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1.
1. The electron transport in isolated chloroplasts with silicomolybdate as electron acceptor has been reinvestigated. The silicomolybdate reduction has been directly measured as ΔA750 or indirectly as O 2 evolution (in the presence or absence of ferricyanide).2. Silicomolybdate-dependent O 2 evolution is inhibited to a similar extent by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) 1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU) or dibromothymoquinone (DBMIB), indicating the existence of two different sites of silicomolybdate reduction: one before the DCMU block (i.e. at Photosystem II) and one after the DBMIB block (i.e. at Photosystem I).3. Silicomolybdate-dependent O 2 evolution is coupled to ATP synthesis with an ratio of 1.0 to 1.1. The presence of ferricyanide inhibits this ATP synthesis ( ratio then is about 0.3).4. Silicomolybdate-dependent O 2 evolution is also coupled to ATP-synthesis in the presence of DCMU with an ratio of 0.6–0.8 characteristic of Site II; in this case the electron transport itself is not affected by uncouplers or energy-transfer inbihitors.5. The data are interpreted as a further demonstration that the water-splitting reaction is responsible for the conservation of energy at Photosystem II. 相似文献
2.
Two cycles of photosynthetic control have been observed in isolated spinach chloroplasts in the presence of lipophilic class III electron acceptors, which may accept electrons at PS II. ratios of 0.8 to 0.9 were recorded;rates of oxygen evolution were stimulated by phosphorylating reagents and uncouplers. Addition of the plastoquinone antagonist DBMIB decreased photosynthetic control, oxygen evolution and photophosphorylation. We believe that there is a coupling site associated with PSII which can be rate limiting. Comparison of the ratios observed with class I and class III electron acceptors leads us to propose that more than 0.6 and possibly approaching one molecule of ATP can be formed for every pair of electrons transported from water to PSII acceptors. 相似文献
3.
An O 2-evolving Photosystem II subchloroplast preparation was obtained from spinach chloroplasts, using low concentrations of digitonin and Triton X-100. The preparation showed an O 2 evolution activity equivalent to 20% of the uncoupled rate of fresh broken chloroplasts, but had no significant Photosystem-I-dependent O 2 uptake activity. The preparation showed a chlorophyll ratio of 1.9 and a ratio of . Absorption spectra at room temperature and fluorescence emission spectra of chlorophyll at 77 K suggested a significant decrease in Photosystem I antenna chlorophylls in the O 2-evolving Photosystem II preparation. 相似文献
4.
1. Ionophore A23187 induces uncoupling of potassium ferricyanide-dependent O 2 evolution by envelope-free chloroplasts and oxaloacetate-dependent O 2 evolution by intact chloroplasts. The half maximal concentration ( ) for stimulation of oxygen evolution in both cases is approximately 4 μM · 100 μg chlorophyll · ml ?1.2. Ionophore A23187 also induces inhibition of CO 2 and 3-phosphoglycerate-dependent O 2 evolution by intact chloroplasts in the presence of 3 mM MgCl 2. The half maximal concentrations ( ) for inhibition of O 2 evolution are 3 μM and 5 μM respectively · 100 μg ?1 chlorophyll · ml ?1.3. A very high concentration of ionophore A23187 (10 μM · 20 μg ?1 chlorophyll · ml ?1) plus 0.1 mM EDTA lowers the fluorescence yield of intact chloroplasts suspended in a cation-free medium in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, indicating loss of divalent cation from the diffuse double layers of the thylakoid membranes.4. These results are discussed in relation to ionophore A23187-induced divalent cation/proton exchange at both the thylakoid and the envelope membranes of intact chloroplasts. 相似文献
5.
Addition of 1m ascorbate to isolated chloroplasts with methyl viologen (MV) as electron acceptor trebled the rate of oxygen uptake and decreased the ratio to a third of that with no ascorbate present. These effects of ascorbate were reversed by superoxide dismutase (SOD), which in the absence of ascorbate had little effect on O 2 uptake or ratio. A chloroplast-associated SOD activity equivalent to 500 units/mg chlorophyll was detected. The effects of ascorbate and SOD on O 2 uptake were similar in both coupled and uncoupled chloroplasts. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ascorbate stimulates O 2 uptake by reduction of superoxide, which is formed by autoxidation of the added electron acceptor (MV), and which dismutates in the absence of ascorbate. Ascorbate does not seem to stimulate O 2 uptake by replacing water as the photosystem II donor. 相似文献
6.
