一种来自于土壤宏基因组文库的AprN基因的鉴定

宏基因组文库技术的发展拓宽了酶学的研究范围,从而导致了一系列新型的生物催化剂被发现和鉴定。采用蛋白酶的活性筛选策略,从已构建的碱性污染土壤宏基因组文库分离得到了一个表达蛋白酶的阳性克隆。生物信息学分析表明该克隆所包含的外源DNA片断编码一个由381个氨基酸编码组成的多肽,该多肽大约为39kDa,等电点为8.91。BLAST软件分析该外源DNA片断包含一个完整的碱性蛋白酶基因（ap01）,GC含量为46.3%。相关酶学数据表明该阳性克隆所分泌的碱性蛋白酶最适作用pH值为9.5,最佳作用温度为40℃。     

海绵宏基因组文库构建及抗菌肽功能基因的初步筛选

宏基因组文库技术是利用未培养微生物基因资源的有效途径。成功构建澳大利亚厚皮海绵的Fosmid宏基因组文库,插入片段平均大小为36.8kb。利用建立的宏基因组文库,采用PCR技术初步筛选到具有编码抗菌肽的功能基因。这是我国首次尝试构建海绵宏基因组文库,对于今后开发利用海绵丰富的基因资源具有重要的意义。     

高糖土壤微生物宏基因组文库的构建及β-葡萄糖苷酶基因鉴定

采用宏基因组技术构建了高糖土壤微生物的DNA文库,该文库约含9万个克隆,文库外源DNA总容量为3.1×10~9bp。利用活性筛选策略,对文库进行筛选,获得11个β-葡萄糖苷酶的阳性克隆,并对其中2个表达β-葡萄糖苷酶的克隆进行亚克隆和序列分析,获得两个编码新型β-葡萄糖苷酶的基因分别命名为:unbgl3A和unbgl3B。生物信息学分析表明:unbgl3A基因由2241个碱基对组成,unbgl3B基因由2292个碱基对组成。在核苷酸水平上,unbgl3A、unbgl3B与已知数据库中的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因没有任何相似性。在氨基酸水平上,与GenBank数据库中已知β-葡萄糖苷酶的相似性分别为73%和69%。     

宏基因组学研究进展

不可培养微生物占据微生物总数的99%以上, 这己成为微生物资源开发利用的一个限制性因素。宏基因组学是通过提取某一环境中的所有微生物基因组DNA、构建基因组文库及对文库进行筛选寻找和发现新的功能基因及活性代谢产物的一种方法。它避开了微生物分离培养的过程, 极大地扩展了微生物资源的利用空间, 是现代基因工程一个新的发展方向和研究热点。本文主要对宏基因组的DNA提取方法、文库的构建、筛选策略的选择及近年来宏基因组学在各领域中的应用研究现状进行了综述。     

红树林土壤微生物宏基因组文库的构建及两种新颖的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因的鉴定

宏基因组技术是挖掘微生物新酶的重要途径。通过构建红树林土壤微生物Fosmid文库,共获得了约100 000个阳性克隆,该文库外源插入片段平均长度约为30 kb,文库容量达3 Gb。通过对文库中10 000个克隆进行功能筛选,获得了17个具有β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的克隆。对其中2个表达β-葡萄糖苷酶的克隆进行亚克隆,获得2个新颖的β-葡萄糖苷酶的基因,分别命名MhGH3和bgl66。生物信息学分析表明,MhGH3基因由1 992个碱基对组成,bgl66基因由2 025个碱基对组成。在氨基酸水平上,MhGH3和bgl66编码的蛋白质与GenBank数据库中已知β-葡萄糖苷酶的一致性分别为64%和55%。     

宏基因组克隆--微生物活性物质筛选的新途径

在现有技术条件下自然界存在的微生物95％以上未能培养,采用传统的分离培养筛选的途径寻找新的微生物生物活性物质受到局限;宏基因组是特定小生境中全部微小生物遗传物质的总和,直接抽提环境样品中的总DNA,利用适宜的载体克隆到替代宿主细胞中构建宏基因组文库,通过外源基因赋予宿主细胞的新性状或基于某些已知DNA序列筛选,寻找新的生物活性物质或基因,极大地扩展了微生物资源的利用空间,增加了获得新的生物活性物质的机会。     

宏基因组学技术的研究与挑战

宏基因组学研究作为研究微生物种群生态分布、群体遗传特征和基因相互作用的新兴学科领域,在很大程度上促进了环境微生物资源,特别是未培养微生物资源的开发利用,在土壤、海洋、人体医学、药物等各个领域的应用中取得了突破性的进展,为发现新的生物活性物质提供了新的有效途径。就宏基因组学研究进展进行综述,并重点介绍了宏基因组学研究中的机遇及挑战。     

