养殖泥螺体内细菌菌群组成及分析*

养殖泥螺样品体内需氧平板菌落数为 7 3× 1 0 5～ 2 8× 1 0 6 个 /g。从泥螺体内共分离获得 2 1 7株细菌 ,88 5 %是革兰氏阴性杆菌。优势菌属是肠杆菌科 (Enterobacteriaceae) 61株、气单胞菌属 (Aeromonas) 58株、弧菌属 (Vibrio) 2 7株和假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas) 2 1株。结果表明 ,每批泥螺样品的细菌总数均超出卫生标准 1～ 2个数量级 ,7月和 9月样品的大肠     

四种利用不同生境蜥蜴运动能力的形态特征相关性

动物体态特征、功能表现和生境利用之间是否存在相关性是当前生态形态学领域的一个研究焦点。在实验室条件下测定分别利用开阔地面、草丛、岩石、树丛生境的 4种蜥蜴 (中国石龙子、北草蜥、山地麻蜥和变色树蜥 )的形态特征和运动能力 ,着重探讨蜥蜴运动能力与形态特征之间的相关性。 4种蜥蜴的头体长大小依次为 :中国石龙子 >变色树蜥 >北草蜥 >山地麻蜥。就相对体长而言 ,中国石龙子 >山地麻蜥和北草蜥 >变色树蜥 ,而头大小、附肢长度和尾长的种间差异趋势则相反 ;体高的种间差异为北草蜥 >中国石龙子和变色树蜥 >山地麻蜥。在平面上 ,山地麻蜥和北草蜥的速度显著大于中国石龙子和变色树蜥 ;在斜面上 ,变色树蜥和山地麻蜥的速度显著高于中国石龙子。变色树蜥斜面附着能力最强 ,中国石龙子最弱。生境利用不同的蜥蜴形态迥异 ,运动能力亦因此有显著的差异。本研究结果支持动物形态特征与其功能表现相关的观点。     

不同基质对北草蜥和中国石龙子运动表现的影响

动物在野外生境中的活动能力通常会受到许多方面(例如,运动基质表面粗糙程度、遭遇障碍物的大小与形状)的影响。在特定体温(30 ℃)条件下,测量主要分布区重叠的两蜥蜴种类(北草蜥和中国石龙子)在四种不同基质表面(塑料草坪;表面粗糙不透底的塑料地毯;光滑具透底网格的塑料地毯和表面光滑的塑料地毯)的运动表现,以及两者的攀附能力和最大游泳耐力。基质类型显著影响两种蜥蜴的运动表现。两种蜥蜴在粗糙表面运动时的疾跑速明显大于光滑表面(例如,塑料草坪上北草蜥为15.7 SVL/s,中国石龙子为8.1 SVL/s;光滑塑料地毯上则分别为11.4 SVL/s和3.5 SVL/s)。中国石龙子在光滑塑料地毯上具有最大的持续运动距离(10.6 SVL)和最少的停顿次数(1.9次)。北草蜥在光滑塑料地毯上具有最多的停顿次数(4.6次)。两种蜥蜴运动能力的种间差异显著。北草蜥具有较大的相对疾跑速度(北草蜥和中国石龙子:13.5 SVL/s vs 5.8 SVL/s)和攀附能力(143.8 ° vs 101.2 °),但较小的游泳耐力(83.5 s vs 238.5 s)。运动速度与耐力之间存在种间权衡关系而与攀爬能力无进化冲突的结论。     

