天山中部天山云杉林土壤种子库年际变化

通过定点采样,采用萌发法对天山中部天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana Fisch.et Mey.)近熟林(101-120a)和成熟林(121-160a) 2004-2011年(8a)土壤种子库物种组成、种子密度的年际变化和不同间隔年限土壤种子库物种组成的相似性进行了分析.结果表明:(1)土壤种子库中共萌发鉴定出种子植物87种,隶属29科70属,其中乔木种子植物2种,灌木种子植物2种,草本种子植物83种,土壤种子库中草本植物种子密度远远大于木本植物种子密度;8个采样年份土壤种子库恒有种仅有6种;(2)土壤种子库种子密度及其中天山云杉种子密度存在巨大的年际变动,且不具有同步性;土壤种子库种子密度最大(2009年)值为(953.75±66.12)粒/m2,最小(2008年)值为(186.50±20.37)粒/m2,其中天山云杉种子密度最高(2006年)达到(584.50±53.58)粒/m2,最低(2005年)仅有(0.25±0.26)粒/m2;(3)天山云杉林土壤种子库年际间物种组成的相似性不高,Czekanowski相似系数均值仅为0.344,并随间隔年限的增加呈现减小—增大—减小的变化趋势.天山云杉林土壤种子库物种组成和种子密度稳定性差,年际间相差悬殊,物种组成的相似性不高,种子库中天山云杉种子密度主要受其种子库采样前一年天山云杉结实丰歉的影响,属间断型.土壤种子库年际变化特征可为天山森林的更新恢复和可持续经营提供科学依据.     

林窗尺度对侧柏人工林土壤微生物量和功能多样性的影响

微生物活性是影响土壤碳循环等地下生态系统过程的重要因素。以徐州市侧柏(Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco)人工林为研究对象,以未受干扰的侧柏林为对照(CK),设置半径分别为4、8、12m的3种尺度近圆形林窗,从林窗边缘(D1)到距林缘4m(D2)及8m处林下(D3)水平梯度上分析土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和代谢功能多样性的变化。结果表明:1)与CK相比,林窗样地土壤MBC总体降低,MBN含量显著下降(P0.05),MBC/MBN显著上升(P0.05)。在3种尺度林窗中,MBC在大林窗偏小,MBN在小林窗偏小;MBC/MBN总体上随林窗尺度增大而减小。2)与CK相比,大中林窗降低了土壤微生物代谢活性(AWCD),小林窗变化不大。从D1到D3点,小林窗的AWCD先降后升,中林窗呈上升趋势,大林窗则相反。而且林窗降低了土壤微生物对各类碳源的利用,主要利用聚合物类和氨基酸类碳源,中林窗样点对碳水化合物和氨基酸类小分子碳源的利用最低。3)林窗总体提高了土壤微生物功能多样性,其中多样性(H')、丰富度(S)和均匀度(E)3个指数在各点之间均无显著差异,小林窗和CK的优势度指数(D_s)显著大于(P0.05)大林窗。侧柏林人工林窗对土壤微生物量和功能多样性的影响有着明显的尺度和位置梯度效应,林窗有望促进侧柏林土壤碳固持和大分子物质降解,提高其应对全球气候变化的能力,综合而言,中尺度林窗对侧柏林生态功能的发挥较为有利。     

湘中丘陵区南酸枣阔叶林群落特征及群落更新

南酸枣阔叶林群落是湘中丘陵区的重要的森林群落类型之一,在森林演替过程中占有重要的地位。在湘中丘陵区长沙县大山冲林场的代表性群落——南酸枣阔叶林群落(The Choerospondias axillaries broad-leaved community)设立1 hm2固定样地,对其群落学特征进行调查,分析其植物多样性和更新动态。结果表明:群落中胸径≥1cm的乔木树种共有25科42属59种。乔木层中南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaries)的重要值最大(23.57),是群落中的建群种;南酸枣胸径和树高结构均呈正态分布,南酸枣幼苗(1.0cm≤DBH1.5cm)只有6株;群落中四川山矾(Symplocos setchuensis)的重要值(10.46)排第二,但胸径小于1.5 cm的幼树数量较多(占种群数量的22.0%),格药柃(Eurya muricata)、千年桐(Aleurites montana)和毛豹皮樟(Lindera coreana)的重要值分别为7.98(幼树数占种群数量的16.8%),5.39(幼树数占种群数量的11.7%),4.17(幼树数占种群数量的11.0%),这4个乔木树种的径级结构均呈倒J型分布;林分的成层结构中,上层木主要为南酸枣,下层木主要为四川山矾、格药柃、千年桐和毛豹皮樟。林下幼苗主要为常绿阔叶树种,且更新良好,并将成为下一个演替阶段的建群种。南酸枣的幼苗更新不良情况说明其在群落中的优势地位在逐年降低,而四川山矾、格药柃、千年桐、毛豹皮樟等树种的优势地位呈上升趋势,表明湘中丘陵区的南酸枣阔叶林群落正在朝常绿阔叶林的方向演替。灌木、草本层中共有植物37种,重要值前5位的种为檵木(Loropetalum chinensis)、满山红(Rhododendron mariesii)、乌饭(Vaccinium bracteatum)、栀子(Gardenia jasminoides)、映山红(Rhododendron simsii)分别为54.59、21.85、4.98、4.63、4.53,其中,檵木和满山红在灌木层中的优势地位明显。     

