Measurement of Temperature and Humidity in Tobacco Plots in Rhodesia

Small nickel resistance thermometers were tested in variousanti-radiation screens over bare sandy soil in Southern Rhodesia.Satisfactory results were obtained only when the thermometerswere aspirated in small chromed metal shields, based on thedesign of the Mark 3 Assmann psychrometer. The aspirated unitswere compared with an Assmann, at various heights within tobaccoplots during a range of whether conditions, and grave satisfactoryresults when used for continuous periods of several months.Some results are presented illustrating the vertical distributionof temperature and humidity within tobacco plots at differentstages of growth. When plants were small, temperature and humiditygradients appeared to be similar to those that might be expectedover open ground. Later the pattern resembled that of a cropof medium ground cover and density.     

高温对烟叶品质的影响

研究了下列条件下烟叶的成熟和品质的变化.在烟草移栽后第90d进行7d人工高温处理(白天温度为35℃,晚上温度为29℃,光照强度为3×104lx,相对湿度为75%),同期对照的自然条件是3d阴天,日均温为19.7～23.9℃;4d晴天,日均温为25.9～30.8℃,日最强光照强度均在1×1051x以上.结果表明,人工高温处理后,烟叶叶色比对照更绿,成熟期推迟5～7d,没有出现整株烟叶快速变黄的"高温逼熟"现象.对烟叶的细胞结构和化学成分分析,也没有出现"高温逼熟"引起品质变差的变化.因此认为湘南烟区"高温逼熟"导致烟叶品质下降的原因除高温以外,还与强光辐射、"火南风"等因素所造成的危害有关.     

生长温度对烟草叶片环式电子传递活性的影响

高等植物的光合机构在环境胁迫条件下非常容易产生光抑制,环式电子传递在光合机构的光保护中发挥着重要的作用.但是,生长温度对环式电子传递的影响并不清楚.本研究测定了在24/18℃和32/26℃条件下生长40天的烟草(K326)叶片的气体交换、叶绿素荧光和P700氧化还原态的光响应曲线.结果表明,烟草叶片在两种生长温度下的的光合能力、光化学淬灭、非光化学淬灭和通过光系统Ⅱ的电子传递速率(ETR Ⅱ)均没有差异.但是,在强光条件下,生长在24/18℃的叶片比生长在32/26℃的具有更高的通过光系统Ⅰ的电子传递速率(ETRⅠ)和ETRⅠ/ETR Ⅱ比值.短时间的强光处理后,生长在24/18℃的叶片具有较高的光系统Ⅱ最大量子产额(Fv/Fm),表明环式电子传递活性的上调有助于缓解生长在24/18℃的叶片光系统Ⅱ受到的光损伤.综上所述,环式电子传递活性的增强是植物适应较低生长温度的重要策略.     

Wound-induced Proteinase Inhibitor in Tomato Leaves: Some Effects of Light and Temperature on the Wound Response

Wounding of single leaflets of young tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum var. Bonnie Best) plants causes the release of a proteinase inhibitor inducing factor. This factor is rapidly transported throughout the plant where it causes accumulation of inhibitor I, a potent inhibitor of several serine proteinases from both animals and microorganisms. The wound-induced accumulation of inhibitor I is both light- and temperature-dependent. In total darkness no accumulation results from wounding. The accumulation exhibits a linear dependence upon light up to 300 foot candles. At 600 foot candles and above, the response is maximal. In light the wound response possesses an unusual temperature dependence with an optimum rate of accumulation near 36 C. Below 20 C no accumulation occurs. The over-all process contains two light- and temperature-dependent steps, one involving wounding and transport, the other involving accumulation.     

不同磷营养水平对烟草叶片光合作用和光呼吸的影响(英文)

研究了不同磷营养水平(0,1/4,1/2,1,2 P)对烟草(Nicotiana rustica L.)叶片光合、光呼吸、乙醇酸合成和乙醇酸氧化酶活性的影响,结果如下; 光合强度在0～1P范围内随磷水平的提高而增高,但在2P水平中略为下降。光呼吸强度在1/4～2P范围内与光合强度有相同的变化趋势,但在磷水平为零时最高;光呼吸/光合比值亦在磷水平为零时最高,并随磷营养的增加而下降。 HPMS抑制乙醇酸氧化酶活性,乙醇酸的积累量随磷水平的变化与光呼吸有一致的趋势。 在加入FMN时,不同磷营养水平的烟草叶片中乙醇酸氧化酶的活性随磷水平的提高而下降;加入FMN对酶活性的促进作用亦随磷水平的提高而下降。 叶片无机磷、有机磷及总磷含量均随磷营养水平的提高而增加。 用不同浓度的磷酸盐溶液真空渗入在1P培养的烟草叶圆片,并在0.25,0.5,10mmol/LNaHCO_3溶液中测定光合和光呼吸,结果表明在0.25和 0.5mmol/L NaHCO_3中,光呼吸随磷浓度的增加而下降;在 10mmol/L中光呼吸完全受抑制。光合作用与磷浓度关系呈单峰曲线,随着NaHCO_3浓度的提高,其高峰位置向右移,即光合最适磷浓度增大。 根据试验结果及从化学计量学推算,认为磷营养有抑制光呼吸的作用,而光呼吸的运转则有补充叶绿体内进行光合作用所需的无机磷的功能。     

