共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Linda Wolfe 《Primates; journal of primatology》1979,20(4):525-534
This report contains detailed data on the sexual behavior of the 60 sexually mature females of the Arashiyama West troop of
Japanese macaques.
The study group was a natural troop transported intact in 1972 to a ranch in South Texas. Since transplantation, the monkeys
have been free to roam and feed within a 42.2 ha enclosure. Analysis of data collected on the 140 monkeys that composed the
troop during the 1973–74 and 1974–75 breeding seasons revealed: (1) Female-male mounting is an important aspect of Japanese
macaque sexual behavior; (2) All females had preferred partners and most avoided both heterosexual and homosexual interactions
with close kin; (3) Pubescent and adult females exhibit different patterns of sexual behavior; (4) Pubescent and adult females
were affected somewhat differently by the transportation from Japan to their current home in South Texas. These behavioral
patterns and their implications are discussed.
The study was partially supported by PHS Biomedical Science Grant 50-262-1112. 相似文献
2.
A. J. Rao V. Ramesh S. G. Ramachandra H. N. Krishnamurthy N. Ravindranath N. R. Moudgal 《Primates; journal of primatology》1998,39(1):97-107
The present paper summarizes some of the important biological and physiological data recorded over a 30-year period on the
biology of bonnet monkeys in captivity. Data on sexual maturity, menstrual cyclicity, general behaviour, endocrine profile,
reproductive physiology, gestation, parturition, postpartum amenorrhoea in the female, and sexual maturity, hormone profile,
and seasonal variation in sperm count of the male monkeys are presented. In addition to the biological values, weights of
selected organs, vertebral and dental pattern are also presented. Menarche occurred at an age of 36±4 months and the first
conception in the colony occurred at an age of 54±4 months. The average menstrual cycle length was 28±4.3 days. Majority of
monkeys did not cycle regularly during March–June during which the temperature reached a peak. The pregnancy index of the
colony was 80% with controlled breeding. The gestation period was 166±5 days with 6–7 months postpartum amenorrhoea. Males
attained sexual maturity by the age of 6–7 years and exhibited the characteristic nocturnal surge of serum testosterone at
this age and sperm concentration ranged from 116–799 millions/ejaculate. 相似文献
3.
M. V. Shaikhelislamova F. G. Sitdikov N. B. Dikopol’skaya G. A. Bilalova G. M. Kayumova 《Human physiology》2009,35(6):747-754
Integrated study of the functional state of the sympathoadrenal system and the adrenal cortex in children of both sexes aged
10–15 years. The study was conducted on the basis of the daily adrenaline, noradrenaline, 17-ketosteroid, and 17-oxycorticosteroid
excretion values, which allowed certain synchrony to be established in the manifestation of the activity of the transmitter
link of the sympathoadrenal system and the adrenal cortex androgenic and glucocorticoid functions with age, during sexual
maturation. The heterogeneous character of maturation was found in the sex groups: in girls at an age of 10 and 12 years and
in the boys at an age of 14–15 years. Changes in the excretion of the hormones and hormone metabolites with different directions
and rates in the age-sex groups were observed throughout the academic year. In 14- to 15-year-old boys, a sharp increase in
the daily excretion of the glucocorticoid metabolites accompanied by a substantial decrease in the age-related noradrenaline
excretion values and the sex hormone metabolite values at an age of 15 years was observed. In the girls, these values varied
within the age range, which indicates a more perfect character of the neuroendocrine regulation of their physiological functions
in the period of sexual maturation. 相似文献
4.
