Zapatella and closely related genera are discussed.     

Black-tie dress code: two new species of the genus Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae)

Toxomerus hauseri Mengual sp. n. and Toxomerus picudus Mengual sp. n. are described from Peru and Ecuador respectively. Toxomerus circumcintus (Enderlein, 1938) is treated as a valid species and not considered synonym of Toxomerus marginatus, and Toxomerus ovatus (Hull, 1942) is considered junior synonym of Toxomerus nitidus (Schiner, 1868). An identification key for the Toxomerus species with dark abdomens is given along with diagnoses for each studied species.     

Isthmiophora Lühe, 1909 and Euparyphium Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) re-defined,with comments on their nominal species

The validity of Isthmiophora Lühe, 1909 in relation to Euparyphium Dietz, 1909 is discussed and confirmed. Isthmiophora melis Schrank, 1788) [the type-species] and I. inermis (Fuhrmann, 1904) n. comb. are redescribed, and diagnoses are given for both genera, along with lists of their presently-accepted constituent species which are commented upon where necessary. A similar list of species previously allocated to these genera is also presented with comments on their current status. A key to the species of Isthmiophora is included. New combinations for species previously attributed to Euparyphium are: Isthmiophora inermis (Fuhrmann, 1904) n. comb., I. beaveri (Yamaguti, 1958) n. comb., I. lukjanovi (Chertkova, 1971) n. comb., I. citellicola (Kadenatsii in Skrjabin & Bashkirova, 1956) n. comb., I. hortensis (Asada, 1926) n. comb., Echinostoma pindchi (Khan & Chishti, 1985) n. comb., Echinoparyphium tripathii (Gupta & Gupta, 1982) n. comb., E. hirundonis (Fischthal & Kuntz, 1976) n. comb., and Hypoderaeum longitestis (Verma, 1936) n. comb. Species attributed to Euparyphium which are here considered species inquirendae are: E. lobata Farooq & Yousuf, 1986 sp. inq., E. ochoterenai Cerecero, 1943 sp. inq., E. sobolevi Ryzhikov, 1965 sp. inq., and E. taiwanense Fischthal & Kuntz, 1976 sp. inq.     

Lytopylus Förster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae) species from Costa Rica, with an emphasis on specimens reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste

Twelve species of Costa Rican Lytopylus are treated; these include all species reared from Lepidoptera caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, over 32 years of caterpillar inventory, as well as two species recorded in the literature as occurring in Costa Rica. Ten new species are described, i.e., Lytopylus bradzlotnicki, Lytopylus colleenhitchcockae, Lytopylus gregburtoni, Lytopylus jessicadimauroae, Lytopylus jessiehillae, Lytopylus mingfangi, Lytopylus rebeccashapleyae, Lytopylus robpringlei, Lytopylus sandraberriosae, Lytopylus vaughntani. The following species are transferred to Lytopylus: Metriosoma flavicalcar Enderlein 1920 to Lytopylus flavicalcarcomb. n.; Bassus macadamiae Brice?o and Sharkey 2000 to Lytopylus macadamiaecomb. n.; Metriosoma bicarinatum Enderlein 1920 to Lytopylus bicarinatumcomb. n.; Metriosoma brasiliense Enderlein 1920 to Lytopylus brasiliensecomb. n.; Bassus tayrona Campos 2007 to Lytopylus tayronacomb. n.; Microdus femoratus Cameron 1887 to Lytopylus femoratuscomb. n.; Microdus melanocephalus Cameron 1887 to Lytopylus melanocephaluscomb. n.; Bassus pastranai Blanchard 1952 to Lytopylus pastranaicomb. n.; Agathis nigrobalteata Cameron 1911 to Lytopylus nigrobalteatuscomb. n. Two keys to species of Lytopylus are presented, one interactive and the other static.     

Encarsia or Encarsiella? – redefining generic limits based on morphological and molecular evidence (Hymenoptera,Aphelinidae)

