大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌生物种的研究

从大兴安岭和长白山采集到３０号蜜环菌标本,选其中有代表性的１０个号的担子果获得单孢株。交配试验表明每一担子果都具有双因子异宗配合系。不同子实体交配型之间交配结果表明,在大兴安岭和长白山地区蜜环菌目前至少存在５个生物种,分别称为生物种Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ和Ｅ。将这５个生物种的单孢菌种与欧洲５个蜜环菌生物种的单孢菌株进行配合,生物种Ｂ与欧洲Ａ．ｇａｌｌｉｃａ,生物种Ｅ与欧洲Ａ．ｏｓｔｏｙａｅ亲和交配,因此将     

中国蜜环菌生物种的RAPD分析

以中国蜜环菌(Armillaria mellea (vahl: Fr.) Kummer)生物种B．生物种E分别与欧洲种A. gallica 和A. ostoyae交配,用AP—PCR技术分析了中国五个生物种及欧洲2个种的代表菌株的系统发育关系。根据系统聚类分析的结果,将其分为4个群：生物种B与A．Gallia, A与C,D与E,A. ostoyae 单独为一群。这与交配试验及RAPD图谱直观分析的结果一致,最小支撑树也支持将中国生物种B鉴定为A．Gallica。证明RAPD是研究蜜环菌生物种的进化关系的有用手段。     

黑龙江省蜜环菌生物种的地理分布概况

自1999年至2002年间对黑龙江省境内几个主要林区中的蜜环菌生物种进行了调查、采集和鉴定,并对其寄主种类和子实体发生规律以及地理分布特点进行了总结分析。结果表明:黑龙江省境内至少存在5个蜜环菌生物种,即芥黄蜜环菌Armillaria sinapina,高卢蜜环菌A.gallica,黄盖蜜环菌A.luteopileata,奥氏蜜环菌A.ostoyae和中国生物种F;寄主包括10个针叶和阔叶树种;与其他几种蜜环菌生物种相比较,A.gallica是黑龙江省境内出现概率最大的一个生物种;根据采集经验发现,温度和湿度是影响子实体发生的主要因子。     

中国蜜环菌生物种与北美种的交配关系

将中国三个未知蜜环菌生物种A、C、D的38个代表菌株与北美蜜环菌A．sinopina、A．calvescens、A．nabsnona、A．gemina、A．ostoyae、NABSX等六个种的22个代表菌株进行了配对试验,结果表明中国生物种A与北美种A．sinopina互交可育,属于同一种。中国生物种C与任一北美种都互交不育,不存在部分可育现象,为亚洲特有种。中国生物种D与欧美的A．ostoyae的两个菌株互交可育,实验证实该种另外四个欧美菌株已经失去交配能力,因此确认中国生物种D与A．ostoyae属于同种。     

长白山地区蜜环菌属真菌资源

蜜环菌属Armillaria真菌是长白山地区代表性野生菌,具有重要的食药用价值。本研究采用样方调查和随机踏查相结合的方法对该地区蜜环菌属物种展开资源调查和种类鉴定,结果表明,长白山地区蜜环菌有5种,即北方蜜环菌Armillaira borealis、法国蜜环菌A. gallica、黄小蜜环菌A. cepistipes、芥黄蜜环菌A. sinapina以及Armillaira sp.,其中北方蜜环菌为吉林省新记录种,法国蜜环菌为该地区的优势物种。多样性分析结果表明,在阔叶林、针阔混交林、针叶林3种林型中,针阔混交林中蜜环菌属α多样性指数相对较高,说明针阔混交林的物种丰富度最高。本研究为蜜环菌属资源的开发和利用提供理论基础和实践依据。     

我国八种蜜环菌的木腐特性

为了揭示我国不同蜜环菌Armillaria的木腐特性,本研究以我国8个蜜环菌种为材料,采用蜜环菌液接种1 cm³的枹栎Quercus serrata木方,置于23℃下培养60 d和120 d,采用重量法、Klason法、硫酸水解法和盐酸水解法测定木材质量、纤维素含量、木质素含量和半纤维素含量,研究各蜜环菌株的木腐能力及差异性。结果表明,各蜜环菌种对枹栎木质量损失率排序为:CBS M(A.borealis)>CBS A(A.sinapina)=CBS J(A.qinii)=CBS H(A.bruneocystidia)=CBS F(A.sinensis)=CBS B(A.gallica)>CBS N(A.violacea)=CBS D(A.ostoyae);木质素的分解能力排序为:CBS M=CBS A=CBS J>CBS H=CBS B=CBS F>CBS N>CBS D;纤维素降解利用率排序为CBS H=CBS A>CBS B>CBS J>CBS F>CBS D>CBS M>CBS N;半纤维素分...     