养殖泥螺体内细菌菌群组成及分析

养殖泥螺样品体内需氧平板菌落数为 7 3× 1 0 5～ 2 8× 1 0 6 个 /g。从泥螺体内共分离获得 2 1 7株细菌 ,88 5 %是革兰氏阴性杆菌。优势菌属是肠杆菌科 (Enterobacteriaceae) 61株、气单胞菌属 (Aeromonas) 58株、弧菌属 (Vibrio) 2 7株和假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas) 2 1株。结果表明 ,每批泥螺样品的细菌总数均超出卫生标准 1～ 2个数量级 ,7月和 9月样品的大肠菌群数超出了规定的指标 ,应重视泥螺收捕后的消毒处理环节。泥螺体内细菌菌群由 1 0个菌属组成 ,涂泥中占优势的芽孢杆菌属细菌在泥螺体内却是少量的 ,反映泥螺对体内微生物组成与数量有一定调节控制作用。     

华西雨屏区不同恢复阶段湿性常绿阔叶林的土壤微生物多样性

采用时空互代的方法,探讨了崇州市鞍子河自然保护区和邛崃市天台山的常绿阔叶林自然恢复过程中土壤微生物数量、组成、区系和多样性变化,结果表明：（1）不同恢复时期土壤微生物数量存在显著性差异,在植被恢复5～40a期间,土壤细菌和放线菌的数量呈增加趋势,以恢复到40a植被土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌的数量较高,分别为1．06×10^6CFUg^-1干土、9．81×10^5CFUg^-1干土和6．8×10^4CFUg^-1干土;真菌以100a次生林较高,为9．01×10^4CFUg^-1干土;植被恢复中细菌占土壤微生物总数的79．06％～93．78％;真菌和放线菌数量分别占4．61％～11．24％和0．52％～15．38％;（2）不同恢复阶段土壤细菌和真菌数量大体上以夏季高,春、秋季较低;放线菌数量为春、秋季较夏季高;（3）植被恢复过程中,土壤微生物群落区系和优势种群组成不同,经鉴定有细菌10个属、真菌7个属、放线菌9个属,细菌以无色细菌属（Achromobater）、棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）、短杆菌属（Brevibacterium）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）出现的几率较高;真菌主要是半知菌类和接合菌类,以木霉属（Trichoderma）、腐霉属（Pythium）、青霉属（Penicillium）和犁头霉属（Absidia）分布较为普遍;放线菌9个类群中8个属于链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,仅有1个类群属于小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,以白孢类群（Albosporus）、金色类群（Aureus）和灰红紫类群（Griseorubroviolaceus）出现几率为较高;（4）细菌属的Shannon—Wiener指数、Simpson指数以恢复初期、30a生次生林和较原始植被为较高。在植被恢复5～50a期间,真菌和放线菌属的多样性呈波动性增加趋势,到50a达到最高;50a以后,呈下降趋势,表明植被恢复的30～50a土壤环境更适合真菌和放线菌的生长。     

复合益生菌制剂"海生元"的卫生安全性检验

目的 :监测和评估复合益生菌制剂“海生元”在制备、保存和使用过程中微生物污染状况 ,消除对健康造成潜在不良影响的危险。方法 :在有效期 (1年 )和保存 2 4个月 (2年 )时 ,定期随机对“海生元”口服液和胶囊取样 ,按常规方法进行微生物限度检验 ,包括细菌总数、大肠菌群、致病菌检查及霉菌、酵母菌计数。结果 :(1)贮存 12个月时微生物限度检验结果显示 :口服液各项指标均为阴性。胶囊剂分别为细菌数 <2× 10CFU/ g ,大肠菌群数 <3MPN/ 10 0 g、真菌和酵母菌总数分别 <5CFU/g ,未检出致病菌。 (2 )储存 2 4个月时的微生物限度检验结果显示 :口服液细菌总数、霉菌数和酵母菌数均 <1CFU/ g ,大肠菌数 <3MPN/ 10 0 g。胶囊剂细菌总数 <4× 10 3 CFU/ g ,大肠菌数 <30MPN/ 10 0g ,霉菌和酵母菌数 <10CFU/ g ,未检出致病菌。结论 :复合益生菌制剂“海生元”2种剂型 (口服液和胶囊 )在效期内的染菌情况均符合规定限度要求。在普通条件下储存 2 4个月 (2年 ) ,仅对胶囊的细菌总数略有影响 ,但结果仍符合中国药典规定的限度标准。本实验结果证实了复合益生菌制剂制备、储存过程中卫生安全的可靠性。     