The maturation pattern of sexual reproduction in Hizikia
fusiformis (Harvey) Okamura (Sargassaceae, Phaeaophyta) was examined in 2003 at Yunao Bay, Nanao Island, Shantou, China. Maturation began in mid-April (seawater temperature 19–21 ∘C), reached the peak in mid-May (maturation rate ca. 70%, and seawater temperature 23.5–25 ∘C) and finished in late-June (seawater temperature 27.5–30 ∘C). The Hizikia plants continued to gain the length from the beginning of maturation season to reach a maximum mean length of 34.8 cm in mid-May, after which the mean length was reduced drastically due to the senescence and rupture of the larger plants in size. The major portion of the mature plants belonged to the larger plants between April and May, but to the smaller ones in June. It is suggested that the plant must achieve a critical size before reproductive maturation occurred. There was a positive relationship between the number of receptacles (NR), as well as the reproductive allocation (RA), and the plant size of Hizikia population, with the recorded maximum values of NR and RA being 1220 and 64.3% respectively, for a single plant. 相似文献
5.
Maren Huck Marcelo Rotundo Eduardo Fernandez-Duque 《International journal of primatology》2011,32(5):1133-1152
Life history predicts that in sexually dimorphic species in which males are the larger sex, males should reach sexual maturity
later than females (or vice versa if females are the larger sex). The corresponding prediction that in sexually monomorphic
species maturational rates will differ little between the sexes has rarely been tested. We report here sex differences in
growth and development to adulthood for 70 female and 69 male wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarai). In addition, using evidence from natal dispersal and first reproduction (mean: 74 mo) for 7 individuals of known age, we
assigned ages to categories: infant, 0–6 mo; juvenile, 6.1–24 mo; subadult, 24.1–48 mo; adult >48 mo. We compared von Bertalanffy
growth curves and growth rates derived from linear piecewise regressions for juvenile and subadult females and males. Growth
rates did not differ between the sexes, although juvenile females were slightly longer than males. Females reached maximum
maxillary canine height at ca. 2 yr, about a year earlier than males, and females’ maxillary canines were shorter than males’. Thus apart from canine eruption
and possibly crown–rump length, the development of Azara’s owl monkeys conforms to the prediction by life history that in
monomorphic species the sexes should develop at similar paces. 相似文献
6.
Shinichi Yoshihiro Masaru Ohtake Hajime Matsubara Koichiro Zamma Goro Han'ya Yasuaki Tanimura Hiroyuki Kubota Ritsuko Kubo Tatsuhiro Arakane Toru Hirata Mari Furukawa Aki Sato Yukio Takahata 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(2):409-415
A census of wild Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) was carried out in a 23-km2 area of the western coast of Yakushima Island, Japan. We analyzed the census data to investigate changes in monkey distribution
associated with the vertical distribution of vegetation. In the lowland coastal zone of 0–300 m above sea level (a.s.l.),
4.8 troops and 62.4–99.8 monkeys are estimated to have existed per km2. In the mountainside zones of 300–900 m a.s.l., the troop density decreased to 1.3–1.6 troops/km2. Since there was no difference in size between the coastal and mountainside troops, population density should decrease with
altitude to about 30–36 monkeys per km2. On the other hand, 2.4 troops and about 36 monkeys were estimated to have inhabited per km2 in the mountain summit zone of 900–1,323 m a.s.l.
Nature Conservation College 相似文献
7.
One of the arguments against aging being programmed is the assumption that variation in the timing of aging-related outcomes is much higher compared to variation in timing of the events programmed by ontogenesis. The main objective of this study was to test the validity of this argument. To this aim, we compared absolute variability (standard deviation) and relative variability (coefficient of variation) for parameters that are known to be determined by the developmental program (age at sexual maturity) with variability of characteristics related to aging (ages at menopause and death). We used information on the ages at sexual maturation (menarche) and menopause from the nationally representative survey of the adult population of the United States (MIDUS) as well as published data for 14 countries. We found that coefficients of variation are in the range of 8–13% for age at menarche, 7–11% for age at menopause, and 16–21% for age at death. Thus, the relative variability for the age at death is only twice higher than for the age at menarche, while the relative variability for the age at menopause is almost the same as for the age at menarche. 相似文献
8.