Seed vigor and plant competitiveness resulting from seeds of Eupatorium adenophorum in a persistent soil seed bank

Seeds in a persistent soil seed bank (PSSB) provide an effective way to maintain plant population and community stability. Seeds that persist in soil incur physiological costs of maintaining viability and vigor, thus, the growth capability of resulting plants may be reduced. However, a lot of functional roles of the PSSB have been deduced from seed germination capability, and little consideration has been given to interspecific and intraspecific competitive ability of the resulting plants. Eupatorium adenophorum was used as the study species to compare germination of different artificially aged PSSB seeds and competition at different densities between resulting plants of aged and freshly produced seeds. Seed burial caused decreases in survival rates but not germination speed. During the 175-day growth period, the individual biomass, average height, basal stem diameter and leaf number of plants from aged PSSB seeds were little lower than that of plants germinated from freshly produced seeds. However, the differences were not significant at any densities. Thus, (1) although seeds stored in soil exhibited a very high death rate, they maintained a high vigor for germination, and (2) resulting plants from PSSB seeds exhibited good competiveness to plants from new seeds of the same population. The results further confirm the significance of PSSB in maintaining stability of plant populations and communities.     

生草栽培对山核桃林地土壤养分及微生物多样性的影响

高强度经营导致山核桃林地土壤性质改变,设置了白三叶、黑麦草、油菜、紫云英、自然杂草和清耕(对照)6个处理,以3次重复,随机排列的2年田间试验,研究了不同生草栽培对山核桃林地土壤养分和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:与清耕相比,生草栽培均能改善土壤养分状况,除全钾外,白三叶和紫云英处理较其他处理能显著提高土壤养分含量,其余几个处理间差异不明显;生草栽培显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量,白三叶、黑麦草、紫云英、油菜和自然杂草处理分别较清耕提高了169.6%、159.7%、144.1%、138.6%和58.6%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。6种不同处理的土壤微生物活性(AWCD)、微生物Shannon指数和均匀度指数均存在明显差异。不同处理的土壤AWCD为白三叶紫云英油菜自然杂草黑麦草清耕;白三叶处理的土壤微生物Shannon指数高于其他处理;白三叶、紫云英和油菜处理的土壤微生物均匀度指数显著高于其他处理。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物活性、微生物Shannon指数和均匀度指数两两之间均达到极显著差异(P0.01),三者与土壤各养分指标之间未达显著差异,但表现为正相关关系。白三叶、紫云英和油菜对改善土壤微生物特性效果较好。     

三江平原沟渠土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系

为了探究三江平原沟渠土壤种子库在湿地植物保护中的作用及其在湿地恢复中的潜力,该文采用幼苗萌发法与样方调查相结合的方法,对三江平原不同开挖年限沟渠的土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系进行了研究。结果表明:沟渠具有较大规模的土壤种子库,边坡种子库显著大于底泥种子库,边坡种子库密度为8 973–25 000 seeds·m–2,底泥种子库密度为506–1 488 seeds·m–2。开挖10年、20年和30年的沟渠土壤种子库共有50种植物萌发,隶属于20科41属。开挖10年、20年和30年的沟渠土壤种子库萌发物种数分别为37种、34种和33种,地上植被物种数分别为25种、33种和22种。土壤种子库和相应地上植被的相似性系数分别为38.7%、35.8%和32.7%。随着植物群落演替的进行,地上植被的Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均逐渐增大。三江平原沟渠土壤种子库和地上植被中保存了大量湿地植物,表明沟渠具有保护植物物种多样性的作用,沟渠土壤种子库具有湿地恢复的潜力。随着沟渠开挖年限增加,沟渠植物群落呈现退化特征,建议对沟渠系统加强管理。     

Composition and variability of essential oils of Platycladus orientalis growing in China

Essential oils were isolated from the leaves of Platycladus orientalis growing in 16 areas of China. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total, 98 volatile compounds were identified. Chemical variability in essential oil composition was evaluated using cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The two analyses led to the identification of four chemotypes: α-pinene, α-pinene/3-carene, cedrol, and cedrol/terpinyl acetate. Geographically, the populations growing in close proximity had similar essential oil composition. The chemical variability could possibly be attributed to genetic and environmental factors.     