高温对杂交水稻籽粒灌浆和剑叶某些生理特性的影响

以杂交籼稻特优559为材料,探讨了高温胁迫对水稻灌浆期剑叶中有关生理特性和籽粒灌浆速率的影响.结果表明:高温胁迫加速了剑叶叶绿素的丧失,使SOD活性明显降低,质膜透性和MDA含量明显增加,脯氨酸、AsA、GSH、可溶性蛋白质以及可溶性糖含量明显降低,籽粒灌浆速率和籽粒重下降.高温使灌浆期水稻叶片衰老加速、光合能力下降是其导致灌浆速率、结实率、粒重和籽粒产量降低的主要生理原因.     

Some Effects of Temperature and Irradiance on Growth of the First Four Leaves of Wheat, Triticum aestivum

Plants of Heron wheat were grown at 20 and 15 °C and inquantum flux densities of 400 and 200 µmol m^–2 s^–1.At completion of expansion of the first or second leaf, plantswere transferred between temperatures and quantum flux densities.Final size and cell number were measured for each of the firstfour main-stem leaves. Leaf area was affected only slightlyby treatment and effects on leaf length and width were alsosmall. It was concluded that leaf extension rate, which waslower at the lower temperature and in the lower light regime,is inversely related to the duration of leaf expansion. Leafdry wt was higher for plants grown in high light and for plantsgrown at 15 °C; transfer treatments led to readjustmentswhereby dry wts of leaves expanded after transfer resembledthose of leaves on plants kept throughout in the post-transferconditions. Leaf cell number was not affected by treatment but mean drywt per cell was significantly greater in high light, and forthe first two leaves, at 15 °C. There was a major and highlysignificant effect of treatment on the ratio of dry: fresh wtper cell, this being larger for leaves in high light. Transfertreatments between light regimes led to rapid changes in expandingleaves as was found for leaf dry wt. It was concluded that theexpanding grass leaf is much less dependent on older leavesto provide the necessary materials for cell division and expansionthan is the dicotyledon leaf. It is suggested that the increasein cell dry wt in high light is associated with an increasein cell wall material which is under photomorphogenic control. Triticum aestivum, wheat, leaf growth, cell division, cell expansion, cell size     

不同磷营养水平对烟草叶片光合作用和光呼吸的影响

随着磷营养水平的提高,烟草叶片的CO_2补偿点下降、光合速率上升。光呼吸在缺磷时最高。用光呼吸抑制剂处理烟草叶片后,光合的最适磷浓度提高。当CO_2浓度为560μl/L时,缺磷的烟草叶片在从21％O_2转入2％O_2时出现光合振荡,表明光呼吸与磷营养有密切关系。光呼吸在形成乙醇酸时所释放的磷,有回补叶绿体进行光合作用所需的磷的作用。     

Effects of Temperature on Transcriptome Profiles in Cardiocrinum cathayanum Leaves

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - Cardiocrinum cathayanum (Endl.) Lindl. (Liliaceae) is a promising species for ornamental and pharmaceutical usage. However, genomic responses of C. cathayanum...     

延长光照时间对烟草叶片生长发育及光合特性的影响

以烤烟品种‘云烟87’为材料,采用夜间人工补光的方式,以自然光照时间为对照,设置增加1h、2h和3h光照3个处理,研究延长光照时间对烟草生长发育、叶绿素含量及光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数和光响应曲线的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,延长光照时间2h处理下烟株叶长、叶宽、株高显著增加,1h、3h处理影响不显著。(2)延长光照处理显著降低比叶面积,提高叶片叶绿素a、b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素含量,但1h、3h处理的变化幅度小于2h处理。(3)延长光照时间1h和2h处理下叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著升高,3h处理影响不大;延长光照处理显著提高了PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP),降低了非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ),其中2h处理影响幅度最大,但对初始荧光强度F0影响不显著;延长光照处理下烟草叶片的最大净光合速率(Pmax)和光饱和点(Isat)均升高,但光补偿点(Ic)没有明显的变化。研究表明,适当延长光照时间有利于叶片生长发育和干物质积累,提高叶绿素含量,促进光合作用,缓解光抑制现象,充分利用光能,提高叶片光合同化效率。     