沼气池宏基因组文库中未培养微生物β-葡萄糖苷酶基因的克隆与鉴定

以间接提取法提取了沼气池样品的微生物宏基因组DNA,用柯斯质粒载体pWEB:TNC构建了一个含三万个克隆的沼气池宏基因组文库,对文库中的克隆随机分析表明,该文库的外源片段平均长度为40 kb,文库的总容量为1 .2×106kb。对其中的一个在七叶苷平板上显色的阳性克隆pGXN100进行进一步亚克隆、测序和序列分析。结果表明,pGXN100上有一个全长为1 863bp的ORF,编码621个氨基酸组成的蛋白质。将该基因命名为Unglu100。与产气克雷伯菌属的一个β-葡萄糖苷酶基因AN292在核苷酸和氨基酸水平上分别有76%和85%的同源性,利用SMART软件进行预测表明,Unglu100可能是PTS中β-葡萄糖苷酶特异性的转运蛋白组件。     

结合宏基因组末端随机测序和16S rDNA技术分析温室黄瓜根围土壤细菌多样性

土壤细菌在温室土壤环境中具有十分重要的生态功能,与温室作物以及微生物内部存在互作关系。研究土壤细菌的群落结构组成,有助于了解土地利用变化与生态环境效应之间的关系。结合16S rRNA基因克隆文库和宏基因组末端测序对温室黄瓜根围土壤细菌的多样性进行了分析。在16S文库中,根据97%的序列相似性水平划分OTU,共有35个OTU,其中优势菌群是γ-Proteobacteria,其次为Firmicutes,Bacillus为优势细菌。在纲分类水平上,16S文库和宏基因组末端测序结果均包含γ-Proteobacteria、α-Proteobacteria、δ-Proteobacteria、β-Proteobacteria、Actinomycetales和Firmicutes,各纲比例有差别;在优势种群属水平上,末端测序的结果包含的属多于16S文库(4035);在优势细菌种类上,两者反映的结果一致,均为Bacillus。但是,宏基因组末端测序包含了大多数的弱势种群,更能反映细菌多样性的真实水平。与露地土壤细菌16S文库相比较,土壤细菌多样性降低,这可能与温室多年连作,种植蔬菜种类单一直接相关。     

深海沉积物微生物元基因组文库来源的新的酯酶基因的克隆、表达及酶学性质

【目的】从深海沉积物微生物元基因组文库中克隆新的酯酶基因,并进行酶学性质研究。【方法】利用含有三丁酸甘油酯的酯酶选择性筛选培养基,从深海沉积物微生物元基因组文库中筛选得到酯酶阳性Fosmid克隆。对筛选得到的fosmid FL10进行部分酶切构建亚克隆文库,筛选得到酯酶阳性亚克隆pFLS10。PCR扩增目的片段后与pET28a连接构建酯酶基因原核表达质粒,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21。纯化表达产物并对其进行活性测定及酶学性质研究。【结果】序列分析显示该pFLS10亚克隆质粒含有一段924bp的ORF(Open Reading Frame),与一海洋元基因组文库中筛选出的酯酶ADA70030序列一致性为71%。该酶为一新的低温酯酶,对C4底物(对硝基苯丁酸酯)水解能力最强。该酶最适作用温度为20℃,最适作用pH为7.5,20℃时较为稳定,pH8-10的范围内有良好的pH稳定性,K+、Mg2+对该酶具有一定的激活作用,Mn2+等对其具有不同程度的抑制作用。【结论】应用元基因组技术筛选到了新的酯酶基因fls10并进行了克隆表达,该酶在低温及碱性条件下较为稳定且活力较高,对于工业化生产具有一定的应用潜力。关键词:深海沉积物;元基因组文库;低温酯酶;酶学特征     

Chitinase genes revealed and compared in bacterial isolates, DNA extracts and a metagenomic library from a phytopathogen-suppressive soil

Soil that is suppressive to disease caused by fungal pathogens is an interesting source to target for novel chitinases that might be contributing towards disease suppression. In this study, we screened for chitinase genes, in a phytopathogen-suppressive soil in three ways: (1) from a metagenomic library constructed from microbial cells extracted from soil, (2) from directly extracted DNA and (3) from bacterial isolates with antifungal and chitinase activities. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of chitinase genes revealed differences in amplified chitinase genes from the metagenomic library and the directly extracted DNA, but approximately 40% of the identified chitinase terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) were found in both sources. All of the chitinase TRFs from the isolates were matched to TRFs in the directly extracted DNA and the metagenomic library. The most abundant chitinase TRF in the soil DNA and the metagenomic library corresponded to the TRF¹⁰³ of the isolate Streptomyces mutomycini and/or Streptomyces clavifer . There were good matches between T-RFLP profiles of chitinase gene fragments obtained from different sources of DNA. However, there were also differences in both the chitinase and the 16S rRNA gene T-RFLP patterns depending on the source of DNA, emphasizing the lack of complete coverage of the gene diversity by any of the approaches used.     