The rate of predation on mammals by chimpanzees was determined from carcasses and from fecal specimens found on fresh trails
during a 16-month period in the montane forest of Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Zaire. A unit-group of semi-habituated chimpanzees,
composed of 22 – 23 individuals including 8 adult or adolescent males, appeared to kill about 18 – 30 mammalian prey (16 –
28Cercopithecus monkeys) per year, if the multiple kills by chimpanzees were not considered. A juvenile l'Hoest's monkey was recorded for
the first time as the prey of chimpanzees in this study. Predation occurred in the late dry and the early rainy seasons, when
the diversity of ripe fruits was the highest during the year. The Kahuzi chimpanzees tended to kill mammals less frequently
but to killCercopithecus monkeys more frequently than chimpanzees in other habitats. The absence of red colobus monkeys, which are the most frequent
prey in Gombe, Mahale, and Tai, might be responsible for the low predation rate. However, the estimated rate of predation
onCercopithecus monkeys is the highest record among various chimpanzee habitats. At least 11 – 18% of theCercopithecus population seemed to be lost annually as a result of being killed by chimpanzees. Chimpanzees may be the most important predators
on these monkeys in the absence of leopards at Kahuzi. The examination of fecal samples and carcasses suggested that adult
(probably male) or adolescent chimpanzees tended to eat juvenile or subadult monkeys most frequently, as is also seen for
chimpanzees in Gombe, Mahale, and Tai. 相似文献
9.
To develop a microsatellite marker set applicable to genome-wide screening of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), 148 microsatellite markers were selected from the human genome database. The polymorphisms and inheritance of PCR products
were determined by screening twenty unrelated monkeys and by analysis of three families, respectively. As a result, 106 primers
(72%) gave PCR products of the size expected for humans and rhesus monkeys. Among these products, polymorphism and single-gene
inheritance in cynomolgus monkeys was observed for 66 markers (62%). The average number of alleles at the 66 polymorphic loci
was 5.86 (range 2–10), and average heterozygosity was 0.63 (range 0.10–0.88). This is the first report of microsatellite markers
for cynomolgus monkeys. Chromosomal mapping of these markers is now in progress. 相似文献
10.
ChunLin Zou JiaYin Wang ShuYan Wang Fen Huang ZhenHua Ren ZhiGuo Chen Yu Zhang 《中国科学:生命科学英文版》2012,55(3):210-218
Juvenile (2–23 years old) cynomolgus monkeys are frequently used as recipients in non-human primate islet transplantation
studies. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different doses of streptozotocin (STZ), and find the optimal
dose for inducing diabetes in these monkeys. Fifteen juvenile (2–3 years old) cynomolgus monkeys were separated into three
groups and administered with different doses of STZ (100, 68 or 60 mg kg−1). Basal and glucose-stimulated blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels, as well as body weights were monitored. Hepatic
and renal function tests and pancreatic immunohistochemistry were performed before and after STZ treatment. Monkeys treated
with both 100 and 68 mg kg−1 of STZ exhibited continuous hyperglycemia, which coincided with a nearly complete loss of islet β-cells. Two monkeys received
60 mg kg−1 of STZ, but only one became completely diabetic. During the first week following STZ treatment, hepatic and renal function
slightly increased in these three groups. However, 24 hours post-STZ, serum total bile acid levels were significantly increased
in monkeys treated with 100 mg kg−1 than those treated with 68 mg kg−1 of STZ (P<0.05). These data suggest that 100 mg kg−1 and 68 mg kg−1 of STZ can safely induce diabetes in cynomolgus monkeys aged 2–3 years, but 68 mg kg−1 of STZ, rather than 100 mg kg−1 of STZ, may be more appropriate for inducing diabetes in these monkeys. Furthermore, body surface area, rather than body
weight, was a more reliable determinant of dosage, where 700 mg m−2 of STZ should be the lower limit for inducing diabetes in juvenile monkeys. 相似文献
11.
