生物工程技术讲座(十) 核酸标记—生物探针法

在核酸的研究中不用放射性同位素,而用生物素(biotin)标记DNA或RNA分子做为探针来检测核酸分子的方法,是最近几年内开展起来的实验新技术。按一般常规在进行核酸的分析、鉴定以及分子杂交等实验之前,首先以所谓“DNA缺口翻译”的方法制备用同位素标记的DNA(探针)。即把待标记的已知DNA分子用核酸酶(DNase)切成缺口,加入能识别并附着在缺口上的大肠杆菌     

分子生物学技术讲座（五）：放射性标记的DNA和RNA探针的制备

放射性标记的核酸探针（DNA和RNA探针）目前已被广泛地应用于分子生物学的各个领域,例如克隆的筛选,Southern杂交分析,基因表达水平的测定等等。放射性核酸分子探针是指特定的已知核酸分子片段,内含放射性核素（例：‘千、‘H和”S）,并能与被检测的核酸分子退火杂交（核酸序列互补）,因此可用于待测核酸样品中特定基因序列片段的探测。1探针的种类和选择根据核酸分子探针的来源及其性质可将其分成3大类,即：DNA探针、RNA探针和人工合成的寡聚核青酸探针。而DNA探针又可分为基因组DNA探针和。DNA探针。探针的选择是根据不…     

RecA蛋白介导的三链核酸结构形成及其序列提取

人工合成的单链DNA分子经PCR扩增形成双链DNA分子。将RecA蛋白与生物素标记的寡聚核酸探针序列在ATPγS存在的情况下共同哺育,使RecA蛋白包裹寡聚核酸探针,然后加入含同源序列的上述双链DNA分子经适当环境哺育形成了稳定的局部三链核酸结构。通过加入链亲和素包裹的磁珠吸附生物素化的探针,这样同源双链DNA分子与寡聚核酸探针形成的局部三链核酸结构也被吸附在磁珠上。使用磁分离装置提取这一结构,逐步降低盐离子浓度以洗脱双链DNA分子。将洗脱液中残留的蛋白质去除,经PCR扩增可获得目的DNA序列。同时使用同源探针和非同源探针在其它序列中提取目的DNA序列,结果显示目的DNA序列只被同源探针提取。实验结果显示了这一三链核酸结构形成的序列特异性,并且其稳定性随盐离子浓度降低而下降。提示在这一结构中同源的寡聚核酸单链与双链DNA分子形成了氢键结合,同时提示使用文中描述的方法可以提取特异的序列,用以克隆相应的基因。     

鸭和人乙型肝炎病毒DNA体外高效转录体系分子克隆的建立

分子生物学的发展主要在于其所必需技术的发展,体外放射标记出高比活的DNA分子探针,可提高核酸分子检测的敏感性。目前,国内使用的HBV DNA分子探针,均为缺刻转移(Nick Translation)方法标记,敏感性可检出1-2Pg,1984年Melton等报告了依DNA为横板在体外转录合成高比活的单链RNA探针(SSRNA-p)敏感10倍。     

增强原位杂交探针敏感性的研究

原位杂交(ISHH)属于固相分子杂交范畴,它是用标记的DNA或RNA为探针在原位检测组织细胞内特定核酸序列的方法.     

荧光探针研究新进展

自从Southern(1975)首次进行DNA探针杂交后,至今核酸分子杂交已成为分子生物学的最基本方法。Matthews和Kricka[1]总结了各种杂交方法,将其归为两大类:一是异相杂交(heterogeneousassay)即固相杂交,目的核酸结合于不溶性支持物上;二是同相杂交(homogeneousassay)即液相杂交,一般同时使用两个探针。为了检测杂交,寡核苷酸探针需要标记,探针的标记物有放射性同位素和非放射性标记物。固相杂交常使用放射性同位素,荧光素是一种非放射性标记物,它能检测到的DNA浓度比吸收减色测定方法所需DNA浓度低100-1000倍[2],在同相杂交中广泛用于探针的标记。最近,荧光探针研究获得了新的进展,Tyagi和Krammer(1996)建立了一种新的荧光探针-分子信标探针,并得到许多应用,我们实验室也开展了这方面的研究。本文拟对荧光探针的研究进展作一综述。     

应用DNA-RNA斑点杂交法检测登革病毒核酸

新近制备了大量纯化的pEH920 DNA,该质粒DNA插入了登革病毒2型核酸片段的互补DNA。以[a-~(32)P]dCTP按缺口转译法标记pEH 920 DNA作为探针,以感染病毒的蚊细胞c_6/36培养上清作标本,应用DNA-RNA斑点杂交法检测了登革病毒核酸。结果显示同位素标记探针(pEH 920)与登革病毒2型标本反应最强,具有一定的型特异性。但与其它血清型登革病毒也呈一定交叉反应。初步探讨了探针的敏感性,至少可检出TCID_(50)625的登革病毒2型核酸。     