O 2 uptake in spinach thylakoids was composed of ferredoxin-dependent and -independent components. The ferredoxin-independent component was largely 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) insensitive (60%). Light-dependent O 2 uptake was stimulated 7-fold by 70 μM ferredoxin and both uptake and evolution (with O 2 as the only electron acceptor) responded almost linearly to ferredoxin up to 40 μM. NADP + reduction, however, was saturated by less than 20 μM ferredoxin. The affinity of O 2 uptake for for O 2 was highly dependent on ferredoxin concentration, with of less than 20 μM at 2 μM ferredoxin but greater than 60 μM O 2 with 25 μM ferredoxin. O 2 uptake could be suppressed up to 80% with saturating NADP + and it approximated a competitive inhibitor of O 2 uptake with a Ki of 8–15 μM. Electron transport in these thylakoids supported high rates of photophosphorylation with NADP + (600 μmol ATP/mg Chl per h) or O 2 (280 μmol/mg Chl per h) as electron acceptors, with ratios of 1.15–1.55. Variation in ratios with ferredoxin concentration and effects of antimycin A indicate that cyclic electron flow may also be occurring in this thylakoid system. Results are discussed with regard to photoreduction of O 2 as a potential source of ATP in vivo. 相似文献
7.
Chloroplasts which were rapidly isolated from illuminated leaves showed activity of ATP hydrolysis at a level much higher than that of the dark control. Under the high-intensity illumination or under repetitive flash excitation, the activated chloroplasts synthesized more ATP than those with a low ATP hydrolysis activity. formed under repetitive flashes was smaller in the activated chloroplasts than in the inactive chloroplasts. The inhibition of ATP yield per flash by valinomycin or nigericin in the presence of K + was stronger in the inactive chloroplasts than in the activated chloroplast. ATP synthesis in the activated chloroplasts seems to have a lower threshold. 相似文献
8.
An alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase is found in association with isolated spinach chloroplast membranes. The enzyme is not removed from chloroplasts by repeated washings in an iso-osmotic medium. Suspension of the chloroplasts in hyper- or hypo-osmotic medium, however, results in the loss of pyrophosphatase activity in the chloroplasts. Fractionation of an isolated chloroplast suspension by differential centrifugation yields chloroplast fractions possessing high levels of alkaline pyrophosphatase activity but practically devoid of cytoplasmic acid pyrophosphatase.The alkaline pyrophosphatase exhibits a pH optimum of 8.2–8.5. In addition, there is an absolute requirement for Mg 2+, with maximal rates of pyrophosphate hydrolysis occurring at ratios greater than 2. From these findings the actual substrate for the enzyme is evidently Mg 2P 2O 70 with pyrophosphate (P 2O 74?) acting as a potent inhibitor.The enzyme is inhibited by high concentrations of ATP (>3 mm), but increasing the concentration of Mg 2+ effectively relieves this inhibition. At lower ATP concentrations, however, there is a stimulation of pyrophosphatase activity.The rate of hydrolysis of pyrophosphate by isolated chloroplasts is not affected by methylamine, 4′-deoxyphlorizin, and light. The possible role of this enzyme in photophosphorylation is discussed. 相似文献
9.
A comparative study is made, at 15 °C, of flash-induced absorption changes around 820 nm (attributed to the primary donors of Photosystems I and II) and 705 nm (Photosystem I only), in normal chloroplasts and in chloroplasts where O 2 evolution was inhibited by low pH or by Tris-treatment.At pH 7.5, with untreated chloroplasts, the absorption changes around 820 nm are shown to be due to P-700 alone. Any contribution of the primary donor of Photosystem II should be in times shorter than 60 μs.When chloroplasts are inhibited at the donor side of Photosystem II by low pH, an additional absorption change at 820 nm appears with an amplitude which, at pH 4.0, is slightly higher than the signal due to oxidized P-700. This additional signal is attributed to the primary donor of Photosystem II. It decays ( about 180 μs) mainly by back reaction with the primary acceptor and partly by reduction by another electron donor. Acid-washed chloroplasts resuspended at pH 7.5 still present the signal due to Photosystem II ( about 120 μs). This shows that the acid inhibition of the first secondary donor of Photosystem II is irreversible.In Tris-treated chloroplasts, absorption changes at 820 nm due to the primary donor of Photosystem II are also observed, but to a lesser extent and only after some charge accumulation at the donor side. They decay with a half-time of 120 μs. 相似文献
10.