中国与欧洲高卢蜜环菌的遗传多样性

高卢蜜环菌(Armillaria gallica)为北半球广布种,不同大陆间的菌株遗传相似性和多样性水平能反映出该种在洲际大陆尺度上的地理遗传变异关系。作者用ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeat)分子标记技术,对从中国和欧洲收集到的高卢蜜环菌79个菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。用6个ISSR引物扩增得到210个位点,其中多态性位点(频率<0.95)为202个,占96.2%,平均每个引物多态位点多达33.6个,表明ISSR标记在蜜环菌中存在较高的多态性。根据非加权类平均法(UPGMA)聚类分析,中国53个菌株中的49个在0.773的相似性水平上聚成了中国类群(China group);而欧洲26个菌株遗传分化较大,分别在0.775和0.763的相似性水平上聚成了欧洲类群A(Europe group A)和B(Europe group B);2个欧洲类群间的相似性水平仅为0.738,而欧洲类群A与中国类群间的相似性却达到了0.770;两个大陆均有少数菌株表现出较为明显的遗传分化,个别菌株的种内遗传相似性甚至低于蜜环菌种间的遗传相似性。结果表明,中欧两个大陆间的A.gallica菌株因地理隔离已经表现出明显的遗传分化,处于异域物种形成过程中;欧洲大陆的菌株遗传分化更为明显,可能是两个大陆A.gallica菌株的起源地。     

中国蜜环菌的新生物种

在调查研究蜜环菌生物种的过程中,先后在东北、华北、华中和西南地区,发现了四个新的中国蜜环菌生物种,CBS F、CBS G、CBS H和CBS I。研究表明,CBS G属于典型的同宗配合种,其余三个为异宗配合。CBS H与CBS C之间存在部分互交可育,比例高达17.8%,在同一个国家的两个种之间出现如此高的互交可育比例还是首次报道。上述三个生物种同欧美的已知蜜环菌种均互交不育,为亚洲特有种。CBS I为无菌环的假蜜环菌A.tabescens (Scop. ) Emel,它与欧洲的假蜜环菌互交可育,属于同种。但同中国其它各生物种互交不育。同时讨论了蜜环菌生物种的群体观点。     

黑龙江省蜜环菌生物种的地理分布概况

自1999年至2002年间对黑龙江省境内几个主要林区中的蜜环菌生物种进行了调查、采集和鉴定,并对其寄主种类和子实体发生规律以及地理分布特点进行了总结分析。结果表明:黑龙江省境内至少存在5个蜜环菌生物种,即芥黄蜜环菌Armillaria sinapina,高卢蜜环菌A.gallica,黄盖蜜环菌A.luteopileata,奥氏蜜环菌A.ostoyae和中国生物种F;寄主包括10个针叶和阔叶树种;与其他几种蜜环菌生物种相比较,A.gallica是黑龙江省境内出现概率最大的一个生物种;根据采集经验发现,温度和湿度是影响子实体发生的主要因子。     

蜜环菌生物种和地理分布概况综述

<正>自Hintikka(1973)发现了蜜环菌Armillaria(Fr．:Fr．)Staude的四极性性别系统,使得借助交配测试来研究这个属的互交不育性成为可能(Korhonen,1995)。蜜环菌单倍体和双倍体菌落形态差异的发现,帮助研究者用交配试验进行生物种的鉴定。Kohorhen(1978)和Anderson & Ullrich(1979)分别利用单倍体交配法发现了欧洲和北美洲的蜜环菌互交不育群(intersterility groups),即生物种(biological species)。此后,互交不育性试验     

