WHO消灭疾病的战略

ＷＨＯ消灭疾病的战略蚁田功（财团法人国际保健医疗中心）ＷＨＯ宪法中明确地写着，ＷＨＯ的目的之一就是消灭疾病。所谓消灭，其定义就是“疾病在人间不再发生，可以全面废止对付该疾病的对策了。”这是美国Ｋａｒｔｅｒ财团疾病消灭国际委员会下的定义。目前，符合此定...     

WHO ARE THE BENEFICIARIES?

Is it defensible that society spends money on medical or research projects intended to help people solve their fertility problems? Suppose that we want to answer this question from the point of view of a utilitarian cost-benefit analysis. The answer to the question then depends, of course, on how expensive these projects turn out to be, relative to the costs of other possible projects. But it depends also on how we assess the benefits of these projects. To whom do they accrue? Who are the beneficiaries of these projects?     

WHO ARE PROSPECTIVE NEUROTICS?

Emotions of any kind and experienced at any age are etiologic factors of neuroses only in predisposed persons.Predisposed persons are those of neuropathic and psychoneuropathic constitution. This is characterized by excessive excitability and abnormal reactivity of the nervous system. This involves, in various degree and proportion, the autonomic nervous system as well as the higher cerebral functions including associative and emotional mental reactions.Objective signs of autonomic nervous imbalance can be detected by physical examination. In the mental sphere, psychoneurotic constitution can be recognized by emotional imbalance, excessive, inadequate, untimely reactions (“psychic dysmetry”).Neuropathic and psychoneuropathic constitution per se is compatible with perfect health. It deserves attention, however, in that its carriers may play an important role in cultural and social life and so exert a great suggestive influence on the mass of people.The type of neurosis or psychoneurosis and the symptoms of it depend chiefly on the constitutional morbid predisposition (constitutional biologic inferiority) of certain organs or organ systems and on the kind of emotional situations which the patient is unable to cope with.The great number of neuroses, psychoneuroses and psychosomatic diseases among patients consulting them makes it imperative that internists and general practitioners be capable of making the correct diagnosis and of carrying out the indicated treatments by “minor psychotherapy.”     

WHO ARE THE WHALES?

ABSTRACT

Whales, dolphins and porpoises, 80 species of entirely aquatic mammals, constitute the order Cetacea. In the early Eocene, about 55 to 60 million years ago according to paleontologists, distant ancestors of modern cetaceans left land for aquatic life. Cetaceans are diverse; average adult size of cetacean species varies by 1000 to 2000 times. Small and large species occupy all oceans from the equator to the polar seas, some forms inhabit rivers and four species live only in fresh water.

Cetaceans are born in water and spend their entire lives in the aquatic medium. There is a great gap in knowledge about hearing in most cetacean species and especially about how noise and high-intensity sound may affect all cetaceans and other mammals underwater. Studies of temporary threshold shift (TTS) and occupational noise exposure in human divers suggest a cautious approach to cetacean noise exposure until data on cetacean TTS can give us some idea of the dynamic range of cetacean ears.     

WHO fellowships--what do they achieve?

Training health professionals is one of WHO''s major strategies for improving health care in the developing world. The aim, to strengthen a country''s own capacity rather than injecting expertise from outside, is in the best tradition of sustainable development. But how effective is this so called "capacity building in human resources"? Since it accounted for $43m of WHO''s budget in 1992-3 and is considered by WHO to be a major contribution to health in individual countries, it deserves detailed examination.     

WHO关于麻疹疫苗的意见书

麻疹病毒是引起人类疾病的重要病原,是专一的人类病原,没有动物宿主和媒介生物,病毒通过气溶胶和直接接触,由呼吸道飞沫传播。从暴露到发病平均14天(7～18天),病人于出疹前2～3天到出疹后1～2天有传染性,一般不发生持续性感染。当麻疹病毒传人无免疫力人群时,90％～100％的人可发生感染,并成为临床病人。热带的麻疹病人多发生于干旱季节,温带的发病高峰在冬末和初春。     

WHO关于轮状病毒疫苗的意见书

此文介绍了轮状病毒性疾病的病原体以及单价或五价轮状病毒疫苗的免疫程序、免疫效果、安全性、成本效益和WHO对疫苗接种的建议。     

脑膜瘤WHO 分级及其基因学研究进展

脑膜瘤是颅内第二大常见肿瘤。WHO根据组织学及肿瘤生物学将脑膜瘤分为3级。目前,随着脑膜瘤研究的深入及肿瘤分子生物学的发展,脑膜瘤在基因学方面的研究越来越受到重视。其中包括原癌基因的激活和抑癌基因的失活。现阶段,比较公认的与肿瘤包括脑膜瘤形成有关的原癌基因主要有c-myc基因、bcl-2基因、Survivin基因及mdm2基因等,抑癌基因主要有p53基因、p73基因、NF-2基因及p16基因等。这些基因通过不同的机制发生不同的改变最终参与了不同级别脑膜瘤的发生和发展。现就其研究进展做一综述。     

WHO生物制品规程和其它建议性规定

<正>为了保证生物制品是安全的、可靠的、并且是有效的预防或治疗制剂,这些制品必须达到规程的技术要求。国际的规程和建议旨在推动不同国家之间生物制品的改进,并且为从事这些制品生产以及选定适宜的分析     

生物制品GMP(WHO,1992)

生物制品ＧＭＰ（ＷＨＯ,１９９２）目录１．本指南范围２．原则３．人员４．厂房和设备５．动物设施及管理６．生产７．标签８．批加工记录（格式）和分发记录９．质量保证和质量控制１本指南范围本指南系作为《药品ＧＭＰ》（见ＷＨＯＴＲＳ,ＮＯ．８２３）的补充。生...     

霍乱研究的新进展——WHO会议备忘录

<正>一、流行病学和生态学 1.第七次世界性流行 自1961年发生世界性流行以来,在非洲,亚洲,地中海东部及南欧等地区的许多国家已经历了地方性或流行性霍乱。这次流行未发现霍乱的唯一地区是南美洲。在某些地方性流行区域,传播趋向有明显的季节性。例如,在孟加拉和印度,全年均有病例发生,但也有明显而典型的季节高峰。