Since coupling between phosphorylation and electron transport cannot be measured directly in intact chloroplasts capable of high rates of photosynthesis, attempts were made to determine ratios from the quantum requirements of glycerate and phosphoglycerate reduction and from the extent of oxidation of added NADH via the malate shuttle during reduction of phosphoglycerate in light. These different approaches gave similar results. The quantum requirement of glycerate reduction, which needs 2 molecules of ATP per molecule of NADPH oxidized was found to be pH-dependent. 9–11 quanta were required at pH 7.6, and only about 6 at pH 7.0. The quantum requirement of phosphoglycerate reduction, which consumes ATP and NADPH in a ratio, was about 4 both at pH 7.6 and at 7.0. ratios calculated from the quantum requirements and the extent of phosphoglycerate accumulation during glycerate reduction were usually between 1.2 and 1.4, occasionally higher, but they never approached 2.Although the chloroplast envelope is impermeable to pyridine nucleotides, illuminated chloroplasts reduced added NAD via the malate shuttle in the absence of electron acceptors and also during the reduction of glycerate or CO 2. When phosphoglycerate was added as the substrate, reduction of pyridine-nucleotides was replaced by oxidation and hydrogen was shuttled into the chloroplasts to be used for phosphoglycerate reduction even under light which was rate-limiting for reduction. This indicated formation of more ATP than NADPH by the electron transport chain. From the rates of oxidation of external NADH and of phosphoglycerate reduction at very low light intensities ratios were calculated to be between 1.1 and 1.4.Fully coupled chloroplasts reduced oxaloacetate in the light at rates reaching 80 and in some instances 130 μmoles · mg ?1 chlorophyll · h ?1 even though ATP is not consumed in this reaction. The energy transfer inhibitor phlorizin did not significantly suppress this reduction at concentrations which completely inhibited photosynthesis. Uncouplers stimulated oxaloacetate reduction by factors ranging from 1.5 to more than 10. Chloroplasts showing little uncoupler-induced stimulation of oxaloacetate reduction were highly active in photoreducing CO 2. Measurements of light intensity dependence of quantum requirements for oxaloacetate reduction gave no indication for the existence of uncoupled or basal electron flow in intact chloroplasts. Rather reduction is brought about by loosely coupled electron transport. It is concluded that coupling of phosphorylation to electron transport in intact chloroplasts is flexible, not tight. Calculated ratios were obtained under conditions, where coupling should be expected to be optimal, i.e. at low phosphorylation potentials . Flexible coupling implies, that ratios should decrease with increasing phosphorylation potentials inside the chloroplasts. 相似文献
11.
Addition of ribose-5-phosphate to intact spinach chloroplasts in the absence of added P i resulted in a conversion of part of the Benson-Calvin cycle into a linear sequence so that triose phosphate accumulated during CO 2 fixation stoichiometrically with the O 2 evolved (triose phosphate / O 2 ratio was 2.0). The fortunate consequence of this effect is that the ratio may be calculated from the 3-phosphoglycerate and triose phosphate accumulated and the O 2 evolved. In this way the ratio was shown to be 2.0, with cyclic or pseudocyclic phosphorylation contributing less than 9% to the total phosphorylation. 相似文献
12.
NH 2OH-treated, non-water-splitting chloroplasts can oxidize H 2O 2 to O 2 through Photosystem II at substantial rates (100–250 μequiv · h ?1 · mg ?1 chlorophyll with 5 mM H 2O 2) using 2,5-dimethyl- p-benzoquinone as an electron acceptor in the presence of the plastoquinone antagonist dibromothymoquinone. This H 2O 2 → Photosystem II → dimethylquinone reaction supports phosphorylation with a ratio of 0.25–0.35 and proton uptake with values of 0.67 (pH 8)–0.85 (pH 6). These are close to the value of 0.3–0.38 and the values of 0.7–0.93 found in parallel experiments for the H 2O → Photosystem II → dimethylquinone reaction in untreated chloroplasts. Semi-quantitative data are also presented which show that the donor → Photosystem II → dibromothymoquinone (→O 2) reaction can support phosphorylation when the donor used is a proton-releasing reductant (benzidine, catechol) but not when it is a non-proton carrier (I ?, ferrocyanide). 相似文献
13.