A protocol was developed for the induction, maturation and germination of somatic embryos from leaf tissue of jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider]. Explants were placed on their adaxial sides in Petri dishes and maintained in darkness on half-strength
Murashige and Skoog basal medium (MS/2). Combinations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1.35–4.52 μM) with 6-benzylaminopurine
(1.33–4.43μM) and 2 synthetic cytokinins, N-(2-chloro-4pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (1.21–4.03μM) or (E)-6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-but-2-enylamino]
purine (1.11–3.71μM) resulted in formation of embryogenic cultures and somatic embryos. After two 30-day subcultures, embryogenic
cultures were transferred onto MS/2 medium supplemented with different auxins and cytokinins. Somatic embryo maturation, germination
and plantlet formation were achieved using 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (3.75μM) or indole-3-butyric acid (3.44μM) in combination
with BA (0.44 or 1.33μM) or F3iP (0.37 or 1.11μM). Histology confirmed each stage of development.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Kenji Ida Yoichi Noda Juri Yano Aisaku Fukuda Hisashi Matsumoto Takahide Mori 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(1):107-116
A total of 301 oocytes were recovered from crab-eating monkeys and subjected to insemination in vitro resulting in two fertilized
ova. Sixteen monkeys in 24 cycles received 37.5 IU of hMG daily from the second day of the menstrual cycle for 7 to 10 days.
Oocytes were recovered under laparotomy at 20 to 49 hr after administration of 1,000–1,500 IU of hCG. The maturation rate
of the recovered oocytes was 24.2% as judged from morphological criteria under the light microscope. With additional maturation
culture, the rate increased to 36.2%. The matured oocytes were inseminated at 3 to 4 hr after aspiration using homologous
spermatozoa which had been capacitated in vitro. Two oocytes were judged as being fertilized based on the presence of 3 and
5 pronuclei, respectively, when examined 12 hr after the insemination. This is the first report of in vitro fertilized ova
in nonhuman primates in Japan. 相似文献
13.
The daily total sleep time (TST) of the only nocturnal simian primate, Aotus spp., remains little studied under controlled conditions. We conducted 3 experiments in 4 owl monkeys (Aotus sp.), aged 1–27+ yr, to determine the daily TST. We housed 3 their—a nuclear family—in 1 cage and the remaining senescent female in an adjacent separate cage. We monitored their activity-sleep pattern longitudinally for 15–20 d via actigraphy: by tagging an acclerometer-type miniature transmitter (Actiwatch-MINIMITTER) sensitive to omnidirectional movement, to the owl monkey's neck. The TST (9.5–12.5 h) was ca. 4.5–7 h less than the 17 h Perachio reported for owl monkeys in 1971 by polysomnography, under similar 12-h-light; 12-h dark conditions. Our finding corroborates well with the TST for other nonhuman primates. Four members of the Aotus colony at our facility reached 20 yr in captivity; the oldest (wild-born female) is still living at >27 yr, and the second oldest (captive-born male), is 23 years now. 相似文献
14.
K. N. Kosobokova 《Polar Biology》1999,22(4):254-263
Seasonal variations in the gonad development and sex ratio of copepodite stage V (CV) and adults were examined from February
to November in order to understand the reproductive cycle and the life history of Calanus glacialis in the White Sea. Gonad maturation, sexual differentiation and moulting to adults take place during the 2nd year of development.
Energy accumulation takes place in the spring and summer of the 2nd year. The following autumn/winter is the major period
of CV maturation, which occurs independent of food supply. Maturation of males precedes that of females by 2–3 months. The
maximum proportions of CV and adult males are found in the population in October and November. The onset of female maturation
is observed in February and March, ca. 2 months prior to the spring phytoplankton bloom. Reproduction takes place between
April and June. Its termination in the second half of June coincides with the warming of the surface water layer where egg
laying takes place. Variations in the gonad morphology throughout the year suggest long life spans and iteroparity of females
of C. glacialis in the White Sea. Many of them survive for several months after reproduction and are able to overwinter again. Therefore,
females with different life histories co-occur in the population in winter: “young” females recently moulted from the overwintering
CVs, and “old” females which have spawned at least once in their life, after which they return to overwintering conditions.