Abstract.  The genus Encarsiella ( syn.n. ) (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Aphelinidae) is synonymized with Encarsia on the basis of molecular and morphological characters. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted of the D2 expansion region of the 28S ribosomal DNA including thirty-eight Encarsia species. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed a polyphyletic origin of Encarsiella and confirmed the results of earlier analyses indicating the paraphyly of Encarsia . Four species are described as new ( Encarsia bifasciata sp.n. , E. caelata sp.n. , E. obliqua sp.n. and E. pilosa sp.n. ). The following species are transferred from Encarsiella to Encarsia : Encarsia aleurodici ( Girault, 1916 ) comb.n. , E. amabilis ( Huang & Polaszek, 1998 ) comb.n. , E. boswelli ( Girault, 1915 ) comb.n. , E. magniclava ( Girault, 1915 ) comb.n. , E. narroi Gómez & García comb.n. , E. nepalensis ( Polaszek & Hayat, 1992 ) comb.n. , E. noyesi ( Hayat, 1983 ) comb.n. , E. pithecura ( Polaszek, 1999 ) comb.n. , E. tachii ( Polaszek & Hayat, 1992 ) comb.n. , E. taiwanensis ( Chou & Chou, 1994 ) comb.n. and E. tamaulipeca ( Myartseva & Coronado-Blanco, 2002 ) comb.n. The generic limits of Encarsia are re-defined based on a re-assessment of morphological characters, and the results are discussed with respect to the current classification of the aphelinid subfamily Coccophaginae.     

中国新记载的脉翅目昆虫-粉蛉科 Coniopterygidae Enderlein, 1905

粉蛉是脉翅目(Neuroptera)中最特殊的一科,身体和翅覆有白蜡质粉,故译成此名。翅脉简单,纵脉最多不过十条,近翅缘不分叉,横脉很少,前缘横脉不过二条,故和其他科的脉相回异。     

The Genera Barrouxia,Defretinella, and Goussia of the Coccidian Family Barrouxiidae (Protozoa,Apicomplexa)1

The apicomplexan family Barrouxiidae Léger, 1911 is reviewed and revised on the basis of present information. It includes the genera Barrouxia Schneider, 1885 with ten named species, Defretinella Henneré, 1966 with one named species, and Goussia Labbé, 1896 with 25 named species. The family is characterized by having bivalved sporocysts with a longitudinal suture line. Available information, admittedly spotty, is given for each species on oocyst, sporocyst and sporozoite structure, and on locus of sporulation. The following seven new combinations are made: Goussia flaviviridis (Setna & Bana, 1935) n. comb. in the gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis; G. hyalina (Léger, 1898) n. comb. in an unidentified aquatic beetle; G. lacazei (Labbé, 1895) n. comb. in the centipedes Lithobius forficatus and L. martini; G. metchnikovi (Laveran, 1897) n. comb. in the gobies Gobio gobio and G. albipinnatus; G. schaudinniana (Pinto, 1928) n. comb. in the centipede Lithobius forficatus; G. stankovitchi (Pinto, 1928) n. comb. in the small bleak Alburnus alburnus, the bream Abramis brama, and the red roach Scardinius erythrophthalmus; Goussia sp. (Dogel' Akhmerov, 1959) nov. comb. in the freshwater fish Gnathopogon chankaensis.     

Neoaplectana Steiner, 1929 a junior synonym of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 (Nematoda; Rhabditida)

Summary A type specimen of Steinernema kraussei and a population of this nematode from the type host were compared with three species of Neoaplectana. No characters were found to separate the two genera and so Neoplectana Steiner, 1929 is considered to be a junior synonym of Steinernema Travassos, 1927. Valid species now included within the genus Steinernema are: S. kraussei (Steiner, 1923) Travassos, 1927 (type species); S. glaseri (Steiner, 1929) n.comb.; S. feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) n.comb. and S. bibionis (Bovien, 1937) n.comb. A key is given to these four species and their junior synonyms are listed.     

Review and revision of the West Timor Permian Graphiocrinus species of Johannes Wanner

In a series of papers published between 1916 and 1949 Johannes Wanner assigned or reassigned more than 1700 crinoid specimens to 26 species or subspecies of Graphiocrinus. Nine of the 26 species were subsequently transfered to other cladid genera by Wanner or other authors. Study of the amalgamated Netherlands collections of the West Timor crinoids in Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, resulted in recognition that few of the West Timor Graphiocrinus species unquestionably belonged to the genus. Review of these species and subspecies resulted in reassignment of 12 species to other genera, whereas other species and individual specimens are considered indeterminate members of several families because they lack the arms preventing positive generic identifications. This study also resulted in significant revision of the Erisocrinoidea.New taxa introduced are: Graphiocrinoidea n. superfam., Rautscholdticrinus n. gen., and Ekmelocrinus n. gen. Reassigned taxa are: Rautscholdticrinus indicus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; Rautscholdticrinus weidnerii (Wanner, 1937) n. comb.; Graffhamicrinus? crassus (Wanner, 1924) n. comb.; Neocatacrinus? depressus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus amplior (Wanner, 1924) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus subamplior (Wanner, 1949) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus ovoides (Wanner, 1949) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus verbeeki (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; Ekmelocrinus vermistriatus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb., nomen correctum; Permiocrinus pumilus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; Permiocrinus quinquelobus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.; and Apographiocrinus? rugosus (Wanner, 1916) n. comb.