濒危海草贝克喜盐草的种群动态及土壤种子库——以广西珍珠湾为例

于2012年4月-2013年4月调查了广西珍珠湾地区贝克喜盐草(Halophila beccarii Ascherson)种群的基本属性及土壤种子库储量。结果表明,不同月份间该种群的面积、覆盖率、直立茎密度、生物量、繁殖器官密度等属性差异明显,均呈现先增大后减小再增大的趋势;各个属性出现峰值的日期有所不同,面积、覆盖度、地下生物量和总生物量的最高峰值出现在10月底,而直立茎密度和地上生物量峰值最高峰值出现在8月初。贝克喜盐草珍珠湾种群有明显雌蕊先熟现象,雌花发育高峰期(8月初,5404 朵/m²)早于雄花发育高峰期(8月底,2189 朵/m²)。而果实高峰期(4125 个/m²)为10月份。地上与地下生物量之比值(1.95-0.53)随种群的发育而逐渐减小,基于此比值可判断贝克喜盐草种群所处的发育阶段。在生长高峰期,贝克喜盐草种群有较大的分布面积(21.4 hm²)、较高的覆盖度(55%)、直立茎密度(21602 茎/m²)及生物量(70.583 g/m²干重)。贝克喜盐草果实含种子为1-4粒(平均为2.22粒);1月、3月和4月土壤种子库密度分别为5749、5652、2728 粒/m²,3-4月期间土壤种子库种子损失率高达104 粒 m^-2 d^-1。尽管贝克喜盐草有较高的种子产量(10月份,9158 粒/m²)和较快的生长速度,但由于土壤种子库中种子损失严重且种子萌发率较低以及人为干扰对其生境的强烈干扰等因素,因此可能会对次年的种群更新产生较大的负面影响。     

天童山森林土壤种子库的时空格局

土壤种子库是植物群落的潜在物种库。在中国东部典型丘陵地区天童国家森林公园内选取8类微地形, 分别于2008年9月、12月和2009年3月、6月进行野外调查取样和室内实验, 从总计1,960份土样中挑选种子进行鉴定及分类统计, 研究其时空格局, 探讨自然森林土壤种子库的基本特征及分布规律。结果显示: (1)共检出有活力的种子5,024粒, 共鉴定出68个种, 其中定名种65个; 落叶阔叶乔木和常绿阔叶小乔木物种数量以及种子数量均占优势; 土壤种子库与地上植被共有种为48种, 相似性系数为0.45。(2) 2级和3级顶坡及下部边坡、麓坡、泛滥性阶地种子库储量较大, 而高上部边坡、中上部边坡和低上部边坡种子库储量较小。雷公鹅耳枥(Carpinus viminea)和细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana)是各个微地形单元种子库的优势种。其他优势种中, 上部坡面的微地形主要为格药柃(E. muricata)、短梗冬青(Ilex buergeri)、黑山山矾(Symplocos heishanensis)、四川山矾(S. setchuensis)等常绿树种, 而下部坡面的微地形主要为南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、橄榄槭(Acer olivaceum)、西川朴(Celtis vandervoetiana)等落叶树种。(3)土壤种子库储量在垂直空间上的分布是0-2 cm土层>2-5 cm土层>5-10 cm土层>枯枝落叶层。(4)土壤种子库具有明显的季节动态, 其储量在各个取样时间中的分布为12月>3月>9月>6月。     

Comparative skeletogenesis of the Oriental Tree Frog Hyla orientalis (Anura: Hylidae)

The ontogeny of skeletal development of the Oriental Tree Frog, Hyla orientalis (Bedriaga, 1890), is followed from tadpole to froglet and compared with four other hylid species i.e., Hypsiboas lanciformis, Hypsiboas pulchellus, Phyllomedusa vaillanti and Pseudis platensis. Our analysis and comparison is based on cleared and double-stained specimens. The parasphenoid is the first skeletal element that ossified in Hyla orientalis is followed by the exoocipital, prootic, axial and appendicular skeletal elements, frontoparietal, nasal, upper jaw, squamosal, pterygoid, lower jaw, vomer and quadratojugal. Ossification initiated at early Stage 33 in Hyla orientalis whereas in other hylids it begins after Stage 37. Major transformations of the larval jaw were visible after Stage 42. Cranial ossifications were completed after appendicular and axial ossifications of Hyla orientalis. All skeletal elements ossified before the end of the metamorphosis, a unique feature of Hyla orientalis in comparison to the other hylids studied here.     

