Tracking Shallow Chemical Gradients by Actin-Driven Wandering of the Polarization Site

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Highlights? A wandering polarity site distributes growth in yeast cells responding to pheromone ? Wandering, but not polarity establishment, is actin dependent ? A mathematical model incorporating polarity and vesicle traffic exhibits wandering ? Blocking wandering impairs gradient tracking     

Kinetochores Generate Microtubules with Distal Plus Ends: Their Roles and Limited Lifetime in Mitosis

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Highlights? A short-lived population of kinetochore-derived microtubules (MTs) has distal plus ends ? These MTs are generated in early mitosis and regulated by Stu2 ? They interact with spindle pole-derived MTs before kinetochore attachment ? Once kinetochores attach to spindle-pole MTs, the short-lived MT population disappears     

Structural Model for Tubulin Recognition and Deformation by Kinesin-13 Microtubule Depolymerases

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Highlights? Kinesin-13 tubulin complex structure reported at nanometer resolution ? Inter- and intradimer tubulin heterodimer interfaces are unambiguously identified ? A distinct curved-sheared tubulin conformation is described ? Insights provided into how kinesin-13s recognize and depolymerize microtubule ends     

Aurora B regulates formin mDia3 in achieving metaphase chromosome alignment

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Highlights? Involvement of formin mDia3 in stable kinetochore microtubule attachment ? The actin activity of mDia3 is not necessary for metaphase chromosome alignment ? EB1-binding by mDia3 contributes to position chromosomes at the metaphase plate ? Aurora B phosphorylates mDia3 to regulate its microtubule activity     

Axonal Pruning Is Actively Regulated by the Microtubule-Destabilizing Protein Kinesin Superfamily Protein 2A

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Highlights? During axonal pruning, microtubule disassembly is regulated by KIF2A ? Degradation of Tau precedes microtubule disassembly during axonal pruning ? Kif2a ablation causes skin hyperinnervation by sensory axons during development     

Coordinated ciliary beating requires Odf2-mediated polarization of basal bodies via basal feet

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Highlights? Mice expressing truncated Odf2 cough and sneeze due to primary ciliary dyskinesia ? Full-length Odf2 is needed for the formation of basal body-associated basal feet ? In the absence of basal feet, basal bodies fail to align with planar polarity cues ? Polarization of basal bodies by Odf2 is required for coordinated ciliary beating     

Estimating the Microtubule GTP Cap Size In Vivo

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Highlights? The microtubule (MT) GTP cap is ～750 tubulin subunits in vivo and extends over 1 μm ? EGFP brightness can be calibrated in vivo using GFP-tubulin signals from MTs ? The presence of GTP-tubulin in the MT lattice influences MT shortening and rescue ? MT tip trackers, like EB1, can be highly concentrated at the MT plus end (～100 μM)     

Kinetochore-dependent microtubule rescue ensures their efficient and sustained interactions in early mitosis

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Highlights? Microtubule (MT) rescue is promoted by a laterally associated kinetochore (KT) ? MT rescue at and distal to the KT is promoted by Stu2 transfer and transport from the KT ? MT rescue prevents KT detachment from the MT end when KT end-on tethering fails ? MT extension following rescue facilitates collection of other widely scattered KTs     

Cdc42 activity regulates hematopoietic stem cell aging and rejuvenation

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Highlights? Constitutively increasing Cdc42 activity causes aging of young HSCs ? Elevated Cdc42 activity correlates with a loss of cell polarity in aged HSCs ? Inhibition of Cdc42 activity rejuvenates aged LT-HSC function ? Cdc42 inhibition restores the level and spatial distribution of AcH4K16     

β1 Integrin Establishes Endothelial Cell Polarity and Arteriolar Lumen Formation via a Par3-Dependent Mechanism

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Highlights? β1 integrin deletion results in loss of endothelial polarity and vessel patency ? β1 integrin regulates cell-cell adhesion protein distribution in the endothelium ? Polarity loss is typified by decreased Par3 expression ? Par3 can partially rescue lumen formation in the β1 integrin mutant     

Insights into Negative Regulation by the Glucocorticoid Receptor from Genome-wide Profiling of Inflammatory Cistromes

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Highlights? TLR4 activation dramatically remodels the GR cistrome in macrophages ? Both negative and positive GR enhancers include GREs, NF-κB, and AP-1 sites ? Classical models fail to predict positive or negative polarity of GR regulation ? Hormone treatment marks negative enhancers by histone deacetylation     

Loss of Rb Cooperates with Ras to Drive Oncogenic Growth in Mammalian Cells

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Highlights? Oncogenic Ras drives weak growth through the PI3K canonical growth pathway ? A novel E2F-independent role for the Rb family in cell biogenesis ? Ras and loss of Rb synergize to give robust and sustained cell growth ? PI3K pathway is crucial for sustained growth, acting to maintain nutrient uptake     

Loss of Scar/WAVE Complex Promotes N-WASP- and FAK-Dependent Invasion

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Highlights? Arp2/3 complex drives epithelial cell invasion in the absence of WRC ? Loss of WRC promotes N-WASP-dependent invasion and degradative focal adhesions ? Loss of WRC promotes FAK activation and enhances anchorage-independent growth ? WRC suppresses cell transformation and tumor formation     

Structural Basis for dsRNA Recognition,Filament Formation,and Antiviral Signal Activation by MDA5

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Highlights? MDA5 forms an open, C-shaped ring around the viral dsRNA stem ? The CTD of MDA5 has a different orientation and flexibility compared to RIG-I ? MDA5 forms filaments by stacking monomers head-to-tail with a 70° turn per monomer ? The 2CARD domain assembles into oligomers that activate interferon signaling via MAVS     

Viral-mediated noisy gene expression reveals biphasic E2f1 response to MYC

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Highlights? Gene expression noise is an efficient means to probe dose responses ? Variability in MYC reveals biphasic E2f1 dose response ? Modeling predicts serum attenuates E2F repression by MYC ? Biphasic expression underlies discrimination of aberrant levels of growth signaling     

HIV Nef,Paxillin, and Pak1/2 Regulate Activation and Secretion of TACE/ADAM10 Proteases

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Highlights? HIV-Nef translocates activated TACE/ADAM17 into extracellular vesicles (EVs) ? The mechanism is initiated by interaction of Eed and paxillin with TACE ? Translocation of TACE into EVs is regulated by Pak2 ? Melanoma cells activate the same mechanism to upload activated ADAM10 into EVs     

Structure of NPP1, an Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase Involved in Tissue Calcification

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Highlights? We determine the crystal structure of mouse NPP1 ? We elucidate the mechanism of NPP1 dimer formation and secretion ? The structure explains the dramatic functional differences between NPP1 and NPP2 ? The structure allows defining the impact of pathogenic mutations in human NPP1     

SIP1 Mediates Cell-Fate Decisions between Neuroectoderm and Mesendoderm in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Highlights? Smad-interacting protein 1 (SIP1) regulates hESC differentiation ? SIP1 upregulation promotes neuroectodermal differentiation ? SIP1 inhibits mesendodermal and endodermal differentiation ? SMAD2/3 and NANOG/OCT4/SOX2 cooperatively regulate SIP1 expression     

Keeping cell identity in Arabidopsis requires PRC1 RING-finger homologs that catalyze H2A monoubiquitination

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Highlights? AtBMI1A/B proteins prevent misexpression of embryonic traits in somatic cells ? PRC2 and AtBMI1A/B proteins maintain cells in their differentiated state ? AtBMI1A/B proteins mediate H2A monoubiquitination