Cd、Pb及其复合污染对烤烟叶片生理生化及细胞亚显微结构的影响

本研究以水培的烤烟给予不同浓度的Cd、Pb及其复合物处理10d后的烟叶为材料,分析了烟叶过氧化氢酶、硝酸还原酶的活性变化,测试了烟叶可溶性糖含量的变化情况,通过透射电子显微镜观察到了Cd和Pb对烟叶叶肉细胞亚显微结构的改变,特别是对叶绿体、线粒体和细胞核结构的损伤情况进行了详细观察。并探讨其毒害机理。研究结果表明：1)烟叶过氧化氢酶的活性剧烈地被Cd抑制;而随着Pb浓度的增加,其活性则表现为先增加后减弱的变化。2)Cd对硝酸还原酶活性的影响表现为先刺激增强,当Cd浓度超过50mg·L-1后,Cd剧烈地抑制其活性,当Cd浓度为200mg·L-1时,其活性几乎为零;Pb抑制烟叶硝酸还原酶的活性,仅在1000mg·L-1时出现一个低于正常活性的抗性峰。3)烟叶可溶性糖含量对Cd、Pb及其复合污染非常敏感,在较低浓度的污染处理时,其含量就明显下降,烟叶可溶性糖含量的变化可作为监测Cd、Pb污染的指标。4)Cd对烟叶叶肉细胞亚显微结构具有较强的损伤诱变作用,对细胞核、叶绿体和线粒体造成不可逆转的伤害,破坏了细胞正常生理活动所需的结构基础。电镜观察表明Cd严重地破坏细胞的膜结构。这可能是由于Cd离子与蛋白质结合而使蛋白质变性,从而使得以蛋白质为重要组成成份之一的膜的结构改变,功能丧失。5)在细胞膜的外面可以看到大量的Pb沉积粒,细胞膜可以阻止部分Pb进入原生质体内部,但在细胞质和叶绿体中仍可看到Pb沉积粒。Pb同样的损伤叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核的亚显微结构。     

夜间高温胁迫对水稻叶片光合机构的影响

The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the apparent quantum yield (AQY), the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(Fv/Fm), the quantum yield of PSⅡ electron transport (Ф PSⅡ) and the coefficient of photochemical quenching (qp) were decreased in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves under high nocturnal temperature (42±1) ℃ stress, but the relative reduction state of PSⅡ (1-qp) was increased. With the increment of stress time, the chlorophyll content and the binding degree of chlorophyll-protein complex declined gradually, the O2(superoxide radical) production rate and H2O2 content in leaves elevated. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) increased for 2-3 days under high temperature stress yet decreased afterwards. The results showed that the photosynthetic efficiency declined in rice leaves under high nocturnal temperature stress with concurrent emergence of the symptom of oxidative damage. The gradual increase of the SOD, POD and CAT activities, as well as that of the ratio of Pr (photo-respiration rate) to Pr+Pn and non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) indicates that those mechanisms related to the changes of these parameters may play an important role in protecting rice leaves from oxidative damage under high nocturnal temperature stress.     

Field Notes on Birds of the Chambeshi and Luangwa Areas in Northern Rhodesia

As in my previous notes (Ibis, 1942, pp. 83–90), the information on distribution and breeding is supplementary to that given in Winterbottom's 'Check List of the Birds of Northern Rhodesia'. My 1941 notes in 'The Ibis' (I) dealt with a wider area, but these are restricted to the Chambeshi River area in the Northern Province and to the upper Luangwa River area in the Northern and Eastern Provinces.     

On the Mechanism of Some Temperature Effects on Drosophila

The results of detailed kinetic studies on temperature adaptation and on crossvein deformation in Drosophila melanogaster pupae are presented. A scheme which unifies most of these effects is offered, suggesting that the basic events are a series of changes in the tertiary structure of a protein. Implications of the findings and the scheme are discussed with particular respect to temperature adaptation and to development.     

Studies on the Essential Oils of Tobacco Leaves

The basic fraction contained in the essential oil of the Japanese Flue Cured Tobacco Leaf (before redrying) was investigated and 2,3′-dipyridyl was isolated and identified. While, on the other hand, the basic fraction of the essential oil of the aged Japanese Burley Tobacco Leaf was also investigated and nicotine was found to be the predominant constituent of that fraction. At the same time, a small amount of 2,3′-dipyridyl and myosmine was also isolated and identified.     

Studies on the Essential Oils of Tobacco Leaves

An investigation was conducted on the neutral fraction in the essential oil of Virginia tobacco leaves. α-Pyrryl methyl ketone, ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and furfuryl alcohol were isolated and identified. An alcohol, C₄, and an ester of benzoic acid were also separated. Hydrocarbons were separated from the total neutral fraction by liquid chromatography, prior to any further procedure; and a straight chain paraffin near C₃₀ and an unsaturated hydrocarbon resembling myrcene were also isolated and their contents were determined. A technique of chromatostrip was found to be very useful for detecting liquid chromatographic separation.     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Tobacco Leaves

S-(?)-2-Isopropyl-5-oxohexanoic acid was isolated from the ether extract of Turkish tobacco leaves. Since 2-isopropyl-5-oxohexanoic acid obtained by ozonolysis of (+)-solanone was leavorotatory, tobacco-derived solanone has R-configuration and might be a precursor of the acid in tobacco leaves.     

温度对绿豆离体叶片光合作用的影响

绿豆离体叶片分别经25、30、35、40、45、50、55℃处理60 min后,发现净光合速率和光系统Ⅱ的最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)当温度分别高于35和40℃时明显下降;细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化趋势与净光合速率的基本相反.因此认为,Fv/Fm比净光合速率(Pn)更能耐受高温;气孔因素不是各种温度处理中净光合速率升高或降低的主要原因.