产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的AmpC基因型分析

目的 了解深圳市人民医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌合并产AmpC酶的状况及基因型特点.方法 从近几年深圳市人民医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌临床菌株中,筛选出对头孢西丁耐药菌株51株,PCR分别扩增菌株的TEM、SHV、CTX-M基因,同时应用多重PCR检测菌株的AmpC酶基因,序列测定PCR阳性产物以确定其基因亚型.结果 51株菌中有49株至少检出一种ESBLs或AmpC基因.单ESBLs基因阳性菌株37株(72.5％),单AmpC基因阳性4株(7.8％),合并ESBLs和AmpC基因阳性的8株(15.6％).共有41株(80.4％)含CTX-M-14基因,4株含CTX-M-15,其他基因型ESBLs较少.2株检出两种ESBLs基因;一株同时检三种ESBLs基因.检出AmpC基因的菌株12株,其中10株为DHA-1型,2株为CMY-2型;其中6株DHA-1型及2株CMY-2型菌同时检出CTX-M-14基因.结论 该院头孢西丁耐药产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中大多数为单产ESBLs菌,主要为CTX-M-14型;少数同时产生ESBLs和AmpC酶,AmpC酶以DHA-1型为最常见.     

血流感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs基因分型

目的 了解深圳市人民医院致血流感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的检出率及基因型特点.方法 收集来自临床血液培养标本中的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌115株,采用ESBLs表型确证试验检测菌株的ESBLs,应用PCR扩增产ESBLs菌株TEM、SHV和CTX-M基因,并对阳性扩增产物进行DNA测序分型.结果 115株菌中共检出ESBLs阳性38株,检出率为33.0％;其中大肠埃希菌阳性25株,肺炎克雷伯菌阳性13株.25株产酶肠埃希菌中18株检出CTX-M-14基因,3株检出CTX-M-9基因.13株产酶肺炎克雷伯菌均检出SHV型基因,其中SHV-12阳性10株,SHV-2阳性2株,SHV-59阳性1株;该13株产酶菌中10株同时被检出含CTX-M-14或CTX-M-13基因.结论 该院致血流感染大肠埃希菌产ES-BLs以CTX-M-14为最主要基因型,肺炎克雷伯产ESBLs最常见为SHV-12和CTX-M-14型.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药特征和基因分型研究

目的了解广东省中医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的流行、耐药特点和基因型分布。方法对该院2001年7月至2003年8月间临床分离保存的208株大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,用VITEK-32细菌鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定,用K—B法进行药敏试验,用双纸片法进行ESBLs初筛,用NCCLS1999年推荐的确证方法进行ESBLs确证。并采用PCR扩增和PCR产物测序方法对产ESBLs菌株进行基因分型。结果分离到产ESBLs细菌76株,总检出率为36．5％,其中肺炎克雷伯菌阳性率为41．9％（39／93）、大肠埃希菌阳性率为32．2％（37／115）,产酶株的耐药率明显高于非产酶株,产ESBLs细菌对青霉素类、环丙沙星及头孢菌素类耐药率较高,加酶抑制剂克拉维酸或他唑巴坦后耐药率有明显下降;PCR初步分型结果表明：TEM型42株（55．3％）,均为TEM-1型,CTX-M型27株（35．5％）,SHV型33株（43．4％）。结论产ESBLs细菌具有多重耐药的特点;CTX-M型和SHV型是该院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中流行的基因型。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌整合子及其相关基因盒的研究

目的检测产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌中整合子的整合酶及插入的相关基因盒情况,分析整合子对细菌耐药性的影响。方法采用K-B琼脂扩散法对45株临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌进行药敏试验;应用PCR法检测45株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子;对Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌进行整合子相关基因盒检测。结果45株菌中有27株（60．0％）含有Ⅰ类整合子,没有检测到Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子阳性菌。在Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌中,有23株携带Ⅰ类整合子相关基因盒（85．2％）,5种不同的基因盒图谱,片段大小在600～2322bp,分离自同一科室的部分菌株携带大小相同的基因盒;Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株的耐药率高于整合子阴性的菌株。结论Ⅰ类整合子及整合子相关基因盒在产ESBLs大肠埃希菌株中分布广泛,整合子在细菌耐药中发挥作用。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs检测及耐药性分析