In contrast, males have shorter life spans of 3–4 months resulting in a sex ratio skewed toward females at all seasons.
Accepted: 27 April 1999 相似文献
15.
The heterogeneity of parasitism risk among host individuals is a key factor for stabilizing or sustaining host–parasitoid
interactions. Host maturation variability, or the variation in the maturation times among host individuals, is the simplest
source of such heterogeneity, but it has often been neglected in previous theoretical studies. We developed a configuration
individual-based model (cIBM) of host–parasitoid interaction to investigate to what degree of host maturation variability
promotes the persistence of host–parasitoid interactions. We ran simulations with various degrees of host maturation variability
for different lengths of unsusceptible period. The result showed that low host maturation variability could sustain host–parasitoid
dynamics when the host-unsusceptible period was short. Conversely, high levels of variability could sustain host–parasitoid
dynamics when the host-unsusceptible period was about half of the total larval period. This suggests that the balance between
variability and unsusceptible period is important for the persistence of host–parasitoid interaction. We conclude that maturation
variability is a factor that can contribute to the sustainment of host–parasitoid interactions. 相似文献
16.
A few reports have suggested the possibility that feeding conditions might affect the sexual maturation of free-ranging Japanese
monkeys in provisionized troops. In the present study, the sexual maturation of male monkeys at Takasakiyama in 1984, nine
years after the start of restriction of artificial feeding, was examined externally and histologically and the results were
compared with data obtained in 1971, when artificial foods were abundantly given. Spermatogenesis was not observed in any
of the males under 4.5 years old in the present study, whereas it was noted in some premature 3.5-year-old males and in all
males over 4.5 years old in the 1971 study. The age of sexual maturation thus rose by one or more years over the 13-year period
from 1971 to 1984. The lag in sexual maturation of the males at Takasakiyama in 1984 could have been induced by the restriction
of artificial feeding. 相似文献
17.
Atko Viru Livian Laaneots Kalle Karelson Tamara Smirnova Mehis Viru 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1998,77(5):401-408
The dependence of exercise-induced hormone responses on sexual maturation was tested in a 3-year longitudinal experiment
on 34 girls (aged 11–12 years at the beginning). Sexual maturation was evaluated by Tanners five-stage scale. Children cycled
for 20-min at 60% maximal oxygen uptake once a year. Cortisol, insulin, growth hormone, β-oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone
concentrations in venous blood were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures. Basal concentrations of growth hormone increased
and of cortisol decreased when breast stage III was reached. Reaching breast stage IV was associated with an increase in basal
concentrations of β-oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone. The exercise induced significant increases in concentrations
of cortisol, growth hormone and β-oestradiol and a decrease in insulin concentration. At breast stage III the increase in
cortisol concentration was to a lower level [467 (SEM 42) vs 567 (SEM 46)nmol · l−1] and growth hormone concentration to a higher level [29.4 (SEM 0.5) vs 12.8 (SEM 0.4)ng · ml−1], while the fall in insulin concentration was less pronounced [postexercise level 10.6 (SEM 0.9) vs 7.8 (SEM 0.8)mU · l−1] than in stage II. The magnitude of the cortisol response was reduced in the last stage of breast development (+42.1% vs
+55.5% at stage II, +66.2% at stage III, and +50.0% at stage IV). The magnitude of β-oestradiol response was the lowest in
breast stage IV (+15.8%) and the highest at stage V (+41.1%). The progesterone response became significant at stage IV and
testosterone response at stage V. In conclusion, we found that reaching breast stage III was associated with altered responses
of cortisol, insulin and growth hormone concentrations while the responses of the sex hormone concentrations became pronounced
in the last stages of sexual maturation.
Accepted: 17 September 1997 相似文献
18.
Yukibumi Kaneko Keisuke Nakata Takashi Saitoh Nils Chr Stenseth Ottar N. Bjørnstad 《Population Ecology》1998,40(1):21-37
The biology of the gray-sided voleClethrionomys rufocanus in Hokkaido, concerning taxonomy, morphology, phylogeny, distribution, and natural history, is reviewed. Applied issues in
forest management (damage, control and census) are also mentioned. AlthoughClethrionomys rufocanus of Hokkaido was originally identified as a distinct species,Evotomys (=nowClethrionomys) bedfordiae Thomas, 1905, current literature generally refers to the gray-sided vole of Hokkaido asClethrionomys rufocanus or asC. rufocanus bedfordiae (vernacular name, the Bedford’s red-backed vole). The gray-sided vole is the most common small mammal in Hokkaido. It inhabits
open areas as well as forests, and mainly feeds on green plants. The gray-sided vole has a high reproductive potential; litter
size: 4–7; gestation period: 18–19 days; maturation age: 30–60 days old. Although spring-born individuals usually attain sexual
maturity in their summer/fall of birth, their maturation is sometimes suppressed under high densities. The breeding season
is generally from April to October, but with some regional variation.Clethrionomys rufocanus has a rather specialized diet (folivorous), particularly during winter when it feeds on bamboo grass. Many predators specialize
on the grey-sided vole in Hokkaido; even the red fox, which is a typical generalist predator, selectively feeds on this vole.
Damage by voles’ eating bark used to be sever on forest plantations in Hokkaido. Censuses of small rodents have been carried
out for management purpose since 1954. 相似文献
19.
D. Ferbus U. Testa M. Titeux F. Louache M. N. Thang 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1985,67(2):125-133
Summary Variations in the (2′–5′) oligoadenylate synthetase (2–5 A synthetase) level were examined prior to and during the differentiation
in culture of the human monocyte cell line U937 and the promyelocytic cell line HL60 in an attempt to reveal whether the enzyme
is actively involved in hematopoietic cell maturation. The basal level of this enzyme was much higher in U937 than in HL60
cells. The activity of 2–5 A synthetase was enhanced in both cell lines in response to α, β interferons.
During cell differentiation, ten markers were measured. The level of the enzyme rose during the process of cellular maturation
in both cell lines. The 2–5 A synthetase activity observed in differentiated HL60 and U937 cells was comparable to that observed
in mature normal granulocytes and monocytes respectively. Induction of U937 differentiation by chemicals was associated with
detectable production of IFN. The increase in enzyme activity observed was mostly dependent on endogenous production of interferon,
since it was inhibited by interferon antibodies. Kinetic studies showed that in U937 cells 2–5 A synthetase was expressed
prior to several of the differentiation markers. The rise in the enzyme's level observed during the differentiation of HL60
cells was independent of endogenous production of interferon, since it was not inhibited by the addition of anti-interferon
antibodies.
These results suggest that different biochemical and molecular mechanisms are responsible for the induction of 2–5 A synthetase
observed during the differentiation of hematopoietic cells. In any case, 2–5 A synthetase can be considered as a biochemical
marker of cell status and differentiation in hematopoietic cells. 相似文献
20.
The behavior of 8 nursery/peer-reared and 16 mother-only reared rhesus macaques was observed between birth and 5 months of
age, with follow-up studies conducted when the animals were 10–21 months old and living in large social groups. Nursery-reared
neonates were more awake, active, and irritable than mother-only reared monkeys. From 1 to 5 months of age the nursery/peer-reared
animals exhibited a greater variety of behaviors than the mother-only reared infants, which spent the majority of the time
in ventral contact with mothers. As juveniles the groups were indistinguishable with the exception of more self-directed behaviors
observed in the nursery/peer-reared monkeys. Both rearing conditions, by virtue of their atypicality, imposed restrictions
on social development. The behavioral similarity of the juveniles while in the large social group may be a function of maturation
or due to the rehabilitative effect of the large social group. 相似文献