中国北方地区蜜环菌生物种的初步研究

对采自北京东灵山地区、黑龙江带岭地区、以及帽儿山地区不同寄主上的１５个蜜环菌子实体进行了极性测试和生物种测定。配对培养结果表明１５个子实体中共存在着四个生物种,分别命名为ＣｈＢＳＩ、ＣｈＢＳＩ、ＣｈＢＳⅢ和ＣｈＢＳⅣ。除生物种ＣｈＢＳⅢ的极性不清楚外,其它生物种都是四极性异宗配合的真菌。东灵山菌株中的两个生物种是ＣｈＢＳⅡ和ＣｈＢＳⅣ,带岭菌株中的两个生物种是ＣｈＢＳＩ和ＣｈＢＳⅢ,帽儿山菌株是生物种ＣｈＢＳⅠ。经过中国生物种与欧洲生物种的配对培养,发现生物种ＣｈＢＳⅣ与Ａｒｍｉｌａｒｉａｇａｌｉｃａ融合。     

Relationships between European and North American biological species ofArmillaria mellea

Pairings of monosporous isolates from five European and ten North American biological species ofArmillaria reveal that certain species from Europe are interfertile with certain species from North American. All other pairings between species are intersterile. These pairings of isolates derived from different continents reveal three interactions not observed in earlier studies with isolates exclusively from one continent or the other. One, pairings from species demonstrated to be interfertile have a reduced frequency of compatibility, i.e., some determinant, in addition to mating type, affects the compatibility of specific pairings. Two, the pairing of isolates from intersterile species occasionally results in an unexplained reduction in growth in one or both members of the pairing. Three, in a single case, members of a species from one continent are compatible with members oftwo different intersterile species from the other continent. In fact, individual strains from one European species are compatible with members of two rigorously intersterile North American species.     

Nonspecific elicitation of defense reaction in suspension tobacco cells by elicitors fromArmillaria

Ergosterol and chitin oligomers were detected in water extracts from Armillaria gallica, A. cepistipes, A. tabescens, A. ostoyae and A. mellea containing as active components elicitors able to trigger early events of defense reaction in suspension tobacco cells. More virulent strains of A. ostoyae and A. mellea had the same ability of elicitation as weak pathogens A. gallica, A. cepistipes, A. tabescens. The elicitation of the defense reaction early events by chitin oligomers was markedly enhanced by ergosterol probably due to the activation of several signal pathways.     

A study on intersterility groups of Armillaria in China

Mating tests were used to identify 282 basidiocarp specimens of Armillaria collected in 15 Chinese provinces, mostly in northern and southwestern parts of the country. Fourteen intersterile taxa were found, including the species A. borealis, A. gallica, A. mellea s.str., A. ostoyae, A. sinapina and A. tabescens and eight so far unnamed taxa called Chinese Biological Species (CBS) C, F, G, H, J, L, N and O. The CBS F might be A. singula, previously recorded from Japan, but six Chinese groups, C, H, J, L, N and O, are probably new biological species. The sexual system of 13 taxa is tetrapolar heterothallism. Homothallic forms also were found; they show a low degree of sexual compatibility with A. mellea s.str. and tentatively are included in the CBS G, but it is unclear whether this is a homogeneous group. Notes are presented on the distribution and ecology of the identified taxa.     

Evaluation of partial tef1, rpb2, and nLSU sequences for identification of isolates representing Armillaria calvescens and Armillaria gallica from northeastern North America

Armillaria calvescens and Armillaria gallica are two of the most closely-related species of Armillaria in North America and have been difficult to distinguish from one another using morphological and molecular techniques. In an attempt to better distinguish these two species, partial sequences of the elongation factor-1 alpha (tef1), RNA polymerase II (rpb2), and nuclear large subunit (nLSU) genes were generated for 32 total isolates; 12 isolates each for A. calvescens and A. gallica, along with two isolates each of Armillaria gemina, Armillaria mellea, Armillaria sinapina, and Armillaria solidipes. Within the tef1 amplicon, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were present between A. calvescens and A. gallica. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods showed that tef1 was the only gene capable of distinguishing A. calvescens from A. gallica, and additionally, all isolates representing the six northeastern North American species. Partial tef1 sequences grouped A. calvescens into a strongly-supported, monophyletic clade with bootstrap support (BS) values of 98/98% (ML/MP), while A. gallica was grouped into a monophyletic clade with lower BS support (76/59%). The results illustrate the utility of partial tef1 sequences for the identification of field isolates of Armillaria from northeastern North America.