由细菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）引起的细菌耐药性一直是临床相关感染性疾病治疗中的棘手问题。从不同病区患者标本中分离了96株大肠埃希菌和80株肺炎克雷伯菌,分剐采用双纸片协同试验和药物敏感试验检测了上述菌株产生ESBLs情况及对17种抗生素的耐药性。结果发现,27．1％（26／96）的大肠埃希菌株和22．5％（18／80）肺炎克雷伯菌株产ESBLs。ICU病房分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌株ESBLs总阳性率（46．0％）与介入科病房和烧伤科病房分离菌株ESBLs总阳性率（28．6％和25．0％）无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,但明显高于呼吸科、骨科、其他病房及门诊部分离菌株ESBLs总阳性率（6．3％～14．3％,P〈0．01）。不产ESBLs大肠埃希菌株和肺炎克雷伯菌株对17种抗生素耐药率明显低于产ESBLs菌株。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨曲南均敏感,对氨苄西林／舒巴坦、阿莫西林／棒酸、阿米卡星耐药率仅为15．8％-23．4％。上述实验结果提示,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌临床菌株中有较高的ESBLs阳性率,不同病区患者感染的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs阳性率有很大差异,氨曲南、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、阿莫西林／棒酸、阿米卡星可作为治疗产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌感染性疾病的首选药物。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性分析

目的了解杭州市第一人民医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的发生比例及对临床上常用的24种抗菌药物的耐药率变化.方法收集2003 2004年该院各类临床标本中分离的大肠埃希菌,采用NCCLS推荐的表型确证试验方法检测ESBLs菌株;药敏试验采用纸片扩散法.结果2003年与2004年,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌分离率分别为46.11%（184/399）、57.44%（386/672）（P=0.0003）;2年来,ESBLs阳性菌对临床常用的24种药物表现出较高的耐药性,耐药率上升非常显著（P=0.0005）;非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对大多数抗菌药物仍保持较高的敏感率;但2004年ESBLs阴性的大肠埃希菌的耐药性,比2003年显著上升（χ^2=37.785,P=0.0005）.结论尽早开展产ESBLs菌的监测,合理使用抗菌药物,对于有效控制产ESBLs菌的播散与流行是一项重要措施.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测结果分析

目的 了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌(ECO)和肺炎克雷伯菌(KPN)的临床分布及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 采用VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定/药敏分析系统对细菌进行菌株鉴定及药敏分析,对产ESBLs的ECO和KPN的临床分布与耐药结果用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析,应用SPSS 11.5软件进行卡方检验.结果 1955株菌中共检出产ESBLs菌916株,检出率为46.9％,其中EC0 570株,检出率为58.9％,KPN 346株,检出率为35.0％,产ESBLs菌主要从痰液和尿液中检出,主要来自ICU、普外科和神经外科;产ESBLs菌对多种抗生素的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦和亚胺培南较敏感.结论 产ESBLs菌株所致的感染以泌尿道感染和呼吸道感染为主,且呈多重耐药性,临床上要重视对产ESBLs菌株的检测和细菌耐药监测,有效控制产ESBLs菌株的产生和流行.     

中药抗耐药大肠埃希菌研究进展

近年来,耐药大肠埃希菌感染日趋严重,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌株不断增加,由于细菌的多重耐药性,西药抗生素治疗效果差.医药工作者将新药物研究的方向投向中药.本研究就近年来中药抗耐药大肠埃希菌研究进展进行综述.     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素和耐药分析

目的探讨大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素和耐药情况。方法调查2005年1月至2006年12月院内感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌82例原发疾病、免疫抑制剂的使用、侵入性操作、住院时间、抗菌药物使用时间和品种、致病菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,按产ESBLs组和非产ESBLs组对上述各因素进行比较。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为72．3％、5．3％,产ESBLs组对广谱青霉素、头孢菌素耐药率近100％,对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲曝唑高达75％以上,对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较低分别为6．4％、16．7％,头孢西丁、阿米卡星为20％,对亚胺培南均敏感。产ESBLs组住院时间和广谱抗菌药物使用时间显著长于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）。产ESBLs组3代头孢菌素使用率显著高于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）,而广谱青霉素使用率显著低于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）。产ESBLs组使用3代头孢菌素平均9．3d诱导出产ESBLs菌株。结论住院时间长,长期使用广谱抗菌药物,特别是3代头孢菌素的广泛使用是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素。产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对广谱青霉素、头孢菌素、单环类等β-内酰胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类、庆大霉素、磺胺类耐药严重。     