Thiol modulation of the chloroplast protonmotive ATPase (CF 0-CF 1) by preillumination of broken chloroplasts in the presence of dithiothreitol (or preillumination of intact chloroplasts in the absence of added thiols) had the following effects on photophosphorylation. (1) When assayed at pH 8 and saturating light, the initial rate of photophosphorylation was increased by 10–40%. There was an accompanying increase in the rate of coupled electron transport with no significant change in the overall ratio. (2) On lowering the pH of the assay medium to pH 7, the stimulatory effect of thiol modulation on photophosphorylation and coupled electron flow was enhanced. At pH 7, there was also a small increase in ratio. (3) Addition of a non-saturating amount of uncoupler to the assay medium enhanced the stimulatory effect of thiol modulation on photophosphorylation. In the presence of 1 mM NH 4Cl, there was only a small increase in coupled electron flow and a correspondingly larger increase in ratio. (4) Lowering the light intensity, or inhibiting electron transport, diminished the stimulatory effect of thiol modulation on photophosphorylation, coupled electron transport and ratio. (5) Under all the above conditions, the ΔpH maintained across the thylakoid membrane was lower after thiol modulation, even when photophosphorylation markedly increased in rate. (6) Thiol modulation of CF 0-CF 1 increased the observed Michaelis constant for ADP ( Km(ADP)) and the apparent maximum rate ( Vapp of photophosphorylation by the same factor, so that ratio was not altered. was also unaffected by changing the medium pH, but was significantly decreased upon addition of uncouplers to the medium. These results indicate that the observed rate of ATP synthesis catalysed by thiol demodulated chloroplasts is limited kinetically by the fraction (α) of enzyme molecules that are active during photophosphorylation. A model based on a dual pH optimum requirement for activation of CF 0-CF 1 is presented to explain the dependence of α on ΔpH. Thiol modulation of CF 0-CF 1 is proposed to stimulate photophosphorylation by causing the enzyme to become active over a lower range of ΔpH, thereby reducing the kinetic limitation on ATP synthesis imposed by the activation process. 相似文献
14.
Efficiencies of oxidative phosphorylation ( ratios), intracellular high-energy phosphate pools (ATP and ADP) under aerobic and anaerobic dark conditions, and photosynthetic oxygen evolution measured with intact cells of Anacystis nidulans were found to be specifically depressed by NaCl, but not by KCl. A scheme is proposed which explains the deleterious effect of sodium on the energy metabolism of A. nidulans by competition for protons between ATP synthesis and active sodium extrusion. 相似文献
15.
Light-dependent H 2 evolution from dithiothreitol as electron donor was observed with cell-free preparations of anaerobically adapted and from spinach chloroplasts mixed with hydrogenase. NADH substituted for dithiothreitol as electron donor only in the preparation. Dibromothymoquinone, an antagonist of plastoquinone, selectively inhibited H 2 photoevolution from NADH. These results are interpreted as indicating that 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea insensitive H 2 photoevolution by algae containing hydrogenase is due to the capability of NADH to reduce plastoquinone in the electron transport chain, and to evolve H 2 by a low redox potential carrier of photosystem I. 相似文献
16.