林窗尺度对侧柏人工林土壤微生物生物量碳氮的短期影响

为了明晰林窗尺度对侧柏人工林土壤微生物生物量碳氮的短期影响,以徐州市50年生侧柏人工林为研究对象,探讨了开设林窗2a后3种林窗尺度(半径分别为4m,S林窗;8m,M林窗;12m,L林窗)和位置(林窗内、林缘和林窗外部)对土壤微生物生物量碳氮(MBC,Microbial Biomass Carbon;MBN,Microbial Biomass Nitrogen)的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照样地相比,L林窗显著提高了春季(207.1mg/kg)和夏季(169.5mg/kg)林窗外部的土壤MBN含量;M林窗显著提高了春季林窗内部(2959.3mg/kg)和林缘(3008.8mg/kg)位置土壤MBC含量和林缘位置(207.7mg/kg)土壤MBN含量,且显著提高了夏季林窗内部(144.4mg/kg)土壤MBN含量;S林窗显著降低了春季林窗外部和林缘位置土壤MBC(分别为2159.2mg/kg和1955.1mg/kg)和MBN(分别为153.1mg/kg和131.3mg/kg)含量。(2)土壤MBC含量与土壤全碳和土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,与土壤温度呈极显著负相关(在3—27℃之间);土壤MBN含量与土壤含水量和DOC含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤全碳呈显著正相关;土壤MBC和MBN含量与凋落物量没有显著相关关系。本研究中,相对于S和L林窗,M林窗对土壤微生物生物量的提高作用较为明显,可促进侧柏人工林土壤碳氮循环过程,在徐州侧柏人工林中开设M林窗有利于提高土壤肥力和林木生长。     

荒漠草原区4种植物群落土壤种子库特征及其土壤理化性质

土壤种子库作为地上植被更新的潜在种源,在植被自然恢复和演替过程以及生态系统建设中起着重要作用。以宁夏盐池县荒漠草原区4种植物群落为研究对象,通过对封育16年后植物群落土壤理化性质的变化与其土壤种子库的特征之间的关系的探讨,揭示荒漠草原植物群落的土壤种子库分布特征和演替趋势,以及土壤质量的改变如何影响土壤种子库特征。研究结果表明：（1）不同植物群落土壤种子库物种组成及种子密度不同,同一物种在不同植物群落土壤种子库中出现时种子密度也存在差异;禾本科、菊科、藜科植物种在4种植物群落土壤种子库中出现比例均较高,分别占到26.19%、21.43%和19.05%,占总物种数的66.7%;灰绿藜、冰草、碱蓬在4种植物群落土壤种子库中均有出现。（2）4种植物群落土壤种子库中多年生植物和一年生植物种子居多,灌木、半灌木植物种较少。（3）4种植物群落土壤种子库中物种数和种子密度均表现为：芨芨草群落 > 苦豆子群落 > 油蒿群落 > 盐爪爪群落;且随着土层的加深,4种植物群落土壤种子库中物种数和种子密度均呈递减趋势。（4）4种植物群落土壤种子库中Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpsin指数、Pielou指数和Patrick指数均表现为芨芨草群落 > 苦豆子群落 > 油蒿群落 > 盐爪爪群落。此外,芨芨草群落土壤种子库与油蒿群落土壤种子库相似性最高,油蒿群落与盐爪爪群落的最低。（5）土壤种子库物种多样性特征指数与土壤pH、含水量、碱解氮呈正相关,与土壤电导率呈负相关,其中土壤pH和电导率对种子库物种多样性的影响较大。荒漠草原封育以后,土壤种子库中植物种数、种子密度和物种多样性均呈增加趋势,且以多年生植物和一年生植物种子居多;禾本科和豆科植物的物种数和种子密度大于菊科和藜科,这表明围封后牧草品质改善,植物群落正向演替。     

西双版纳热带森林土壤种子库与地上植被的关系

通过实验研究探讨了西双版纳几类热带森林的土壤种子库与地上植被的关系．结果表明,在森林演替的初期,土壤种子库与地上植被共有的种类和种子储量较多,随着林龄的增大,外来种子的比例逐渐增加,到季节雨林阶段,土壤种子库中的种子大部分为来自群落外的先锋种类．这些种子在郁闭的林冠下很难萌发,一旦森林受到干扰出现林窗或空旷地,这些潜在的种源将迅速萌发,参与植被的恢复或演替     

碧峰峡常绿阔叶林不同群落物种多样性和土壤理化性质

为了解四川碧峰峡景区常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性和土壤理化性质现状,提出利于森林经营管理及生物多样性保护的可靠方法,采用典型抽样法调查样地27个,通过聚类和排序将样地归类,探究不同类型群落物种多样性特征和土壤理化性质.结果 表明:Bray-Curtis距离为0.53时共聚出6类,山矾栲群落(Ⅰ)、山矾青冈群落(Ⅱ)、木荷山...     

Cytochrome oxidase I sequences reveal possible cryptic diversity in the cosmopolitan symbiotic copepod Nesippus orientalis Heller, 1868 (Pandaridae: Siphonostomatoida) on elasmobranch hosts from the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa

Over the past decade, numerous molecular phylogenetic studies uncovered cryptic diversity within the Copepoda, yet very few investigations focused on symbiotic copepods. Here we report mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I diversity in the cosmopolitan elasmobranch symbiont Nesippus orientalis off the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa. Analysis of partial COI sequences of copepods sampled from a diversity of shark hosts, revealed the presence of two divergent clades. Diversity within the clades does not appear to be structured based on host species, host individual, geographic locality or time of sampling. However, divergence between the two clades seems to be related to host species. Phylogenetic analyses of representatives from the two clades, along with Nesippus spp., Caligus spp. and Lepeophtheirus spp. outgroups, further supports the distinction between the two clades. Future molecular phylogenetic investigations of widespread copepod symbionts most likely will reveal far greater levels of biodiversity than currently recognized.     

Recovery of rain forest soil seed banks under different reforestation pathways in eastern Australia

Summary Seed availability is a major factor limiting the recruitment of rain forest to cleared land, but little is known about the composition of the soil seed bank under different reforestation pathways. We quantified changes in the viable soil seed bank following rain forest clearing and pasture establishment and subsequent reforestation in subtropical eastern Australia. Major reforestation pathways in the region include planting of a diverse suite of native trees for ecological restoration purposes, autogenic regrowth dominated by the non‐native tree Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) and management of this regrowth to accelerate the development of a native tree community. These pathways differ considerably in cost: restoration plantings are expensive, autogenic regrowth is free, whilst managing regrowth generally costs much less than restoration plantings. We surveyed five sites within each of three reforestation pathways as well as reference sites in remnant rain forest and pasture. The composition of the seed bank was determined by germinating plants from soil samples collected from each site. Germinants were classified into several functional groups according to life form, origin, dispersal mode and successional stage. The majority of functional groups varied significantly in abundance or richness between rain forest and pasture sites. Most of the functional groups that varied between rain forest and pasture were restored to values similar to rain forest by at least one of the three reforestation pathways examined. The species richness of native woody plants in the soil seed bank was slightly higher in restoration plantings than in autogenic or managed regrowth; nevertheless, the species richness and abundance of native woody plants and vines were higher in the seed bank of autogenic regrowth than pasture, and both attributes were enhanced by the management of regrowth sites. The results of this study show that autogenic regrowth can make an important contribution to rain forest restoration at a landscape scale. The optimal reforestation approach or mix of approaches will depend on the desired rate of recovery and the resources available for restoration.     

川西北冷杉林恢复过程中土壤动物群落动态

为了掌握川西北冷杉林群落恢复过程中土壤动物群落的变化动态,2008年4月对川西北地区的原始冷杉林和50a冷杉林的土壤动物群落进行了调查。共捕获大型土壤动物287个,33科(类);中小型土壤动物4681个,57科(类)。50a冷杉林大型土壤动物群落的类群数和密度显著高于原始冷杉林(P<0.05);中小型土壤动物群落的类群数和密度分别显著低于(P<0.05)和高于原始林(P<0.05)。PCA排序结果表明两个不同年龄段间的大型和中小型土壤动物群落结构均存在明显差异,但大型土壤动物群落间的相似性系数小于中小型土壤动物群落,表明大型土壤动物群落的恢复速度慢于中小型土壤动物群落;且大型和中小型土壤动物群落间的Srenson相似性均低于Morisita-Horn相似性,进一步表明群落物种组成的恢复速度较慢,而优势类群及常见类群的数量恢复较快。50a冷杉林的大型和中小型土壤动物的多样性指数H、丰富度指数D和优势度指数C均高于原始冷杉林,而均匀度指数E则低于原始冷杉林,但仅大型土壤动物的丰富度指数D存在显著差异(P<0.05)。以上研究结果表明,冷杉林的恢复过程可显著提高大型土壤动物群落多样性,且土壤动物群落的组成恢复较慢,而优势类群和常见类群的个体数量恢复较快。     

Seasonal changes in bird species diversity at the interface between forest and reed-bed

Habitat edges are landscape structures that have a major influence on animal communities. Bird communities' response to habitat edges is influenced by the season and habitat characteristics but it is still poorly understood how communities respond to structural complex (i.e. natural) edges. Inter-seasonal changes in bird species diversity were quantified at a homogeneous, sharp interface between two habitats that host distinct and well-represented bird communities: a mature broad-leaved forest and a compact reed-bed area. Resident species diversity was found higher during winter, both in terms of species richness and evenness. The presence of the reed-bed nesting migrants during the summer season did not notably modify the seasonally reversed diversity pattern; the overall evenness was higher during the winter season while the overall species richness did not differ between the two seasons. Thus, contrary to the expected regional seasonal diversity pattern, the forest – reed-bed interface is, in winter, a local bird diversity hotspot. The possible causes and implications for conservation of this phenomenon are discussed.     

Coexistence of Abies alba (Mill.) - Fagus sylvatica (L.) and climate change impact in the Iberian Peninsula: A climatic-niche perspective approach

Abies alba Mill. (European silver fir) and Fagus sylvatica L. (beech) are Eurosiberian species dispersed over the Iberian Peninsula. Climate change predictions indicate a rise in temperature and a decrease in precipitation in this region, threatening the future existence of these species. In the present study we analyzed the future topo-climatic suitability of Abies alba and Fagus sylvatica and the mixed forests of these two species, using the General Linear Models technique and data from the third National Forest Inventory (Ministerio de Agricultura PyA, 2007). We considered two modeling approaches based on niche theory: modeling community (Abieti-Fagetum) and overlapping individual species models. General trends showed an overall decrease in both species’ topo-climatic suitability and indicated that the Pyrenees will play a crucial role as a climatic refuge. The modeling approaches markedly differed, however, in their current and future spatial agreement. Despite good accuracy results, community modeling through co-occurrence does not encompass the environmental space of individual species prejudicing future assessments in new environmental situations, suggesting a need for future studies in community modeling.     

生境片段化对千岛湖马尾松林内土壤种子库的影响

土壤种子库是森林群落更新的主要来源之一,对森林的演替和恢复等具有重要意义。生境片段化现象正日益严重地影响着森林群落,并可影响森林土壤种子库。研究了千岛湖地区的大陆及岛屿次生马尾松林内土壤种子库的组成及其影响因素(e.g.,岛屿面积,形状指数,隔离度和距岛屿边缘距离等)。根据大陆和岛屿的面积及边缘梯度,采用大数量小样方法,分别在土壤种子库最大化(初冬,2015年12月)和最小化(晚春,2016年4月)时期对马尾松林内土壤进行了机械取样。对土壤样品进行萌发实验,检测了两个时期的土壤种子库上层(0—2 cm)和下层(2—5 cm)种子组成,并通过广义线性混合效应模型等手段分析其影响因素。结果显示:(1)所有316个土壤样本中,萌发出幼苗1422株,隶属于29科、40属、41种。其中,木本植物幼苗占13种1024株,草本占28种398株。(2)Jaccard指数和相关性分析均显示初冬、晚春时期的土壤种子库组成具有很高的相似性;土壤种子库上、下层组成的相似性也很高。(3)广义线性混合效应模型分析显示,在大陆和岛屿上,土壤种子库下层种子含量低于上层;而大陆样地土壤种子库中的木本植物种子数较岛屿样地高。岛屿上,土壤种子库中的种子数随土层的加深而降低;随边缘梯度升高也下降,尤其是草本植物的种子。对于岛屿上的木本植物,不耐阴种的种子数量远大于耐阴种,尤其是土壤下层。表明千岛湖地区马尾松林内土壤种子库组成受到生境片段化的影响,进而可能作用于该类型森林群落的演替。