血流感染患者大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶及耐药性分析

目的分析血流感染患者大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（Extended—Spectrum Beta Lactamases,ESBLs）的现状及其耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对浙江省上虞市人民医院2011年1月至2012年12月住院患者血培养分离的96株大肠埃希菌,采用纸片扩散表型确证试验进行ESBLs检测,用K．B法做药敏试验。结果血培养的大肠埃希菌分离率2011年、2012年分别为19．48％、17．47％。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的检出率2011年、2012年分别为60．00％、60．78％。产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于不产ESBLs菌株。无论大肠埃希菌是否产ESBLs,碳青霉烯类抗生素均具有很高的敏感率。结论血流感染患者分离的大肠埃希菌产ESBLs比率高,产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物耐药性高。可经验性使用碳青霉烯类抗生素治疗大肠埃希菌所致的血流感染。     

Proximity-dependent inhibition in Escherichia coli isolates from cattle

We describe a novel proximity-dependent inhibition phenotype of Escherichia coli that is expressed when strains are cocultured in defined minimal media. When cocultures of "inhibitor" and "target" strains approached a transition between logarithmic and stationary growth, target strain populations rapidly declined >4 log CFU per ml over a 2-h period. Inhibited strains were not affected by exposure to conditioned media from inhibitor and target strain cocultures or when the inhibitor and target strains were incubated in shared media but physically separated by a 0.4-μm-pore-size membrane. There was no evidence of lytic phage or extracellular bacteriocin involvement, unless the latter was only present at effective concentrations within immediate proximity of the inhibited cells. The inhibitory activity observed in this study was effective against a diversity of E. coli strains, including enterohemorrhagic E. coli serotype O157:H7, enterotoxigenic E. coli expressing F5 (K99) and F4 (K88) fimbriae, multidrug-resistant E. coli, and commensal E. coli. The decline in counts of target strains in coculture averaged 4.8 log CFU/ml (95% confidence interval, 4.0 to 5.5) compared to their monoculture counts. Coculture of two inhibitor strains showed mutual immunity to inhibition. These results suggest that proximity-dependent inhibition can be used by bacteria to gain a numerical advantage when populations are entering stationary phase, thus setting the stage for a competitive advantage when growth conditions improve.     

Natural genetic transformation of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in urine and water.

Transfer of plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli wild-type strains is possible by transformation under naturally occurring conditions in oligotrophic, aquatic environments containing physiologic concentrations of calcium. In contrast, transformation is suppressed in nitrogen-rich body fluids like urine, a common habitat of uropathogenic strains. Current knowledge indicates that transformation of these E. coli wild-type strains is of no relevance for the acquisition of resistance in this clinically important environment.     

Variation in endogenous oxidative stress in Escherichia coli natural isolates during growth in urine

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli cause symptomatic infections whereas asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) strains are well adapted for growth in the human urinary tract, where they establish long-term bacteriuria. Human urine is a very complex growth medium that could be perceived by certain bacteria as a stressful environment. To investigate a possible imbalance between endogenous oxidative response and antioxidant mechanisms, lipid oxidative damage estimated as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was evaluated in twenty-one E. coli belonging to various pathovars and phylogenetic groups. Antioxidant defense mechanisms were also analysed. RESULTS: During exponential growth in urine, TBARS level differs between strains, without correlation with the ability to grow in urine which was similarly limited for commensal, ABU and uropathogenic strains. In addition, no correlation between TBARS level and the phylogroup or pathogenic group is apparent. The growth of ABU strain 83972 was associated with a high level of TBARS and more active antioxidant defenses that reduce the imbalance. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that growth capacity in urine is not a property of ABU strains. However, E. coli isolates respond very differently to this stressful environment. In strain ABU 83972, on one hand, the increased level of endogenous reactive oxygen species may be responsible for adaptive mutations. On the other hand, a more active antioxidant defense system could increase the capacity to colonize the bladder.     

Characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates

Forty enteraggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC) previously characterized by their ability to adhere to HEp-2 cells or/and their hybridization with the 1-kb EAggEC DNA probe were investigated for the presence of adherence factors and heat-stable enterotoxin (EAST1)-encoding genes. Only 45% of the isolates harbored the EAST1-encoding genes as detected by polymerase chain reaction. None of them hybridized with an AAF/II-encoding gene specific DNA probe and 35% (14/40) were positive in a PCR assay using primers specific for aggC, an accessory gene of the AAF/I-encoding operon. Cloning and sequence analysis of the aggA variant from one isolate, EAggEC 457, revealed 68.9% identity between its deduced amino acid sequence and those of the aggA product from the AAF/I-producing reference strain, E. coli 17.2. No major protein subunit was detected at the surface of EAggEC 457 compared to the bacterial surface extract of E. coli 17.2.     