链霉菌发酵麦草产木聚糖酶的试验研究

通过正交设计试验 ,找出利用链霉菌和麦草基质发酵生产木聚糖酶的试验条件。培养基 (g/L) :麦草粉 ,4 5 ;(NH4 ) 2 SO4 ,7.5 ;酵母膏 ,8;K2 HPO4 ·3H2 O ,1;MgSO4 ·7H2 O ,0 .5 ;NaCl,0 .3。接种量为 5 .0× 10 8个孢子 / 5 0mL培养基 ,振荡培养 (12 0r/min) 5d     

山东烟台一例雄性北草蜥

作者于 1 996年 6月 8日在山东省烟台市昆嵛山国家森林公园 (北纬 36 88°～ 37 4 0° ,东经 1 2 1 1 0°～1 2 2 0 8°)指导学生动物学专业实习时 ,于海拔 4 50ｍ处的林缘草丛中采到一雄性成体北草蜥 (ＴａｋｙｄｒｏｍｕｓｓｅｐｔｅｎｔｒｉｏｎａｌｉｓＧｕｎｔｈｅｒ ,1 864)活体。经鉴定该标本与北草蜥的已有报道存在较大变异。标本保存于沧州师范专科学校动物标本室。现报道如下。标本量度 :头长 1 8 5ｍｍ ,头宽 1 0 72ｍｍ ,头高8 58ｍｍ ,头体长 77 2ｍｍ ,尾长 2 77 1ｍｍ ,前肢长2 8 1ｍｍ ,后肢长 39 2ｍｍ ,第 4指长 1 0 …     

山东省爬行动物新记录--北滑蜥

昆嵛山是山东胶东半岛最高的山脉 ,由于地理位置和气候原因 ,这里植被覆盖率较高。近几年的野外实习不断有新种 (昆嵛林蛙 )及新记录 (北草蜥 )发现。今年在昆嵛山第三林场所属的殿后县 ,约海拔 5 0 0ｍ处采集到 4号蜥蜴标本 ,经鉴定为石龙子科滑蜥属宁波滑蜥的北方亚种 (北滑蜥 )Ｓｃｉｎｃｅｌｌａｍｏｄｅｓｔａｓｅｐｔｅｎ ｔｒｉｏｎａｌｉｓ。现报道如下。体型细长。头部明显宽于颈部 ,吻长小于眼耳间距 ,吻端钝圆 ,吻鳞宽大于高 ,背面可见。无上鼻鳞 ;额鼻鳞 1枚 ,呈倒元宝状 ,覆盖于吻的后部 ,前缘与吻鳞相接处较窄 ,侧缘与鼻鳞及…     

马麝生理生化正常值的测定

对甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区人工养麝场的马麝 3项临床指标、6项血液生理指标和 1 3项血清生化指标进行了测定。结果表明 ,成麝体温为 ( 39 94± 0 87)℃ ,呼吸 ( 1 2 4 67± 1 7 2 9)次 min ,心率( 1 2 4 67± 1 7 2 9)次 min;红细胞 ( 2 0 1 9± 4 95 )× 1 0 12 L ,白细胞计数 ( 1 2 4 76± 5 4 96)× 1 0 9 L ,PCV 0 5 78±0 0 3;血糖 ( 8 2 64± 2 0 5 6)mmol L ,K( 4 4 85± 0 2 4 3)mmol L ,Na ( 1 38 2± 1 6 64)mmol L ,Ca ( 2 75 8± 0 31 )mmol L ,总蛋白 ( 74 70 5± 8 1 5 9)g L ,白蛋白 ( 5 2 77± 2 2 32 )g L ,球蛋白 ( 2 1 4 8± 7 2 76)g L等。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan