太行山猕猴牙齿与颅长的相关性

对太行山猕猴牙齿有关变量做了测量,统计,并就其与颅骨长间的异速生长和相关程度进行了研究。结果表明,太行山猕猴牙齿具有明显的性别差异,雄性牙齿的变异程度在犬齿和中央门齿表现尤为突出。在线性型或面积方面,雄性牙齿的异速生长均快于雌性和雄＋雌,此与其生活史对策相适应,在雄性,雌性或雄＋雌,下颌齿变量与颅骨长的相关程度比上颌更为密切,与有关资料的比较表明,太行山猕猴与金丝猴之间的差异小于与菲氏叶猴之间的差异。     

太行山猕猴肩胛骨和肱骨性差的研究

以26例成年太行山猕猴肩胛骨和肱骨的15项线性变量为对象,运用SPSS 12.0统计分析软件对其进行双变量相关分析、异速生长分析和主成分分析,以探讨各变量之间的性差大小以及产生的原因.结果表明,太行山猕猴雌雄之间存在明显的性差.其原因可能与性成熟时间、生长速率的不同以及各自的生活方式和运动行为有关.     

太行山猕猴掌面花纹嵴数不对称性研究

为了解太行山猕猴掌面花纹嵴数的方向性不对称和波动性不对称的特征和性差,对26例(雌18例,雄8例)肤纹完整清晰的太行山猕猴的掌面花纹嵴数进行计数,用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行T-检验和相关分析.结果表明:在方向性小对称有关变量中存在性别差异,变量之间存在弱的负相关,波动性不对称量不存在性差,变量之间的相关系数有不同程度的性差.     

太行山猕猴髋骨异速增长和性别判定研究

目的是了解太行山猕猴髋骨性差特征及异速增长模式。太行山猕猴髋骨标本66例(雄21例,雌45例)。选择髋骨4个比值变量。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0。组间均值比较采用单因素方差分析。性别判别分析采用逐步判别法。结果表明:成年太行山猕猴大部分髋骨变量性差显著(P0.05)。根据髋骨变量的异速增长分析可以得到3种模式。回归模型检验有统计学意义(P<0.01)。用少量髋骨变量可以有效地识别性别,性别正确判别率是87.0%。结论:髋骨变量的性差与异速增长模式主要与雌性髋骨变量青春期异速增长有关,髋骨的形态特征是猕猴运动功能与生殖功能交互作用的结果。     

成年太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)肩关节变量的研究

本项研究对成年太行山猕猴肩关节变量进行了测量和统计,作了异速生长分析,并对太行山猕猴(M.mulatta tcheliensis)、滇南猕猴(M.mulatta mulatta)、川西猕猴(M.mulatta lasiotis)、湘鄂猕猴(M.mulatta littoralis)肩关节变量进行了比较和聚类分析。与上述3个亚种相比,太行山猕猴较短的肩胛骨、较小的锁肱指数、较大的三角肌止点指数和较小的摆荡指数,表明太行山猕猴肩关节形态结构更适应于地面上的活动,说明其在地面上活动较多,在树上活动较少。     

太行山猕猴跗骨形态与两性分化

观察太行山猕猴跗骨形态结构,并初步探讨其两性分化的模式。根据猕猴齿式及骨垢愈合程度选择成年太行山猕猴跗骨标本52例(雄性15例,雌性37例)。选择4块跗骨(舟骨、骰骨和2块楔骨)的5个形态变量进行观察。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0统计软件,组间差异检验采用单因素方差分析。猕猴跗骨5个变量的两侧差异性检验无统计学意义(P>0.05)。跗骨性别之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),均为雄性大于雌性;第3楔骨的前关节间宽性差最大(F=85.719,P<0.001);其次是舟骨的前关节宽(F=54.213,P<0.001)和第1楔骨的前关节间长(F=51.865,P<0.001)。猕猴足骨与其他灵长类相比差异具有统计学意义。猕猴跗骨与人类跗骨形状和数量不同,存在着物种、生活习性和运动类型等差异,研究猕猴跗骨的形态结构和性差对生物进化和种间比较有重要意义。     

猕猴颊齿大小的性差研究初报

对28例太行山成年猕猴(♂10,♀18)的上、下颌颊齿齿冠面积进行测量。运用SPSS 10.0统计软件的多变量分析,选择有关颊齿变量建立性别判别函数。结果表明:猕猴颊齿具有明显的性差。选择不同的变量和选择不同的判别函数其性别正确判别率不同。上、下颌颊齿的性差有一定差异。使用逐步判别法建立判别函数,其性别正确判别率上颌颊齿为89.3%,下颌颊齿为92.3%。     

猕猴牙齿的变异性研究

本文是猕猴（Ｍａｃａｃａｍｕｌａｔｔａ）７个亚种１３０个头骨的牙齿比较研究结果。在２２项变量中,有１２项表现出明显的性二型,对另外１０项不等于２２项的单因子方差分析表明,除Ｍ＿２近中远侧距离（ＬＭ＿２ＭＤＬ）外,其余变量在７个亚种之间具有显著性差异。判别分析结果说明,其中６项变量虽对亚种的划分具有显著性贡献,但各亚种间的总判别率仅为３２．５６％,亦即牙齿结构在猕猴各亚种间的变异较小。６项变量组成的星状图表明,印度指名亚种与中国各亚种的牙齿形态有较大差异。在中国猕猴各亚种间,指名亚种ｍｕｌａｔｔａ（Ｃｈｉｎａ）与福建亚种ｌｉｔｔｏｒａｌｉｓ和西藏亚种ｖｅｓｔｉｔａ与川西亚种ｌａｓｉｏｔｉｓ表现出较大的相似性。猕猴的牙齿结构随纬度不同呈现出梯度性变化。各亚种间的牙齿差异主要表现在大小或形状方面,这与不同亚种的个体大小相关。     

太行山猕猴颅骨变量的波动不对称性

探讨了太行山猕猴Macaca mulatta颅骨变量波动不对称特征及影响因素。猕猴颅骨标本62例(♀43,♂19),按性别和年龄分组。选择颅骨两侧对称的24个变量,转换为标准波动不对称值(FA)。数据用SPSS 20.0进行处理。结果显示:大部分颅骨变量的FA值在性别组间和年龄组间没有统计学差异(P>0.05);不同变量的FA值大小不同;FA值的变化趋势是雌性大于雄性,亚成体组大于成体组。结果提示猕猴颅骨波动不对称特征可能与它们的肢骨不对称特征不同,可能在某种程度上反映了猕猴的生长发育及环境刺激对不对称的影响。     

太行山猕猴掌骨性别判别分析

为了了解成年太行山猕猴5根掌骨的性差大小。本文对太行山猕猴掌骨标本40例(雄:10, 雌:30)进行观察并选择掌骨的9项形态变量进行测量。数据用SPSS19.0软件进行多变量判别分析。结果表明: 5根掌骨长度等变量在性别之间有明显差异。用全模型法5根掌骨的性别正确判别率范围为94.1%~100.0%, 用逐步判别法掌骨性别正确判别率范围为93.8%~97.5%。有关掌骨的9个形态变量, 长度变量首先被挑选出来, 说明在性别判别中起重要作用。分别用左右侧掌骨的判别函数来判别性别时侧别差异不明显。结论: 用每根掌骨的形态变量建立判别函数可以有效地区分性别, 对非人灵长类掌骨标本的性别鉴定有一定的理论意义和应用价值。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.