The cell-free preparations from autotrophieally grown Pseudomonas saccharophila catalyzed the process of electron transport from H 2 or various other organic electron donors to either O 2 or NO 3? with concomitant ATP generation. The respective ratios with H 2 and NADH were 0.63 and 0.73, the respective ratios were 0.57 and 0.54. In contrast, the and ratios with succinate were 0.18 and 0.11, respectively. ATP formation coupled to the oxidation of ascorbate, in the absence or presence of added N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl- p-phenylenediamine or cytochrome c, could not be detected. Various uncouplers inhibited phosphorylation with either O 2 or NO 3? as terminal electron acceptors without affecting the oxidation of H 2 or other substrates. The NADH oxidation at the expense of O 2 or NO 3? reduction as well as the associated phosphorylation were inhibited by rotenone and amytal. The aerobic and anaerobic H 2 oxidation and coupled ATP synthesis, on the other hand, was unaffected by the flavoprotein inhibitors as well as by the NADH trapping system. The NADH, H 2, and succinate-linked electron transport to O 2 or NO 3? and the associated phosphorylations were sensitive, however, to antimycin A or 2- n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquino-line- N-oxide, and cyanide or azide. The data indicated that although the phosphorylation sites 1 and II were associated with NADH oxidation by O 2 or NO 3?, the energy conservation coupled to H 2 oxidation under aerobic or anaerobic conditions appeared to involve site II only. 相似文献
17.
Measurements of the initial rate of ATP synthesis and the initial rate of oxygen consumption in mitochondria in which transport of ADP, Pi and ATP were inhibited were used to obtain a value for the intramitochondrial ratio. With succinate as substrate this method yielded a ratio of 2.8 for the phosphorylation of intramitochondrial ADP. 相似文献
19.
Protein phosphorylation in isolated, intact pea chloroplasts was measured during the onset of CO 2-dependent O 2 evolution. Total incorporation of 32P (from 32P i) into the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b—protein was found to be less sensitive than O 2 evolution to inhibition by the uncouplers FCCP and NH 4C1 It is concluded that changes in the rate of ATP synthesis cannot affect protein phosphorylation without also affecting the rate of CO 2-fixation in this system. The ATP/ADP ratio is therefore unlikely to regulate photosynthetic protein phosphorylation under normal physiology conditions. 相似文献
20.
14CO 2 photoassimilation in the presence of MgATP, MgADP, and MgAMP was investigated using intact chloroplasts from Sedum praealtum, a Crassulacean acid metabolism plant, and two C 3 plants: spinach and peas. Inasmuch as free ATP, ADP, AMP, and uncomplexed Mg 2+ were present in the assays, their influence upon CO 2 assimilation was also examined. Free Mg 2+ was inhibitory with all chloroplasts, as were ADP and AMP in chloroplasts from Sedum and peas. With Sedum chloroplasts in the presence of ADP, the time course of assimilation was linear. However, with pea chloroplasts, ADP inhibition became progressively more severe, resulting in a curved time course. ATP stimulated assimilation only in pea chloroplasts. MgATP and MgADP stimulated assimilation in all chloroplasts. ADP inhibition of CO 2 assimilation was maximal at optimum orthophosphate concentrations in Sedum chloroplasts, while MgATP stimulation was maximal at optimum or below optimum concentrations of orthophosphate. MgATP stimulation in peas and Sedum and ADP inhibition in Sedum were not sensitive to the addition of glycerate 3-phosphate (PGA). PGA-supported O2 evolution by pea chloroplasts was not inhibited immediately by ADP; the rate of O2 evolution slowed as time passed, corresponding to the effect of ADP on CO2 assimilation, and indicating that glycerate 3-phosphate kinase was a site of inhibition. Likewise, upon the addition of AMP, inhibition of PGA-dependent O2 evolution became more severe with time. This did not mirror CO2 assimilation, which was inhibited immediately by AMP. In Sedum chloroplasts, PGA-dependent O2 evolution was not inhibited by ADP and AMP. In chloroplasts from peas and Sedum, the magnitude of MgADP and MgATP stimulation of PGA-dependent O2 evolution was not much larger than that given by ATP, and it was much smaller than MgATP stimulation of CO2 assimilation. Analysis of stromal metabolite levels by anion exchange chromatography indicated that ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase was inhibited by ADP and stimulated by MgADP in Sedum chloroplasts. The appearance of label in the medium was measured when [U-14C] ADP-loaded Sedum chloroplasts were challenged with ATP, ADP, or AMP and their Mg2+ complexes. The rate of back exchange was stimulated by the presence of Mg2+. This suggests that ATP, ADP, and AMP penetrate the chloroplast slower than their Mg2+ complexes. A portion of the CO2 assimilation and O2 evolution data could be explained by differential penetration rates, and other proposals were made to explain the remainder of the observations. 相似文献
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