Construction and preliminary analysis of a metagenomic library from a deep-sea sediment of east Pacific Nodule Province

The Pacific Nodule Province is a unique ocean area containing an abundance of polymetallic nodules. To explore more genetic information and discover potentially industrial useful genes of the microbial community from this particular area, a cosmid library with an average insert of about 35 kb was constructed from the deep-sea sediment. The bacteria in the cosmid library were composed mainly of Proteobacteria including Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria. The end sequences of some cosmid clones were determined and the complete insert sequences of two cosmid clones, 10D02 and 17H9, are presented. 10D02 has a length of 40.8 kb and contains 40 predicted encoding genes. It contains a partial 16S rRNA gene of Alphaproteobacteria. 17H9 is 36.8 kb and predicted to have 31 encoding genes and a 16S-23S-5S rRNA gene operon. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequence on the 17H9 both reveals that the inserted DNA from 17H9 came from a novel Alphaproteobacteria and is closely related to Magnetospirillum species. The predicted proteins of ORF 1-11 also have high identity to those of Magnetospirillum species, and the organization of these genes is highly conserved among known Magnetospirillum species. The data suggest that the retrieved DNA in 17H9 might be derived from a novel Magnetospirillum species.     

“电子”cDNA文库筛选指导基因的全长cDNA克隆

“电子”ｃＤＮＡ库筛选主要是指通过采用生物信息学的方法延伸表达序列标签（ＥＳＴ）序列,以获得基因的部分及至全长ｃＤＮＡ序列,避免或部分避免构建与筛选ｃＤＮＡ库等烦琐的实验室工作。该方法具体体现了ＥＳＴ数据库的迅速扩张已导致识别与克隆新基因的策略发生革命性的变化。ＥＳＴ序列ＺＡ７３为本实验室克隆到的可能参与辐射致气管上皮细胞恶性转化过程的基因片段,本研究采用“电子”ｃＤＮＡ库筛选的方法对其可能     

云南腾冲热泉土壤微生物基因组文库的构建与分析

采用冻融、蛋白酶K、SDS-高盐-加热处理法联合的方法,直接从云南腾冲地区的一个弱碱性高温热泉沉积样品中提取和分离环境混合基因组DNA,产量为每克样品1~2μg DNA,用Promega试剂盒纯化后进行PstⅠ部分酶切处理,电泳回收3~8kb的片段后,构建了pSK( )为载体的基因组文库,共获得25000个阳性克隆,平均插入片段长度为4.6kb。通过随机DNA序列测定和基因注释,发现外源插入片段含有未见报道的序列。     

Land use change alters functional gene diversity,composition and abundance in Amazon forest soil microbial communities

Land use change in the Amazon rainforest alters the taxonomic structure of soil microbial communities, but whether it alters their functional gene composition is unknown. We used the highly parallel microarray technology GeoChip 4.0, which contains 83 992 probes specific for genes linked nutrient cycling and other processes, to evaluate how the diversity, abundance and similarity of the targeted genes responded to forest‐to‐pasture conversion. We also evaluated whether these parameters were reestablished with secondary forest growth. A spatially nested scheme was employed to sample a primary forest, two pastures (6 and 38 years old) and a secondary forest. Both pastures had significantly lower microbial functional genes richness and diversity when compared to the primary forest. Gene composition and turnover were also significantly modified with land use change. Edaphic traits associated with soil acidity, iron availability, soil texture and organic matter concentration were correlated with these gene changes. Although primary and secondary forests showed similar functional gene richness and diversity, there were differences in gene composition and turnover, suggesting that community recovery was not complete in the secondary forest. Gene association analysis revealed that response to ecosystem conversion varied significantly across functional gene groups, with genes linked to carbon and nitrogen cycling mostly altered. This study indicates that diversity and abundance of numerous environmentally important genes respond to forest‐to‐pasture conversion and hence have the potential to affect the related processes at an ecosystem scale.     

大腹圆蛛主壶腹腺cDNA文库构建和丝蛋白基因筛选

首次通过反转录-置换法和使用pUC18质粒成功构建大腹圆蛛（Araneus ventricosus)主壶腹腺（major ampullate gland)cDNA基因文库,并以鸟枪法从中筛选出具有典型重复结构的大腹圆蛛主壶腹丝蛋白cDNA基因AvF1,大小为1744bp,编码区为1572bp,编码氨基酸524个,分子量为42489.55Da,典型的重复结构为（GGP）nGGX。与现有已知的蛛丝蛋白基因中三带金蛛（Argiope trifas-ciata)鞭毛样丝基因（AtfF)有最高的同源性69.3%。大腹圆蛛主壶腹腺cDNA文库的构建和蛛丝蛋白新基因的克隆,为提供大腹圆蛛蛛丝蛋白基因背景和进一步研究蛛丝蛋白奠定了基础。