Molecular epidemiology of ceftiofur-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from dairy calves

Healthy calves (n = 96, 1 to 9 weeks old) from a dairy herd in central Pennsylvania were examined each month over a five-month period for fecal shedding of ceftiofur-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Ceftiofur-resistant Escherichia coli isolates (n = 122) were characterized by antimicrobial resistance (disk diffusion and MIC), serotype, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtypes, beta-lactamase genes, and virulence genes. Antibiotic disk diffusion assays showed that the isolates were resistant to ampicillin (100%), ceftiofur (100%), chloramphenicol (94%), florfenicol (93%), gentamicin (89%), spectinomycin (72%), tetracycline (98%), ticarcillin (99%), and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (99%). All isolates were multidrug resistant and displayed elevated MICs. The E. coli isolates belonged to 42 serotypes, of which O8:H25 was the predominant serotype (49.2%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis classified the E. coli isolates into 27 profiles. Cluster analysis showed that 77 isolates (63.1%) belonged to one unique group. The prevalence of pathogenic E. coli was low (8%). A total of 117 ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates (96%) possessed the bla(CMY2) gene. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characterization, the ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates belonged to 59 clonal types. There was no significant relationship between calf age and clonal type. The findings of this study revealed that healthy dairy calves were rapidly colonized by antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli shortly after birth. The high prevalence of multidrug-resistant nonpathogenic E. coli in calves could be a significant source of resistance genes to other bacteria that share the same environment.     

Virulence characterization of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from wholesale produce

The 13 Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from wholesale spinach and lettuce consisted mostly of serotypes that have not been implicated in illness. Among these strains, however, were two O113:H21 that carried virulence genes common to this pathogenic serotype (stx(2), ehxA, saa, and subAB), suggesting that their presence in ready-to-eat produce may be of health concern.     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌呼吸道分离株的基因分型及耐药性分析

目的了解深圳市人民医院大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌呼吸道分离株超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的基因型特点及耐药性。方法采用临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)推荐的表型确证试验筛选出该院呼吸道分离株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共78株。应用PCR及DNA测序法分析产酶株的TEM、SHV及CTX-M3种β-内酰胺酶基因,用琼脂稀释法测定细菌最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 37株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌中,28株(75.7%)检出CTX-M-14基因,4株(10.8%)检出CTX-M-9基因,其他型较少见。41株肺炎克雷伯菌中,25株(61.0%)检出SHV-12基因,4株(9.8%)检出SHV-11基因,其他SHV型较少。20株(48.8%)检出CTX-M-14基因,5株(12.2%)检出CTX-M-3基因,其他型较少。产ESBL菌株均对亚胺培南敏感,对氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率最高(90%),对其他抗生素有不同程度耐药。结论深圳市人民医院呼吸道分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌以CTX-M-14型为主,产酶肺炎克雷伯菌以SHV-12和CTX-M-14型为最常见。     

Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from food-producing animals

Eleven multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates (comprising 6 porcine and 5 bovine field isolates) displaying fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance were selected from a collection obtained from the University Veterinary Hospital (Dublin, Ireland). MICs of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were determined by Etest. All showed MICs of nalidixic acid of >256 μg/ml and MICs of ciprofloxacin ranging from 4 to >32 μg/ml. DNA sequencing was used to identify mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining regions of target genes, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of the major porin, OmpF, and component genes of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump and its associated regulatory loci. Decreased MIC values to nalidixic acid and/or ciprofloxacin were observed in the presence of the efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) in some but not all isolates. Several mutations were identified in genes coding for quinolone target enzymes (3 to 5 mutations per strain). All isolates harbored GyrA amino acid substitutions at positions 83 and 87. Novel GyrA (Asp87 → Ala), ParC (Ser80 → Trp), and ParE (Glu460 → Val) substitutions were observed. The efflux activity of these isolates was evaluated using a semiautomated ethidium bromide (EB) uptake assay. Compared to wild-type E. coli K-12 AG100, isolates accumulated less EB, and in the presence of PAβN the accumulation of EB increased. Upregulation of the acrB gene, encoding the pump component of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump, was observed in 5 of 11 isolates, while 10 isolates showed decreased expression of OmpF. This study identified multiple mechanisms that likely contribute to resistance to quinolone-based drugs in the field isolates studied.