一株貂肠炎病毒某些特性的研究

采用猫肾传代细胞FK增殖华东地区分离的貂传染性肠炎病毒(mink infectious enteritis virus,MEV-S_1)能产生明显的细胞病变。浓缩的病毒液经Sepharose-4B柱层析提纯处理后置电镜下观察,可见典型的病毒粒子。经蛋白酶K、SDS裂解病毒,用苯酚-氯仿法抽提病毒核酸,二苯胺试验和酶消化试验表明该病毒核酸为DNA类型。吖啶橙染色试验表明该DNA为单链。甲酰胺法进行核酸分子展层,病毒核酸呈线状,长度为1.5～2.0/μm。     

核酸探针技术简介

<正> 核酸探针实质上是DNA或RNA片段,这类片段或参与某种功能或具有某种特征,并往往被连上放射性物质或非放射性物质的指示剂。探针的作用是探查目的DNA或RNA的存在情况,核酸双链分子中各碱基之间有严格的配对原则,就DNA分子说,碱基间的配对总是A-T,C-G,探针的单链只有和与之相对应的称为互补的单链在一起时才能形成新的双链分子,在一个被探测的体系中如果显示     

荧光原位杂交及其应用

荧光原位杂交(FISH)法是直接从组织或细胞中检测特定DNA或RNA的最有效方法。整个操作过程为:1)制备探针;2)细胞或组织显微镜标本的制作;3)原位分子杂交;4)荧光免疫检测;5)显微镜下观察。其中以1),2)步最为关键。FISH法的最大特点是灵敏度高,并可以进行定量分析。FISH法可应用于染色体上的基因定位,基因表达的检测,病毒感染的检查,特定核酸序列在细胞内的空间分布分析以及核酸复制过程中的定量分析等许多领域的实验中。     

Detection and quantitation of Staphylococcus aureus penicillinase plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by reassociation kinetics.

The quantity of penicillinase plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in various strains of Staphylococcus aureus has been determined by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics. Specifically, 32P- or 125I-labeled denatured probes of purified plasmid DNA were reassociated in the presence of denatured DNAs isolated from the bacterial strains in question. The number of plasmid copies per cell was calculated from the effect of the latter nucleic acid samples on the reassociation rate of the radiolabeled probe. Among the S. aureus strains examined were monoplasmid, diplasmid and replication-defective representatives, and the effect of temperature on wild-type plasmid content was also investigated.     

应用生物素标记DNA探针检测伪狂犬病病毒的研究

应用生物素标记ＤＮＡ探针检测伪狂犬病病毒的研究王琴,郭万柱,阴文奇（四川农业大学动物科技学院,四川雅安,６２５５０１４）关键词伪狂犬病毒,核酸,杂交,检测核酸杂交技术已广泛用于检测畜禽疱疹病毒和其它动物病毒,已报道ＰＲＶ－ＤＮＡ的探针方法有ＲＮＡ－Ｄ...     

Binding and purification of plasmid DNA using multi-layered carbon nanotubes

We propose a new method for the separation of nucleic acids using multi-layered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as an adsorbent. According to agarose gel electrophoresis, oxidized water-stable CNTs adsorb certain forms of nucleic acids, such as high molecular weight RNA, chromosomal DNA, linear and denatured forms of plasmid DNA. However, CNTs do not adsorb supercoiled form of plasmid DNA. Nucleic acids bound to CNTs can be readily removed by centrifugation whereas supercoiled plasmid DNA remains in solution. Upon the addition of divalent metal ions supercoiled plasmid DNA forms relatively stable complexes with CNTs due to chelation. Thus, new details about association of nucleic acids with CNTs were revealed and stoichiometry of the complexes was estimated. Our results can be used for fine purification of supercoiled plasmid DNA for gene therapy applications as well as manipulation of nucleic acids for biosensor design.     

Accelerated screening of cDNA libraries using the polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting

cDNA libraries are normally constructed in either phage or plasmid vectors and screened for sequences of interest using antibodies or, more commonly, nucleic acid probes. To clone a sequence of interest from a library generally involves at least three rounds of hybridization with ³²P-labeled probes. This approach is highly labor intensive, and no information about the size of the hybridizing insert is obtained until the clones have been purified and the insert DNA analyzed by restriction enzyme digestion. We report on a rapid screening protocol for libraries constructed in bacteriophage lambda vectors involving polymerase chain reaction amplification of the insert from hybridizing phage plaques and on its analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting. This can take place after only one round of conventional screening, and phage from a large number of positively hybridizing plaques can be analyzed by a “one-tube” reaction.     

Comparison of methods for total community DNA extraction and purification from compost

The differences on DNA yield and purity of three different DNA extraction protocols were compared with regard to the use for PCR and other molecular analyses. Total DNA was extracted from compost by the three protocols, and then was purified by spin-bind cartridges after being precipitated by PEG8000. The detection performed on a nucleic acid and protein analyzer showed that all three methods produced high DNA yields. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the fragments of crude and purified DNA had a length of about 23 kb. A eubacterial 16S rRNA gene-targeted primer pair was used for PCR amplification, and full length 16S rDNAs were amplified from all the purified DNA samples. After being digested by restriction endonucleases, the restriction map of amplified rDNA showed identical genetic diversity. The products of PCR using primer pair GC341F and 907R were also used for denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. The results indicated that high-quality DNA was extracted from compost by the three protocols, and each of the protocols is adapted to extract microbial genome DNA from compost expediently and cheaply.     

Extraction of nucleic acids from agarose gels

A rapid, simple and versatile method is described for the extraction from agarose gels of small plasmid molecules and DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases. The method may be used also for the extraction of RNA from agarose-urea gels. It is based on the partitioning of nucleic acid molecules into 1-butanol as their quaternary ammonium salts, leaving the neutral agarose in the aqueous phase. The nucleic acid is then recovered as the sodium salt by partition back into an aqueous phase. Nucleic acid samples were found to be unaffected by the treatment, as judged by their ability to be ligated, transformed, nick-translated, and used in an in vitro protein-synthesizing system.     

小量快速RNA,DNA提取研究耐药株中GSTπ及癌基因的表达

本文采用一种小量快速RNA制备法(硫氰酸胍-酚,氯仿/耳戊醇-液氮)和DNA-RNA联合提取法(硫氰酸胍-酚,氯仿/异戊醇-液氮法),提取RNA和同一样本中DNA与RNA,同时采用一种快速液相杂交法,通过标记探针与样品DNA或RNA经变性-复性杂交、凝胶电泳、凝胶抽干、放射自显影。经用本法研究P388/ADR耐药株中的GSTπ及三种癌基因表达表明:耐药株中的GSTπ较敏感株增加1.56倍(p<0.05),而c-myc、v-erb-B、N-ras癌基因的扩增分别减少1.33,1.38和1.69倍(P<0.05)。     

两株蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒DNA同源性的研究

两株不同来源的蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒(ArscsNPV和ArNPV)经提纯后,使用SDS—苯酚抽提病毒核酸,并使用限制性内切酶EcoRI,BamHI酶解后,用分子杂交方法与缺口平移标记的ArscsNPV-DNA探针杂交,分析了两株蓖麻蚕NPV病毒核酸的同源性。EcoRI酶解的ArNPV-DNA产生8个片段,其中5个片段能与ArscsNPV-DNA探针杂交。BamHI酶解ArNPV-DNA产生7个片段,其中6个片段能与ArscsNPV-DNA探针杂交。结果表明:两株蓖麻蚕NPV之间病毒核酸具有很高的同源性。使用斑点杂交方法分析了ArscsNPV与ArNPV,柞蚕NPV及家蚕NPV之间的核酸同源性,结果表明:ArscsNPV与ArNPV,柞蚕NPV具有同源性。而与家蚕NPV无核酸同源性。     

Evidence for a chromosomal location of the genes coding for chloramphenicol production in Streptomyces venezuelae.

Of seven chloramphenicol-producing actinomycetes examined, only Streptomyces venezuelae strain 13s contained extrachromosomal DNA detectable by agarose gel electrophoresis and cesium chloride-ethidium bromide density gradient centrifugation. The single 17-megadalton plasmid present in this strain was indistinguishable from plasmid pUC3 previously isolated from mutagenized cultures. Strains selected for their inability to produce chloramphenicol after treatment with acriflavine or ethidium bromide still contained a plasmid that had the same electrophoretic mobility as plasmid pUC3 and yielded similar fragments when digested with restriction endonucleases. By regenerating protoplasts of strain 13s and screening for isolates lacking extrachromosomal DNA, strain PC51-5 was obtained. The absence of plasmid pUC3 sequences in this strain was confirmed by Southern hybridization using 32P-labeled plasmid as a probe. Since the plasmidless strain produced as much chloramphenicol as did the parent strain, pUC3 contains neither structural nor regulatory genes for antibiotic production. Evidence from electrophoretic analysis of BamHI digests of total cellular DNA from wild-type and dye-treated nonproducing progeny indicated that acriflavine caused structural changes in the chromosome.     

Rapid preparation of total nucleic acids from E. coli for multi-purpose applications

Separate protocols are commonly used to prepare plasmid DNA, chromosomal DNA, or total RNA from E. coli cells. Various methods for the rapid preparation of plasmid DNA have been developed previously, but the preparation of the chromosomal DNA and total RNA are usually laborious. We report here a simple, fast, reliable, and cost-effective method to extract total nucleic acids from E. coli by direct lysis of the cells with phenol. Five distinct and sharp bands, which correspond to chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, 23S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and a mixture of small RNA, were observed when analyzing the prepared total nucleic acids on a regular 1-2% agarose gel. The simple and high-quality preparation of the total nucleic acids in a single tube allowed us to rapidly screen the recombinant plasmid, as well as to simultaneously monitor the change of the plasmid copy number and rRNA levels during the growth of E. coli in the liquid medium.